firmly established principle (New York) · Go Syfert
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firmly established principle in New York

64 New York opinions name it 11 courts 1894–2019 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
Schloendorff v. Society of the New York Hospitalred
ny · 1914 · cited in 4 New York opinions naming this issue, 1986–2000
2 sentences

2000Hosp., 211 NY 125, 129 [1914].) Generally, “a patient’s right to determine the course of his medical treatment was paramount to what might otherwise be the doctor’s obligation to provide medical care, and that the right of a competent adult to refuse medical treatment must be honored, even though the recommended treatment may be beneficial or even necessary to preserve the patient’s life [citation omitted].

1999Hosp., 211 NY 125, 129 [1914]).

34
Perma Pave Contracting Corp. v. Paerdegat Boat & Racquet Club, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 1989 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Corp. v Paerdegat Boat & Racquet Club, 156 AD2d at 551 [emphasis added]).

2007Corp. v Paerdegat Boat & Racquet Club, 156 AD2d 550, 551 [1989]; see Contelmo’s Sand & Gravel v J & J Milano, 96 AD2d 1090 [1983]), here, the parties presented conflicting testimony on the issue whether defendant in fact hired a general contractor as opposed to a project manager.

22
Rivers v. Katzgreen
ny · 1986 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 1999–2017
2 sentences

2017In Rivers v Katz, this Court stated that "[i]t is a firmly established principle of the common law of New York that every individual of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body" ( 67 NY2d at 492 ).

2006Rivers v Katz (supra) is the seminal New York case explaining an adult’s due process rights to oppose medication. 9 The Court of Appeals (at 492) noted therein, “[i]t is a firmly established principle of the common law of New York that every individual ‘of adult years and sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body’ . . . and to control the course of his medical treatment,” even to refuse medical treatment which might be beneficial or lifesaving.

13
Barbara C. v. Philip V.green
nyappdiv · 1983 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1989–2007
2 sentences

2007Corp. v Paerdegat Boat & Racquet Club, 156 AD2d 550, 551 [1989]; see Contelmo’s Sand & Gravel v J & J Milano, 96 AD2d 1090 [1983]), here, the parties presented conflicting testimony on the issue whether defendant in fact hired a general contractor as opposed to a project manager.

1989The owner’s mere consent to and acceptance of improvements placed on his property by the subcontractor, without more, does not render it liable to the subcontractor (see, Contelmo’s Sand & Gravel v J & J Milano, supra).

12
Scarpelli v. Marshallgreen
nysupct · 1977 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1978–1994
2 sentences

1994In short, the common law must be held to be no further abrogated than the clear import of the language used in the statute absolutely requires.” (Scarpelli v Marshall, 92 Misc 2d 244, 247 [Sup Ct, Nassau County 1977]; McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes § 301.) As the Third Department has pointed out: " 'the Legislature is not lightly to be charged with enacting a statute which will operate harshly or unjustly; and, if a statute apparently has such effect, some other construction is to be sought, if possible.’ ” (Matter of Granger v Urda, 54 AD2d 377, 380 [3d Dept 1976], quoting McKin

1978(See McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 1, Statutes, § 301.)” (Scarpelli v Marshall, 92 Misc 2d 244, 247 , supra.) The Scarpelli decision comes closer to the true intent of the statute than any other decision.

12
Rossi v. Boehnergreen
nyappdiv · 1986 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1986–1991
2 sentences

1991The firmly established rule in this State is that, "absent fraud, collusion, malicious acts or other special circumstances, an attorney is not liable to third parties, not in privity, for harm caused by professional negligence” (Estate of Spivey v Pulley, 138 AD2d 563, 564 ; see also, Viscardi v Lerner, 125 AD2d 662, 663-664 ; see also, Rossi v Boehner, 116 AD2d 636, 637 ; Harder v Arthur F. McGinn, Jr., P. C., 89 AD2d 732, 733 , affd 58 NY2d 663 ).

1986The firmly established rule in New York State with respect to attorney malpractice is that absent fraud, collusion, mali cious acts or other special circumstances, an attorney is not liable to third parties not in privity for harm caused by professional negligence (see, e.g., Rossi v Boehner, 116 AD2d 636 ; Kramer v Belfi, 106 AD2d 615 ; Calamari v Grace, 98 AD2d 74, 80 ).

12
People v. Baldigreen
ny · 1981 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990It is now a firmly established rule of New York law that a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may not be premised solely upon trial counsel’s unsuccessful employment of a trial strategy, even when the strategy in question may be "daring and innovative” (People v Baldi, 54 NY2d 137, 151 ; see also, People v Satterfield, 66 NY2d 796, 798 ).

1990While the defendant’s trial counsel may have employed some strategy which ultimately proved unsuccessful, ”[i]t is now a firmly established rule of New York law that a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel may not be premised solely upon trial counsel’s unsuccessful employment of a trial strategy” (People v Sullivan, 153 AD2d 223, 227 ; see, People v Baldi, 54 NY2d 137 ).

12
People v. Riveragreen
ny · 1988 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990"The right to counsel was not intended to afford a defendant, aided by the wisdom of hindsight, to second guess matters of trial strategy employed by counsel” (People v Aiken, 45 NY2d 394, 399 ; see, People v Rivera, 71 NY2d 705 ; People v Benn, 68 NY2d 941 ; see also, People v Coleman, 142 AD2d 586, 587-588 ; People v Nevarez, 141 AD2d 861, 862 ).

1990Moreover, viewing counsel’s over-all performance in light of the strength of the prosecution’s case and the applicable law, we conclude that the defendant was afforded meaningful representation at trial (see, People v Rivera, 71 NY2d 705 ; People v Benn, 68 NY2d 941 ).

12
New York State Society of Enrolled Agents v. New York State Division of Tax Appealsgreen
nyappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012The court has recognized “the firmly established principle that legislative enactments are cloaked with a strong presumption of constitutionality” (New York Socy. of Enrolled Agents v New York State Div. of Tax Appeals, 161 AD2d 1, 5-6 [2d Dept 1990]).

11
Pyle v. . Pylegreen
ny · 1910 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006Undivided loyalty is the supreme test, unlimited and unconfirmed by the bounds of classified transactions” (City Bank Farmers Trust Co. v Cannon, 291 NY 125, 131 [1943]; see also Pyle v Pyle, 137 App Div 568, 572 [1910], affd 199 NY 538 [1910] [a trustee “owes an undivided duty to his beneficiary, and he must not, under any circumstances, place himself in a position whereby his personal interest will come in conflict with the interest of his cestui que trust“]-, Matter of Hall, 275 AD2d 979, 980 [2000] [“(i)f the personal interests of a trustee conflict with her interest as a trustee, the cour

11
City Bank Farmers Trust Co. v. Cannongreen
ny · 1943 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006Undivided loyalty is the supreme test, unlimited and unconfirmed by the bounds of classified transactions” (City Bank Farmers Trust Co. v Cannon, 291 NY 125, 131 [1943]; see also Pyle v Pyle, 137 App Div 568, 572 [1910], affd 199 NY 538 [1910] [a trustee “owes an undivided duty to his beneficiary, and he must not, under any circumstances, place himself in a position whereby his personal interest will come in conflict with the interest of his cestui que trust“]-, Matter of Hall, 275 AD2d 979, 980 [2000] [“(i)f the personal interests of a trustee conflict with her interest as a trustee, the cour

11
Pyle v. Pylegreen
nyappdiv · 1910 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006Undivided loyalty is the supreme test, unlimited and unconfirmed by the bounds of classified transactions” (City Bank Farmers Trust Co. v Cannon, 291 NY 125, 131 [1943]; see also Pyle v Pyle, 137 App Div 568, 572 [1910], affd 199 NY 538 [1910] [a trustee “owes an undivided duty to his beneficiary, and he must not, under any circumstances, place himself in a position whereby his personal interest will come in conflict with the interest of his cestui que trust“]-, Matter of Hall, 275 AD2d 979, 980 [2000] [“(i)f the personal interests of a trustee conflict with her interest as a trustee, the cour

11
In re Hallgreen
nyappdiv · 2000 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006Undivided loyalty is the supreme test, unlimited and unconfirmed by the bounds of classified transactions” (City Bank Farmers Trust Co. v Cannon, 291 NY 125, 131 [1943]; see also Pyle v Pyle, 137 App Div 568, 572 [1910], affd 199 NY 538 [1910] [a trustee “owes an undivided duty to his beneficiary, and he must not, under any circumstances, place himself in a position whereby his personal interest will come in conflict with the interest of his cestui que trust“]-, Matter of Hall, 275 AD2d 979, 980 [2000] [“(i)f the personal interests of a trustee conflict with her interest as a trustee, the cour

11
Ronald FF. v. Cindy GG.green
ny · 1987 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Granger v. Urdagreen
nyappdiv · 1976 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
SHAD Alliance v. Smith Haven Mallgreen
ny · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
Sortino v. Fishergreen
nyappdiv · 1963 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
People v. Jenningsgreen
ny · 1986 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Viscardi v. Lernergreen
nyappdiv · 1986 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
Estate of Spivey v. Pulleygreen
nyappdiv · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
Corporate Property Investors v. Biny Clothing, Inc.green
nyappdiv · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
11
People v. Burchgreen
nyappdiv · 1988 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
People v. Satterfieldgreen
ny · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
New York City Tunnel Authority v. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, Inc.green
ny · 1946 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (56)

CaseCitedYears
Williamson v. . Brown green
ny · 1857
2 sentences

1957Williams v. Brown, 15 N. Y. 354 ; Reed v. Gannon, 50 id. 345. * * * The fact, admitted upon the record, that none of the grantees had actual knowledge of the terms of this particular tenant’s lease is immaterial, and in no wise destroys the legal presumption of knowledge arising from the facts.

1911Williams v. Brown, 15 N. Y. 354 ; Reed v. Gannon, 50 N. Y. 345 .” This diligence of inquiry clearly devolved on the petitioner, not only as owner but also as grantee, when she received a reconveyance of the leased premises from Ortolani, to whom she had previously deeded the property.

31904–1957
Dunn v. Hudson River Electric Co. green
ny · 1912
2 sentences

1928(Matter of Dunn, 205 N. Y. 398 .) If the client has the right to terminate the relationship of attorney and client at any time without cause, it follows as a corollary that the client cannot be compelled to pay damages for exercising a right which is an implied condition of the contract.

1920(Tenney v. Berger, supra; Andrewes v. Haas, supra; Matter of Dunn, 205 N. Y. 398 ; Johnson v. Ravitch, 113 App. Div. 810, 812 ; Martin v. Camp, supra; Matter of City of New York, 219 N. Y. 192 .) In Martin v. Camp this court said: “ The contract under which an attorney is employed by a client has peculiar and distinctive features which differentiate it from ordinary contracts of employment. * * * That the client may at any time for any reason or without any reason discharge his attorney is a firmly established rule which springs from the personal and confidential nature *74 of the relation whi

31916–1928
HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v. Taher green
nyappdiv · 2013
2 sentences

2019OPINION & ORDER It is by now a firmly established principle that the issue of whether a plaintiff lacks standing to commence an action is waived unless it is raised in the answer or in a pre-answer motion to dismiss ( see CPLR 3211[a][3]; [e]; Matter of Prudco Realty Corp. v Palermo , 60 NY2d 656, 657 ; US Bank N.A. v Konstantinovic , 147 AD3d 1002, 1004 ; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Taher , 104 AD3d 815, 817 ).

2019OPINION & ORDER It is by now a firmly established principle that the issue of whether a plaintiff lacks standing to commence an action is waived unless it is raised in the answer or in a pre-answer motion to dismiss ( see CPLR 3211[a][3]; [e]; Matter of Prudco Realty Corp. v Palermo , 60 NY2d 656, 657 ; US Bank N.A. v Konstantinovic , 147 AD3d 1002, 1004 ; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Taher , 104 AD3d 815, 817 ).

22019–2019
US Bank National Ass'n v. Konstantinovic green
nyappdiv · 2017
2 sentences

2019OPINION & ORDER It is by now a firmly established principle that the issue of whether a plaintiff lacks standing to commence an action is waived unless it is raised in the answer or in a pre-answer motion to dismiss ( see CPLR 3211[a][3]; [e]; Matter of Prudco Realty Corp. v Palermo , 60 NY2d 656, 657 ; US Bank N.A. v Konstantinovic , 147 AD3d 1002, 1004 ; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Taher , 104 AD3d 815, 817 ).

2019OPINION & ORDER It is by now a firmly established principle that the issue of whether a plaintiff lacks standing to commence an action is waived unless it is raised in the answer or in a pre-answer motion to dismiss ( see CPLR 3211[a][3]; [e]; Matter of Prudco Realty Corp. v Palermo , 60 NY2d 656, 657 ; US Bank N.A. v Konstantinovic , 147 AD3d 1002, 1004 ; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Taher , 104 AD3d 815, 817 ).

22019–2019
Prudco Realty Corp. v. Palermo green
ny · 1983
2 sentences

2019OPINION & ORDER It is by now a firmly established principle that the issue of whether a plaintiff lacks standing to commence an action is waived unless it is raised in the answer or in a pre-answer motion to dismiss ( see CPLR 3211[a][3]; [e]; Matter of Prudco Realty Corp. v Palermo , 60 NY2d 656, 657 ; US Bank N.A. v Konstantinovic , 147 AD3d 1002, 1004 ; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Taher , 104 AD3d 815, 817 ).

2019OPINION & ORDER It is by now a firmly established principle that the issue of whether a plaintiff lacks standing to commence an action is waived unless it is raised in the answer or in a pre-answer motion to dismiss ( see CPLR 3211[a][3]; [e]; Matter of Prudco Realty Corp. v Palermo , 60 NY2d 656, 657 ; US Bank N.A. v Konstantinovic , 147 AD3d 1002, 1004 ; HSBC Bank USA, N.A. v Taher , 104 AD3d 815, 817 ).

22019–2019
Martin v. . Camp green
ny · 1916
2 sentences

1993The client, with or without cause, may terminate the contract at any time (Martin v Camp, 219 NY 170 , order amended 220 NY 653 ).

1920(Tenney v. Berger, supra; Andrewes v. Haas, supra; Matter of Dunn, 205 N. Y. 398 ; Johnson v. Ravitch, 113 App. Div. 810, 812 ; Martin v. Camp, supra; Matter of City of New York, 219 N. Y. 192 .) In Martin v. Camp this court said: “ The contract under which an attorney is employed by a client has peculiar and distinctive features which differentiate it from ordinary contracts of employment. * * * That the client may at any time for any reason or without any reason discharge his attorney is a firmly established rule which springs from the personal and confidential nature *74 of the relation whi

21920–1993
Kramer v. Belfi green
nyappdiv · 1984
2 sentences

1991While we recognize that a limited exception to the privity rule has been carved out in the case of accountants, courts have "repeatedly and recently declined to enlarge the application of this exception to [other] professionals” (Estate of Spivey v Pulley, supra, at 564; see, Council Commerce Corp. v Schwartz, Sachs & Kamhi, 144 AD2d 422, 424 , lv denied 74 NY2d 606 ; cf., Kramer v Belfi, 106 AD2d 615 ; see also, 3 Warren’s Heaton, Surrogates’ Courts § 221 [1] [d], at 64 [Supp 11th ed]).

1986The firmly established rule in New York State with respect to attorney malpractice is that absent fraud, collusion, mali cious acts or other special circumstances, an attorney is not liable to third parties not in privity for harm caused by professional negligence (see, e.g., Rossi v Boehner, 116 AD2d 636 ; Kramer v Belfi, 106 AD2d 615 ; Calamari v Grace, 98 AD2d 74, 80 ).

21986–1991
People v. Benn green
ny · 1986
2 sentences

1990"The right to counsel was not intended to afford a defendant, aided by the wisdom of hindsight, to second guess matters of trial strategy employed by counsel” (People v Aiken, 45 NY2d 394, 399 ; see, People v Rivera, 71 NY2d 705 ; People v Benn, 68 NY2d 941 ; see also, People v Coleman, 142 AD2d 586, 587-588 ; People v Nevarez, 141 AD2d 861, 862 ).

1990Moreover, viewing counsel’s over-all performance in light of the strength of the prosecution’s case and the applicable law, we conclude that the defendant was afforded meaningful representation at trial (see, People v Rivera, 71 NY2d 705 ; People v Benn, 68 NY2d 941 ).

21990–1990
Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue green
ca9 · 1945
2 sentences

1968In the interpretation of tax statutes it is a firmly established principle that exemptions are the exception and are strictly construed (Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 ).

1950(Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 .) Our Tax Law now is an ££ Estate Tax ” as distinguished from a ££ transfer tax ”.

21950–1968
In re the Appraisal for Transfer Tax of the Estate of Burnham neutral
nysurct · 1920
2 sentences

1968In the interpretation of tax statutes it is a firmly established principle that exemptions are the exception and are strictly construed (Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 ).

1950(Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 .) Our Tax Law now is an ££ Estate Tax ” as distinguished from a ££ transfer tax ”.

21950–1968
In Re the Estate of Burnham neutral
ny · 1921
2 sentences

1968In the interpretation of tax statutes it is a firmly established principle that exemptions are the exception and are strictly construed (Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 ).

1950(Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 .) Our Tax Law now is an ££ Estate Tax ” as distinguished from a ££ transfer tax ”.

21950–1968
Hitching v. Robinson neutral
nyappdiv · 1921
2 sentences

1968In the interpretation of tax statutes it is a firmly established principle that exemptions are the exception and are strictly construed (Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 ).

1950(Matter of Burnham, 112 Misc. 560 , affd. 196 App. Div. 948 , affd. 232 N. Y. 506 ; Lindstrom v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 149 F. 2d 344 .) Our Tax Law now is an ££ Estate Tax ” as distinguished from a ££ transfer tax ”.

21950–1968
Dwight v. . E., C. N.R.R. Co. green
ny · 1892
2 sentences

1914Co., 132 N.Y. 199 ; Disbrow v. Westchester Hardwood Co., 164 N.Y. 415 .) Such was the firmly-established rule when the constitutional provision was promulgated and adopted, and the people have not by constitution or statute prescribed any other.

1914Co., 132 N. Y. 199 ; Disbrow v. Westchester Hardwoo d Co., 164 N Y. 415.) Such was the firmly-established rule when the constitutional provision was promulgated and adopted, and the people have not by constitution or statute prescribed any other.

21914–1914
Koehler v. Bank of Bermuda Ltd. green
ny · 2009
2 sentences

2014Motorola argues that we abrogated the rule five years ago in Koehler v Bank of Bermuda Ltd. ( 12 NY3d 533 [2009]), a case in which a judgment creditor secured a CPLR 5225 turnover order directing a garnishee bank in Bermuda to deliver stock certificates belonging to the judgment debtor.

2014Motorola argues that we abrogated the rule five years ago in Koehler v Bank of Bermuda Ltd. ( 12 NY3d 533 [2009]), a case in which a judgment creditor secured a CPLR 5225 turnover order directing a garnishee bank in Bermuda to deliver stock certificates belonging to the judgment debtor.

12014–2014
People v. McCoy neutral
nyappdiv · 1986
1 sentence

2000“It is a firmly established principle that a suspect who is in custody need not be given the full litany of rights prior to questioning if he has previously been informed of those rights within a short time interval” (People v McCoy, 122 AD2d 957, 958 , lv denied 69 NY2d 714 ).

12000–2000
Lake v. Van Wormer green
nyappdiv · 1995
1 sentence

1997Kropp v Shepsky, 305 NY 465, 468 ; Matter of Bennett v Jeffreys, 40 NY2d 543, 548-549 ; Matter of Male Infant L., 61 NY2d 420, 426-427 ; Matter of Ronald FF. v Cindy GG., 70 NY2d 141, 144 ; Matter of Michael B., 80 NY2d 299, 309 ). 1 It is only where a court determines that there are extraordinary circumstances, such as parental unfitness, surrender, abandonment, or persistent neglect, that there may then be an inquiry into the child’s best interests (see, Matter of Male Infant L., 61 NY2d, at 427 , supra; Matter of Ronald FF. v Cindy GG., 70 NY2d, at 144, supra; Matter of Lake v Van Wormer, 2

11997–1997
People ex rel. Kropp v. Shepsky green
ny · 1953
11997–1997
Bennett v. Jeffreys green
ny · 1976
11997–1997
In re the Adoption of Male Infant L. Christina L. green
ny · 1984
11997–1997
In re Michael B. green
ny · 1992
1 sentence

1997Kropp v Shepsky, 305 NY 465, 468 ; Matter of Bennett v Jeffreys, 40 NY2d 543, 548-549 ; Matter of Male Infant L., 61 NY2d 420, 426-427 ; Matter of Ronald FF. v Cindy GG., 70 NY2d 141, 144 ; Matter of Michael B., 80 NY2d 299, 309 ). 1 It is only where a court determines that there are extraordinary circumstances, such as parental unfitness, surrender, abandonment, or persistent neglect, that there may then be an inquiry into the child’s best interests (see, Matter of Male Infant L., 61 NY2d, at 427 , supra; Matter of Ronald FF. v Cindy GG., 70 NY2d, at 144, supra; Matter of Lake v Van Wormer, 2

11997–1997
Martin v. . Camp neutral
ny · 1917
11993–1993
Seaboard Surety Co. v. Gillette Co. green
ny · 1984
11993–1993
People v. Mayo green
ny · 1975
11992–1992
People v. Deegan green
ny · 1987
11992–1992
People v. Reyes green
ny · 1990
11992–1992
Harder v. McGinn green
nyappdiv · 1982
11991–1991
Harder v. McGinn green
ny · 1982
11991–1991
People v. Nevarez neutral
nyappdiv · 1988
11990–1990
People v. Sullivan green
nyappdiv · 1990
11990–1990
People v. Aiken green
ny · 1978
11990–1990
Custer Builders, Inc. v. Quaker Heritage, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1973
11989–1989
People v. Johnson green
nyappdiv · 1975
11986–1986
People v. Crosby green
nyappdiv · 1983
11986–1986
Jeanne M. v. Richard G. green
nyappdiv · 1983
11986–1986
La Blanc v. La Blanc neutral
nyappdiv · 1983
11986–1986
Calamari v. Grace green
nyappdiv · 1983
11986–1986
Chenango County Support Collection Unit ex rel. Mersereau v. De Brie neutral
nyappdiv · 1984
11986–1986
Sementilli v. Sementilli green
nyappdiv · 1984
11986–1986
People v. Glinsman green
nyappdiv · 1985
11986–1986
People v. Short green
nyappdiv · 1985
11986–1986

Where else courts name it

CA 78 (1917–2026) NY 64 (1894–2019) IL 48 (1895–2026) MO 38 (1871–2023) MD 36 (1911–2008) PA 35 (1905–2018) FL 28 (1893–2017) TX 27 (1912–2026) KY 26 (1927–2023) IN 23 (1885–2020) KS 20 (1889–2006) OR 20 (1915–2024) NJ 19 (1938–2019) VA 19 (1836–2017) NE 15 (1883–2000) LA 15 (1942–2013) WV 15 (1913–2016) TN 14 (1871–2012) IA 14 (1925–2024) MS 14 (1880–2009) WA 13 (1925–2016) NC 13 (1913–1986) CT 13 (1890–2006) MI 12 (1966–2018) AL 12 (1914–2007) CO 11 (1898–2016) MA 11 (1944–2026) AZ 10 (1945–2018) WI 9 (1909–2000) GA 9 (1900–2012) ME 9 (1912–2019) MN 8 (1916–2007) SC 7 (1936–2004) RI 6 (1987–2019) ID 6 (1916–2002) AR 6 (1971–2016) DC 6 (1984–2010) MT 5 (1953–2005) VT 4 (1978–2020) NM 4 (1958–2025) OH 4 (1964–2020) WY 3 (1977–1999) HI 3 (1933–2007) OK 3 (1953–1989) AK 3 (1999–2024) NV 3 (1875–1989) ND 2 (1949–1968) SD 2 (1991–1995) NH 2 (1992–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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