firmly established rule (Kentucky) · Go Syfert
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firmly established rule in Kentucky

26 Kentucky opinions name it 3 courts 1927–2023 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kentucky courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
Massie v. Perssongreen
kyctapp · 1987 · cited in 5 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1990–2021
2 sentences

2012This tribunal assumed the Supreme Court meant what it said for we wrote through Judge Dunn in Massie v. Persson, Ky.App., 729 S.W.2d 448, 452 (1987): CR 76.12(4)(c)(iv) in providing that an appellate briefs contents must contain at the beginning of each argument a reference to the record showing whether the issue was preserved for review and in what manner emphasizes the importance of the firmly established rule that the trial court should first be given the opportunity to rule on questions before they are available for appellate review.

2012This tribunal assumed the Supreme Court meant what it said for we wrote through Judge Dunn in Massie v. Persson, Ky.App., 729 S.W.2d 448, 452 (1987): CR 76.12(4)(c)(iv) in providing that an appellate briefs contents must contain at the beginning of each argument a reference to the record showing whether the issue was preserved for review and in what manner empha sizes the importance of the firmly established rule that the trial court should first be given the opportunity to rule on questions before they are available for appellate review.

55
Elwell v. Stonegreen
kyctapp · 1990 · cited in 3 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2020–2021
2 sentences

2021It is only to avert a manifest injustice that this court will entertain an argument not presented to the trial court. (citations omitted). -5- Elwell v. Stone, 799 S.W.2d 46, 48 (Ky. App. 1990) (quoting Massie v. Persson, 729 S.W.2d 448, 452 (Ky. App. 1987)).

2020It is only to avert a manifest injustice that this court will entertain an argument not presented to the trial court. (citations omitted). 799 S.W.2d 46, 48 (Ky. App. 1990). 5 CR 76.12(4)(d)(iii), by reference to CR 76.12(4)(c)(iv), requires appellees to provide “ample references to the specific pages of the record . . . supporting each of the statements narrated in the” counterstatement of the case.

33
Conner v. George W. Whitesides Co.green
ky · 1992 · cited in 3 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2000–2021
2 sentences

2021Whitesides Co., 834 S.W.2d 652 (Ky. 1992), saying, CR 76.12(4)(c)(iv) in providing that an appellate brief's contents must contain at the beginning of each argument a reference to the record showing whether the issue was preserved for review and in what manner emphasizes the importance of the firmly established rule that the trial court should first be given the opportunity to rule on questions before they are available for appellate review.

2020Whitesides Co., 834 S.W.2d 652, 654 (Ky. 1992))]: CR 76.12(4)(c)(iv) in providing that an appellate brief’s contents must contain at the beginning of each argument a reference to the record showing whether the issue was preserved for review and in what manner emphasizes the importance of the firmly established rule that the trial court should first be given the opportunity to rule on questions before they are available for appellate review.

13
Dowling's Adm'x v. Walkergreen
kyctapp · 1905 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1947–2023
2 sentences

2023See, e.g., Combs v. Combs, 304 Ky. 271 , 200 S.W.2d 481, 483 (1947) (“It is a firmly established rule that a fee allowed for an attorney’s services on appeal does not constitute an element of damage in an action on the supersedeas bond.”); Dowling’s Adm’x v. Walker, 120 Ky. 528 , 87 S.W. 281, 282 (1905) (“The covenant of a supersedeas bond does not cover an attorney’s fee, as a part of the costs.”).

2023See, e.g., Combs v. Combs, 304 Ky. 271 , 200 S.W.2d 481, 483 (1947) (“It is a firmly established rule that a fee allowed for an attorney’s services on appeal does not constitute an element of damage in an action on the supersedeas bond.”); Dowling’s Adm’x v. Walker, 120 Ky. 528 , 87 S.W. 281, 282 (1905) (“The covenant of a supersedeas bond does not cover an attorney’s fee, as a part of the costs.”).

12
Combs v. Combsgreen
kyctapphigh · 1947 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See, e.g., Combs v. Combs, 304 Ky. 271 , 200 S.W.2d 481, 483 (1947) (“It is a firmly established rule that a fee allowed for an attorney’s services on appeal does not constitute an element of damage in an action on the supersedeas bond.”); Dowling’s Adm’x v. Walker, 120 Ky. 528 , 87 S.W. 281, 282 (1905) (“The covenant of a supersedeas bond does not cover an attorney’s fee, as a part of the costs.”).

2023See, e.g., Combs v. Combs, 304 Ky. 271 , 200 S.W.2d 481, 483 (1947) (“It is a firmly established rule that a fee allowed for an attorney’s services on appeal does not constitute an element of damage in an action on the supersedeas bond.”); Dowling’s Adm’x v. Walker, 120 Ky. 528 , 87 S.W. 281, 282 (1905) (“The covenant of a supersedeas bond does not cover an attorney’s fee, as a part of the costs.”).

11
Regional Jail Authority v. Tackettgreen
ky · 1989 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021The law is well-settled that “[t]he Court of Appeals is without authority to review issues not raised in or decided by the trial court.” Reg’l Jail Auth. v. Tackett, 770 S.W.2d 225, 228 (Ky. 1989).

11
Harper v. Wilsongreen
kyctapphigh · 1928 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1974–1974
2 sentences

1974See Harper v. Wilson, 223 Ky. 390 , 3 S.W.2d 769 , and numerous other cases cited in 6 Kentucky Digest, Covenants, p. 332; and in 18A Kentucky Digest, Vendor & Purchaser, pp. 380 to 384, and pp. 556 and 557. 1 The rule applies even though the vendor may have represented his title as perfect when in fact it is not; constructive fraud is not sufficient.

1974See Harper v. Wilson, 223 Ky. 390 , 3 S.W.2d 769 , and numerous other cases cited in 6 Kentucky Digest, Covenants, p. 332; and in 18A Kentucky Digest, Vendor & Purchaser, pp. 380 to 384, and pp. 556 and 557. 1 The rule applies even though the vendor may have represented his title as perfect when in fact it is not; constructive fraud is not sufficient.

11
Codell Construction Co. v. Nealgreen
kyctapphigh · 1935 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1947–1947
2 sentences

1947See Codell Construction Co. v. Neal, 258 Ky. 603 , 80 S. W. 2d 530 .

1947See Codell Construction Co. v. Neal, 258 Ky. 603 , 80 S. W. 2d 530 .

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kentucky. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (33)

CaseCitedYears
Commonwealth Life Ins. Co. v. Eline green
kyctapphigh · 1938
1 sentence

1986In that case, it was stated: It is a firmly established doctrine in this and a great majority of other states that a purchaser of lands encumbered with a mortgage or other lien who assumes and agrees to pay or satisfy the lien indebtedness on the property purchased becomes personally and primarily liable therefor and liability under the assumption agreement inures to the mortgagee or lien holder who by appropriate action in his own name may enforce same. [Authorities omitted.] Id. at 639 .

11986–1986
Hale v. Hale green
kyctapphigh · 1932
2 sentences

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

11962–1962
Stonefield v. Buchanan neutral
kyctapphigh · 1942
2 sentences

1962Hampton v. Whaley, 313 Ky. 611 , 233 S.W.2d 273 ; Brown v. Hoblitzell, Ky., 307 S.W.2d 739 ; Stonefield v. Buchanan, 289 Ky. 386 , 158 S.W.2d 970 ; Vickery v. Lady, Ky., 264 S.W.2d 683 .

1962Hampton v. Whaley, 313 Ky. 611 , 233 S.W.2d 273 ; Brown v. Hoblitzell, Ky., 307 S.W.2d 739 ; Stonefield v. Buchanan, 289 Ky. 386 , 158 S.W.2d 970 ; Vickery v. Lady, Ky., 264 S.W.2d 683 .

11962–1962
Sharp v. Commonwealth green
kyctapphigh · 1948
2 sentences

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

11962–1962
Littreal v. Littreal neutral
kyctapp · 1952
1 sentence

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

11962–1962
Vickery v. Lady green
kyctapp · 1953
1 sentence

1962Hampton v. Whaley, 313 Ky. 611 , 233 S.W.2d 273 ; Brown v. Hoblitzell, Ky., 307 S.W.2d 739 ; Stonefield v. Buchanan, 289 Ky. 386 , 158 S.W.2d 970 ; Vickery v. Lady, Ky., 264 S.W.2d 683 .

11962–1962
Hampton v. Whaley neutral
kyctapp · 1950
2 sentences

1962Hampton v. Whaley, 313 Ky. 611 , 233 S.W.2d 273 ; Brown v. Hoblitzell, Ky., 307 S.W.2d 739 ; Stonefield v. Buchanan, 289 Ky. 386 , 158 S.W.2d 970 ; Vickery v. Lady, Ky., 264 S.W.2d 683 .

1962Hampton v. Whaley, 313 Ky. 611 , 233 S.W.2d 273 ; Brown v. Hoblitzell, Ky., 307 S.W.2d 739 ; Stonefield v. Buchanan, 289 Ky. 386 , 158 S.W.2d 970 ; Vickery v. Lady, Ky., 264 S.W.2d 683 .

11962–1962
Brown v. Hoblitzell green
kyctapphigh · 1957
1 sentence

1962Hampton v. Whaley, 313 Ky. 611 , 233 S.W.2d 273 ; Brown v. Hoblitzell, Ky., 307 S.W.2d 739 ; Stonefield v. Buchanan, 289 Ky. 386 , 158 S.W.2d 970 ; Vickery v. Lady, Ky., 264 S.W.2d 683 .

11962–1962
Johnson's Committee v. Mitchell neutral
kyctapp · 1912
2 sentences

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

11962–1962
Fugate v. Walker neutral
kyctapp · 1924
2 sentences

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

1962Johnson’s Committee v. Mitchell, 146 Ky. 382 , 142 S.W. 675 ; Fugate v. Walker, 204 Ky. 767 , 265 S.W. 331 ; Hale v. Hale, 245 Ky. 358 , 53 S.W.2d 554 ; Sharp v. Commonwealth, 308 Ky. 765 , 215 S.W.2d 983 ; Littreal v. Littreal, Ky., 253 S.W.2d 247 .

11962–1962
Louisville Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Barr green
kyctapphigh · 1948
2 sentences

1956Louisville Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Barr and Same v. Bryant, 307 Ky. 28 , 209 S.W.2d 719 ; 5 Am.Jur., Automobiles, Sec. 483, p. 774.

1956Louisville Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Barr and Same v. Bryant, 307 Ky. 28 , 209 S.W.2d 719 ; 5 Am.Jur., Automobiles, Sec. 483, p. 774.

11956–1956
Wilhoit v. Liles neutral
kyctapphigh · 1945
2 sentences

1951It is the firmly established rule that before ballots may be recounted the candi-dáte requesting the recount must show by satisfactory evidence that the integrity of the ballots has been “rigorously preserved.” See Edwards v. Logan, 114 Ky. 312 , 70 S.W. 852 , 75 S.W. 257 ; Rich v. Young, 176 Ky. 813 , 197 S.W. 442 ; Wilhoit v. Liles et al., 300 Ky. 564 , 189 S.W.2d 851 ; and Ashcraft v. Edmonson et al., Ky. 242 S.W.2d 635 .

1951It is the firmly established rule that before ballots may be recounted the candi-dáte requesting the recount must show by satisfactory evidence that the integrity of the ballots has been “rigorously preserved.” See Edwards v. Logan, 114 Ky. 312 , 70 S.W. 852 , 75 S.W. 257 ; Rich v. Young, 176 Ky. 813 , 197 S.W. 442 ; Wilhoit v. Liles et al., 300 Ky. 564 , 189 S.W.2d 851 ; and Ashcraft v. Edmonson et al., Ky. 242 S.W.2d 635 .

11951–1951
Ashcraft v. Edmondson neutral
kyctapp · 1951
1 sentence

1951It is the firmly established rule that before ballots may be recounted the candi-dáte requesting the recount must show by satisfactory evidence that the integrity of the ballots has been “rigorously preserved.” See Edwards v. Logan, 114 Ky. 312 , 70 S.W. 852 , 75 S.W. 257 ; Rich v. Young, 176 Ky. 813 , 197 S.W. 442 ; Wilhoit v. Liles et al., 300 Ky. 564 , 189 S.W.2d 851 ; and Ashcraft v. Edmonson et al., Ky. 242 S.W.2d 635 .

11951–1951
Edwards v. Logan green
kyctapp · 1902
2 sentences

1951It is the firmly established rule that before ballots may be recounted the candi-dáte requesting the recount must show by satisfactory evidence that the integrity of the ballots has been “rigorously preserved.” See Edwards v. Logan, 114 Ky. 312 , 70 S.W. 852 , 75 S.W. 257 ; Rich v. Young, 176 Ky. 813 , 197 S.W. 442 ; Wilhoit v. Liles et al., 300 Ky. 564 , 189 S.W.2d 851 ; and Ashcraft v. Edmonson et al., Ky. 242 S.W.2d 635 .

1951It is the firmly established rule that before ballots may be recounted the candi-dáte requesting the recount must show by satisfactory evidence that the integrity of the ballots has been “rigorously preserved.” See Edwards v. Logan, 114 Ky. 312 , 70 S.W. 852 , 75 S.W. 257 ; Rich v. Young, 176 Ky. 813 , 197 S.W. 442 ; Wilhoit v. Liles et al., 300 Ky. 564 , 189 S.W.2d 851 ; and Ashcraft v. Edmonson et al., Ky. 242 S.W.2d 635 .

11951–1951
Rich v. Young neutral
kyctapp · 1917
2 sentences

1951It is the firmly established rule that before ballots may be recounted the candi-dáte requesting the recount must show by satisfactory evidence that the integrity of the ballots has been “rigorously preserved.” See Edwards v. Logan, 114 Ky. 312 , 70 S.W. 852 , 75 S.W. 257 ; Rich v. Young, 176 Ky. 813 , 197 S.W. 442 ; Wilhoit v. Liles et al., 300 Ky. 564 , 189 S.W.2d 851 ; and Ashcraft v. Edmonson et al., Ky. 242 S.W.2d 635 .

1951It is the firmly established rule that before ballots may be recounted the candi-dáte requesting the recount must show by satisfactory evidence that the integrity of the ballots has been “rigorously preserved.” See Edwards v. Logan, 114 Ky. 312 , 70 S.W. 852 , 75 S.W. 257 ; Rich v. Young, 176 Ky. 813 , 197 S.W. 442 ; Wilhoit v. Liles et al., 300 Ky. 564 , 189 S.W.2d 851 ; and Ashcraft v. Edmonson et al., Ky. 242 S.W.2d 635 .

11951–1951
Cook v. Hagan neutral
kyctapphigh · 1946
2 sentences

1948Cook et al. v. Hagan et al., 301 Ky. 346 , 192 S. W. 2d 97 .

1948Cook et al. v. Hagan et al., 301 Ky. 346 , 192 S. W. 2d 97 .

11948–1948
Winston's Administrator v. City of Henderson green
kyctapp · 1918
2 sentences

1948Winston’s Adm’r v. City of Henderson, 179 Ky. 220 , 200 S. W. 330 , L.

1948Winston’s Adm’r v. City of Henderson, 179 Ky. 220 , 200 S. W. 330 , L.

11948–1948
Phil Hollenbach Co. v. Hollenbach green
kyctapp · 1918
2 sentences

1948Consequently, no break in the employment is caused by the mere fact that the Workman is ministering to his personal comfort or necessities, as by warming himself or seeking shelter, or by leaving his work to relieve nature, or to procure a drink, refreshments, food, or fresh air, or to rest in the shade.’ ” The first appeal to come before this court from an award by the Workmen’s Compensation Board was in Phil Hollenbach Co. v. Hollenbach, 181 Ky. 262 , 204 S. W. 152 , 13 A. L.

1948Consequently, no break in the employment is caused by the mere fact that the Workman is ministering to his personal comfort or necessities, as by warming himself or seeking shelter, or by leaving his work to relieve nature, or to procure a drink, refreshments, food, or fresh air, or to rest in the shade.’ ” The first appeal to come before this court from an award by the Workmen’s Compensation Board was in Phil Hollenbach Co. v. Hollenbach, 181 Ky. 262 , 204 S. W. 152 , 13 A. L.

11948–1948
Craddock v. Kaiser neutral
kyctapphigh · 1939
2 sentences

1947Craddock v. Kaiser et al., 280 Ky. 577 , 133 S. W. 2d 916 ; Jones v. Tarry, 187 Ky. 700 , 220 S. W. 523 .

1947Craddock v. Kaiser et al., 280 Ky. 577 , 133 S. W. 2d 916 ; Jones v. Tarry, 187 Ky. 700 , 220 S. W. 523 .

11947–1947
Welch v. Welch neutral
kyctapp · 1899
2 sentences

1947Dowling’s Adm’x v. Walker, 120 Ky. 528 , 87 S. W. 281 ; Welch v. Welch, 106 Ky. 406 , 50 S. W. 687 .

1947Dowling’s Adm’x v. Walker, 120 Ky. 528 , 87 S. W. 281 ; Welch v. Welch, 106 Ky. 406 , 50 S. W. 687 .

11947–1947
Jones v. Tarry neutral
kyctapp · 1920
2 sentences

1947Craddock v. Kaiser et al., 280 Ky. 577 , 133 S. W. 2d 916 ; Jones v. Tarry, 187 Ky. 700 , 220 S. W. 523 .

1947Craddock v. Kaiser et al., 280 Ky. 577 , 133 S. W. 2d 916 ; Jones v. Tarry, 187 Ky. 700 , 220 S. W. 523 .

11947–1947
Mayhew v. McGlothlin green
kyctapphigh · 1937
11939–1939
Hutchins v. Foley neutral
kyctapphigh · 1937
2 sentences

1939Mullins v. Patrick, 229 Ky. 195 , 16 S. W. (2d) 1018 ; Mayhew v. McGlothin, 269 Ky. 184 , 106 S. W. (2d) 643 ; Hutchins v. Foley, 271 Ky. 104 , 111 S. W. (2d) 586 ; Keeton v. Owens, 228 Ky. 522 , 15 S. W. (2d) 487 .

1939Mullins v. Patrick, 229 Ky. 195 , 16 S. W. (2d) 1018 ; Mayhew v. McGlothin, 269 Ky. 184 , 106 S. W. (2d) 643 ; Hutchins v. Foley, 271 Ky. 104 , 111 S. W. (2d) 586 ; Keeton v. Owens, 228 Ky. 522 , 15 S. W. (2d) 487 .

11939–1939
Mullins v. Patrick neutral
kyctapphigh · 1929
11939–1939
Keeton v. Owens neutral
kyctapphigh · 1929
11939–1939
White v. Upton neutral
kyctapphigh · 1934
11938–1938
Venable's v. Thompson neutral
kyctapphigh · 1926
11938–1938
Kentucky Joint Stock Land Bank v. Farmers Exchange Bank green
kyctapphigh · 1938
11938–1938
Louisville Joint Stock Land Bank v. Ezell green
kyctapphigh · 1936
11938–1938
Stonestreet v. Jacobs green
kyctapp · 1904
11938–1938
Gray v. Gilliam neutral
kyctapp · 1915
11938–1938
Branham v. Commonwealth neutral
kyctapphigh · 1925
11927–1927
Wendling v. Commonwealth green
· 1911
11927–1927

Where else courts name it

CA 78 (1917–2026) NY 64 (1894–2019) IL 48 (1895–2026) MO 38 (1871–2023) MD 36 (1911–2008) PA 35 (1905–2018) FL 28 (1893–2017) TX 27 (1912–2026) KY 26 (1927–2023) IN 23 (1885–2020) KS 20 (1889–2006) OR 20 (1915–2024) NJ 19 (1938–2019) VA 19 (1836–2017) NE 15 (1883–2000) LA 15 (1942–2013) WV 15 (1913–2016) TN 14 (1871–2012) IA 14 (1925–2024) MS 14 (1880–2009) WA 13 (1925–2016) NC 13 (1913–1986) CT 13 (1890–2006) MI 12 (1966–2018) AL 12 (1914–2007) CO 11 (1898–2016) MA 11 (1944–2026) AZ 10 (1945–2018) WI 9 (1909–2000) GA 9 (1900–2012) ME 9 (1912–2019) MN 8 (1916–2007) SC 7 (1936–2004) RI 6 (1987–2019) ID 6 (1916–2002) AR 6 (1971–2016) DC 6 (1984–2010) MT 5 (1953–2005) VT 4 (1978–2020) NM 4 (1958–2025) OH 4 (1964–2020) WY 3 (1977–1999) HI 3 (1933–2007) OK 3 (1953–1989) AK 3 (1999–2024) NV 3 (1875–1989) ND 2 (1949–1968) SD 2 (1991–1995) NH 2 (1992–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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