firmly established principle (Missouri) · Go Syfert
← Missouri issues

firmly established principle in Missouri

38 Missouri opinions name it 2 courts 1871–2023 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Missouri courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (22)

CaseFollowedCited
Morrow v. Hallmark Cards, Inc.green
moctapp · 2008 · cited in 6 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2010–2018
2 sentences

2011Vincent v. Schneider, 194 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Mo. banc 2006). 8 “It is a firmly established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Morrow v. Hallmark Cards, Inc., 273 S.W.3d 15, 21 (Mo.App.

2010Vincent v. Schneider, 194 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Mo. banc 2006). 12 “It is a firmly established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Morrow, 273 S.W.3d at 21 .

36
State Ex Rel. Vincent v. Schneidergreen
mo · 2006 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2010–2011
2 sentences

2011Vincent v. Schneider, 194 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Mo. banc 2006). 8 “It is a firmly established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Morrow v. Hallmark Cards, Inc., 273 S.W.3d 15, 21 (Mo.App.

2010Vincent v. Schneider, 194 S.W.3d 853, 856 (Mo. banc 2006). 12 “It is a firmly established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Morrow, 273 S.W.3d at 21 .

22
Shearin v. Fletcher/Mayo/Associates, Inc.green
moctapp · 1984 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1991–2003
2 sentences

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 (“a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court’s consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value.”); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 ("a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court's consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value."); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

22
M & I Marshall & Ilsley Bank v. Sader & Garvin, L.L.C.green
moctapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2012–2021
2 sentences

2021We also noted that “[i]t is a firmly-established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Id. (citing M & I Marshall & Ilsley Bank v. Sader & Garvin, L.L.C., 318 S.W.3d 772, 777 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010)).

2012“It is a firmly-established principle that par ties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Id.

12
Whitworth v. McBRIDE & SON HOMES, INC.green
moctapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2013–2018
2 sentences

2018"It is a firmly established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims." Bowers, 478 S.W.3d at 426 (quoting Whitworth v. McBride & Son Homes, Inc., 344 S.W.3d 730 , 737 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011) ) (emphasis is original).

2013“It is a firmly established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant' to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Whitworth v. McBride & Son Homes, Inc., 344 S.W.3d 730, 737 (Mo.App.

12
SPRINGFIELD IRON & METAL, LLC v. Westfallgreen
moctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Thus, we further noted that, “it logically follows that one cannot enforce an arbitration agreement if he is not a party to that agreement.” Id. (citing Springfield Iron & Metal, LLC v. Westfall, 349 S.W.3d 487, 490 (Mo. App. S.D. 2011)).

11
State v. Honeycuttgreen
mo · 2013 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See State v. Honeycutt, 421 S.W.3d 410,422 (Mo. banc 2013).

11
Jones v. Paradiesgreen
moctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015As a result^ it is axiomatic that “a party cannot be compelled to arbitration unless the party has agreed to do so.” Bellemere, 423 S.W.3d at 273 ; AT & T Technologies, Inc., 475 U.S. at 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 ; see also Jones v. Paradies, 380 S.W.3d 13, 17 (Mo.App.E.D. 2012) (“It is a firmly-established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.”).

11
Circuit City Stores, Inc., a Virginia Corporation v. Mohammad Sharfuddin Ahmedgreen
ca9 · 2002 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc'n Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 , 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986); see also Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ahmed, 283 F.3d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir.2002); Bailey, 209 F.3d at 745 .

2008AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’n Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 , 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986); see also Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ahmed, 283 F.3d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir.2002); Bailey, 209 F.3d at 745 .

11
State v. Taylorgreen
moctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 (“a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court’s consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value.”); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 ("a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court's consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value."); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

11
Neighbors v. Wolfsongreen
moctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 (“a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court’s consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value.”); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 ("a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court's consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value."); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

11
State v. Rollergreen
moctapp · 2000 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See State v. Roller, 31 S.W.3d 152, 157 (Mo. App.2000); State v. Slankard, 74 S.W.3d 271, 274 (Mo.App.1999).

2003See State v. Roller, 31 S.W.3d 152, 157 (Mo.App.2000); State v. Slankard, 74 S.W.3d 271, 274 (Mo.App.1999).

11
State v. Slankardgreen
moctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See State v. Roller, 31 S.W.3d 152, 157 (Mo. App.2000); State v. Slankard, 74 S.W.3d 271, 274 (Mo.App.1999).

2003See State v. Roller, 31 S.W.3d 152, 157 (Mo.App.2000); State v. Slankard, 74 S.W.3d 271, 274 (Mo.App.1999).

11
State v. Babbgreen
mo · 1984 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
1 sentence

1991McDaniel v. Lovelace, 439 S.W.2d 906, 909 (Mo.1969); State v. Babb, 680 S.W.2d 150, 152 (Mo. banc 1984); Gardner v. Reynolds, 775 S.W.2d 173, 177 (Mo.App.1989); Shearin v. Fletcher/Mayo/Associates, 687 S.W.2d 198, 203 (Mo.App.1984).

11
Gardner v. Reynoldsgreen
moctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
1 sentence

1991McDaniel v. Lovelace, 439 S.W.2d 906, 909 (Mo.1969); State v. Babb, 680 S.W.2d 150, 152 (Mo. banc 1984); Gardner v. Reynolds, 775 S.W.2d 173, 177 (Mo.App.1989); Shearin v. Fletcher/Mayo/Associates, 687 S.W.2d 198, 203 (Mo.App.1984).

11
McDaniel v. Lovelacegreen
mo · 1969 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
1 sentence

1991McDaniel v. Lovelace, 439 S.W.2d 906, 909 (Mo.1969); State v. Babb, 680 S.W.2d 150, 152 (Mo. banc 1984); Gardner v. Reynolds, 775 S.W.2d 173, 177 (Mo.App.1989); Shearin v. Fletcher/Mayo/Associates, 687 S.W.2d 198, 203 (Mo.App.1984).

11
State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Jesseegreen
moctapp · 1975 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
1 sentence

1990The parties by joining issue upon the presence or absence of an assignment to Farmers of Davis’s property damage claim, as opposed to Farmers being merely subro-gated to Davis’s property damage claim, implicitly acknowledge the Missouri rule as explained in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company v. Jessee, 523 S.W.2d 832, 834 (Mo.App.1975): The firmly established rule in Missouri, although apparently obtaining only in this jurisdiction, is that when an insurer pays a property loss, then its right to maintain suit against the tort-feasor depends upon whether it receives from the insured

11
Blair v. Blairgreen
moctapp · 1974 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11
Pearson v. Pearsongreen
moctapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979
11
Saupe v. Kertzgreen
mo · 1975 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11
Copher v. Barbeegreen
moctapp · 1962 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1964–1964
11
Beckemeier v. Baesslergreen
mo · 1954 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1964–1964
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Missouri. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (42)

CaseCitedYears
At&T Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2015As a result^ it is axiomatic that “a party cannot be compelled to arbitration unless the party has agreed to do so.” Bellemere, 423 S.W.3d at 273 ; AT & T Technologies, Inc., 475 U.S. at 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 ; see also Jones v. Paradies, 380 S.W.3d 13, 17 (Mo.App.E.D. 2012) (“It is a firmly-established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.”).

2015As a result^ it is axiomatic that “a party cannot be compelled to arbitration unless the party has agreed to do so.” Bellemere, 423 S.W.3d at 273 ; AT & T Technologies, Inc., 475 U.S. at 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 ; see also Jones v. Paradies, 380 S.W.3d 13, 17 (Mo.App.E.D. 2012) (“It is a firmly-established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.”).

22008–2015
Farmers Ins. Co., Inc. v. Effertz green
moctapp · 1990
2 sentences

2023“The firmly established rule in Missouri” provides “if the insurer’s rights are simply those of subrogation, then legal title remains in the insured and he retains the exclusive right to bring suit.” Id. (quoting Effertz, 795 S.W.2d at 426 ).

2023“The firmly established rule in Missouri” provides “if the insurer’s rights are simply those of subrogation, then legal title remains in the insured and he retains the exclusive right to bring suit.” Id. (quoting Effertz, 795 S.W.2d at 426 ).

12023–2023
State Ex Rel. Union Pacific Railroad v. David green
mo · 2011
1 sentence

2021We also noted that “[i]t is a firmly-established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.” Id. (citing M & I Marshall & Ilsley Bank v. Sader & Garvin, L.L.C., 318 S.W.3d 772, 777 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010)).

12021–2021
Antonio Bowers v. Asbury St. Louis Lex, LLC d/b/a Plaza Lexus, Asbury Automotive Group, Inc. and Curtis B. Yettke green
· 2015
1 sentence

2018"It is a firmly established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims." Bowers, 478 S.W.3d at 426 (quoting Whitworth v. McBride & Son Homes, Inc., 344 S.W.3d 730 , 737 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011) ) (emphasis is original).

12018–2018
Bellemere v. Cable-Dahmer Chevrolet Inc. green
moctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2015As a result^ it is axiomatic that “a party cannot be compelled to arbitration unless the party has agreed to do so.” Bellemere, 423 S.W.3d at 273 ; AT & T Technologies, Inc., 475 U.S. at 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 ; see also Jones v. Paradies, 380 S.W.3d 13, 17 (Mo.App.E.D. 2012) (“It is a firmly-established principle that parties can be compelled to arbitrate against their will only pursuant to an agreement whereby they have agreed to arbitrate claims.”).

2015Precisely because arbitration is, at its core, a matter of contract, the enforceability of an arbitration agreement “never comes into play if a contract itself was never formed.” Bellemere, 423 S.W.3d at 273 .

12015–2015
Nitro Distributing, Inc. v. Dunn green
mo · 2006
1 sentence

2010Motions to compel or stay arbitration are tried in summary proceedings, section 435.355.2, and “ ‘[wjithout the usual formalities [and] without a jury.’ ” Nitro, 194 S.W.3d at 351 (quoting Black’s Law DictionaRY 1476 (8th ed.1999)).

12010–2010
Bailey, Emmanuel v. Fed Natl Mtge Assn green
cadc · 2000
2 sentences

2008AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc'n Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 , 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986); see also Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ahmed, 283 F.3d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir.2002); Bailey, 209 F.3d at 745 .

2008AT & T Techs., Inc. v. Commc’n Workers of Am., 475 U.S. 643, 648 , 106 S.Ct. 1415 , 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986); see also Circuit City Stores, Inc. v. Ahmed, 283 F.3d 1198, 1200 (9th Cir.2002); Bailey, 209 F.3d at 745 .

12008–2008
Travis v. Stone green
mo · 2002
2 sentences

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 (“a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court’s consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value.”); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

2003See Neighbors, 926 S.W.2d at 37 ; Thorn, 201 S.W.2d at 496-97 ("a verdict cannot be impeached by evidence or testimony of a juror, nevertheless, where such evidence is received without objection, the party who should have objected but fails to do so waives all right to complain against the court's consideration of such evidence and it is to be given its natural probative value."); Taylor, 917 S.W.2d at 225 (trial court not barred from considering evidence of juror misconduct when state failed to object); Shearin, 687 S.W.2d at 205 (finding it a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that

12003–2003
State v. Stephens green
moctapp · 2002
2 sentences

2003We do note that in State v. Stephens, 88 S.W.3d 876 (Mo.App.2002), the Western District of this Court, in the context of a criminal trial, interpreted Travis to mean that evidence of misconduct occurring outside the jury room could be received into evidence, despite a timely and proper objection.

2003We do note that in State v. Stephens, 88 S.W.3d 876 (Mo.App.2002), the Western District of this Court, in the context of a criminal trial, interpreted Travis to mean that evidence of misconduct occurring outside the jury room could be received into *367 evidence, despite a timely and proper objection.

12003–2003
Dake v. Tuell green
mo · 1985
2 sentences

1987Id. at 192-3 .

1987Id. at 192-3 .

11987–1987
Fairbanks v. Chambers green
moctapp · 1984
1 sentence

1985In Fairbanks v. Chambers, 665 S.W.2d 33 (Mo.App.1984), partners had done business in the name of Chambers Feed and Farm Supply.

11985–1985
Cook v. Kansas City green
mo · 1948
2 sentences

1984Only in dictum, in Cook v. Kansas City, 358 Mo. 296 , 214 S.W.2d 430 (1948), has the Supreme Court retreated from the Mansfield rule, [I]t is a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that a juror may not, by his own affidavit or testimony, impeach the jury’s verdict because of the misconduct of a juror (citations omitted) unless the respondents failed to timely and properly object to the juror doing so and thereby in turn waived the incompetency of the juror to impeach the verdict. 214 S.W.2d at 433-34 , citing Thorn v. Cross, 201 S.W.2d 492 (Mo.App.1947); Milburn v. Robison, 132 Mo.App.

1984Only in dictum, in Cook v. Kansas City, 358 Mo. 296 , 214 S.W.2d 430 (1948), has the Supreme Court retreated from the Mansfield rule, [I]t is a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that a juror may not, by his own affidavit or testimony, impeach the jury’s verdict because of the misconduct of a juror (citations omitted) unless the respondents failed to timely and properly object to the juror doing so and thereby in turn waived the incompetency of the juror to impeach the verdict. 214 S.W.2d at 433-34 , citing Thorn v. Cross, 201 S.W.2d 492 (Mo.App.1947); Milburn v. Robison, 132 Mo.App.

11984–1984
Milbourne v. Robison green
· 1908
2 sentences

1984Only in dictum, in Cook v. Kansas City, 358 Mo. 296 , 214 S.W.2d 430 (1948), has the Supreme Court retreated from the Mansfield rule, [I]t is a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that a juror may not, by his own affidavit or testimony, impeach the jury’s verdict because of the misconduct of a juror (citations omitted) unless the respondents failed to timely and properly object to the juror doing so and thereby in turn waived the incompetency of the juror to impeach the verdict. 214 S.W.2d at 433-34 , citing Thorn v. Cross, 201 S.W.2d 492 (Mo.App.1947); Milburn v. Robison, 132 Mo.App.

1984Only in dictum, in Cook v. Kansas City, 358 Mo. 296 , 214 S.W.2d 430 (1948), has the Supreme Court retreated from the Mansfield rule, [I]t is a firmly established rule in this jurisdiction that a juror may not, by his own affidavit or testimony, impeach the jury’s verdict because of the misconduct of a juror (citations omitted) unless the respondents failed to timely and properly object to the juror doing so and thereby in turn waived the incompetency of the juror to impeach the verdict. 214 S.W.2d at 433-34 , citing Thorn v. Cross, 201 S.W.2d 492 (Mo.App.1947); Milburn v. Robison, 132 Mo.App.

11984–1984
Lange v. Baker green
moctapp · 1964
11984–1984
Mayberry v. Clarkson Construction Company green
mo · 1972
11984–1984
State v. Johnson green
mo · 1972
11978–1978
State v. Diamond green
moctapp · 1976
11978–1978
State v. Brookshire green
mo · 1963
11973–1973
State v. Stevens green
mo · 1971
11973–1973
Morrison v. Thomas green
moctapp · 1972
11973–1973
Beesley Ex Rel. Beesley v. Howe green
mo · 1972
11973–1973
Easley v. Missouri Pacific Railway Co. neutral
· 1892
11969–1969
Randolph v. Moberly Hunting & Fishing Club neutral
mo · 1929
11962–1962
State v. Starr green
mo · 1912
11961–1961
State v. Lee green
mo · 1950
11961–1961
State Ex Rel. Scott v. Scearce green
moctapp · 1957
11960–1960
Kean v. Schoening neutral
· 1903
11956–1956
Wright v. Dinger Mining Co. neutral
moctapp · 1912
11956–1956
Barnard v. Waverly Brick & Coal Co. neutral
moctapp · 1915
11956–1956
Arky v. Kessels green
moctapp · 1953
11956–1956
Welborn v. Rigdon green
mo · 1950
11956–1956
Reich v. Thompson green
· 1940
11948–1948
Steffen Ex Rel. Steffen v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Co. green
· 1932
11948–1948
Craig v. Smith neutral
mo · 1877
11929–1929
Reinhart v. Empire Soap Co. green
moctapp · 1888
11910–1910
Thomas v. Gibbons green
iowa · 1883
11910–1910
Slattery v. St. Louis & New Orleans Transportation Co. green
mo · 1886
11901–1901
Missouri Lead Mining & Smelting Co. v. Reinhard green
· 1893
11901–1901
Russell v. Clark's Executors green
· 1812
11871–1871
Edmondston v. Drake & Mitchel green
scotus · 1831
11871–1871

Statutes the citing opinions construe

USC § 9u.s.c.1 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 78 (1917–2026) NY 64 (1894–2019) IL 48 (1895–2026) MO 38 (1871–2023) MD 36 (1911–2008) PA 35 (1905–2018) FL 28 (1893–2017) TX 27 (1912–2026) KY 26 (1927–2023) IN 23 (1885–2020) KS 20 (1889–2006) OR 20 (1915–2024) NJ 19 (1938–2019) VA 19 (1836–2017) NE 15 (1883–2000) LA 15 (1942–2013) WV 15 (1913–2016) TN 14 (1871–2012) IA 14 (1925–2024) MS 14 (1880–2009) WA 13 (1925–2016) NC 13 (1913–1986) CT 13 (1890–2006) MI 12 (1966–2018) AL 12 (1914–2007) CO 11 (1898–2016) MA 11 (1944–2026) AZ 10 (1945–2018) WI 9 (1909–2000) GA 9 (1900–2012) ME 9 (1912–2019) MN 8 (1916–2007) SC 7 (1936–2004) RI 6 (1987–2019) ID 6 (1916–2002) AR 6 (1971–2016) DC 6 (1984–2010) MT 5 (1953–2005) VT 4 (1978–2020) NM 4 (1958–2025) OH 4 (1964–2020) WY 3 (1977–1999) HI 3 (1933–2007) OK 3 (1953–1989) AK 3 (1999–2024) NV 3 (1875–1989) ND 2 (1949–1968) SD 2 (1991–1995) NH 2 (1992–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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