adverse claim (Kentucky) · Go Syfert
← Kentucky issues

adverse claim in Kentucky

33 Kentucky opinions name it 3 courts 1817–2025 8 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Kentucky courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (15)

CaseFollowedCited
Sweeten v. Sartingreen
kyctapphigh · 1953 · cited in 6 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1992–2023
2 sentences

2023“The ‘open and notorious’ element requires that the possessor openly evince a purpose to hold dominion over the property with such hostility that will give the nonpossessory owner notice of the adverse claim.” Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Inc., 824 S.W.2d at 880 (citing Sweeten v. Sartin, 256 S.W.2d 524, 526 (Ky. 1953)).

2010The Elements of Adverse Possession "The `open and notorious' element [of adverse possession] requires that the possessor openly evince a purpose to hold dominion over the property with such hostility that will give the non-possessory owner notice of the adverse claim." Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Inc. v. Royal Crown Bottling Co., Inc., 824 S.W.2d 878, 880 (Ky.1992) ( citing Sweeten v. Sartin, 256 S.W.2d 524, 526 (Ky.1953)).

56
Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Inc. v. Royal Crown Bottling Co.green
ky · 1992 · cited in 6 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2003–2023
2 sentences

2023“The ‘open and notorious’ element requires that the possessor openly evince a purpose to hold dominion over the property with such hostility that will give the nonpossessory owner notice of the adverse claim.” Appalachian Regional Healthcare, Inc., 824 S.W.2d at 880 (citing Sweeten v. Sartin, 256 S.W.2d 524, 526 (Ky. 1953)).

2023The party asserting it must have been induced to act to his detriment or misled to his injury.” Embry, 185 S.W.3d at 216 (citations omitted). -6- “[I]n order to make an adverse claim definite, the adverse possessor must have either some color of title that will show the extent of the claim or there must be a definite boundary.” Appalachian Reg’l Healthcare, Inc. v. Royal Crown Bottling Co., Inc., 824 S.W.2d 878, 880 (Ky. 1992).

56
Vick v. Elliotgreen
kyctapp · 2013 · cited in 4 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2020–2025
2 sentences

2025Their conduct adequately demonstrates an “openly evince[d] purpose to hold dominion over the property with such hostility [to] give the non-possessory owner notice of the adverse claim.” Vick v. Elliot, 422 S.W.3d 277, 280 (Ky. App. 2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

2023To satisfy the “open and notorious” element, “the possessor must ‘openly evince a purpose to hold dominion over the property with such hostility that will give the non-possessory owner notice of the adverse claim.’” Id. at 280 (emphasis added).

44
Phillips v. Akersgreen
kyctapp · 2003 · cited in 3 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2013–2024
2 sentences

2024As to step five, open and notorious possession, Mr. Taylor had the burden to prove that he “openly evince[d] a purpose to hold dominion over the property with such hostility that w[ould] give the non-possessory owner notice of the adverse claim.” Phillips v. Akers, 103 S.W.3d 705, 708 (Ky. App. 2002) (citation omitted).

2022As for the open and notorious element of adverse possession, the claimant must “openly evince a purpose to hold -5- dominion over the property with such hostility that will give the non-possessory owner notice of the adverse claim.” Phillips v. Akers, 103 S.W.3d 705, 708 (Ky. App. 2002) (citation omitted).

23
Mudwilder v. Claxtongreen
kyctapp · 1957 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2014–2020
2 sentences

2020Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 798-99 (Ky. 1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky. 1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684, 684-85 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky. App. 1983).

2014Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 799 (Ky.1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky.1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky.App.1983).

22
Walden v. Bakergreen
kyctapp · 1961 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2014–2020
2 sentences

2020Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 798-99 (Ky. 1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky. 1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684, 684-85 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky. App. 1983).

2014Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 799 (Ky.1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky.1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky.App.1983).

22
Johnson v. Kirkgreen
kyctapp · 1983 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2014–2020
2 sentences

2020Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 798-99 (Ky. 1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky. 1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684, 684-85 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky. App. 1983).

2014Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 799 (Ky.1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky.1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky.App.1983).

22
Turner v. Morgangreen
kyctapp · 1914 · cited in 2 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2014–2020
2 sentences

2020Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 798-99 (Ky. 1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky. 1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684, 684-85 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky. App. 1983).

2020Walden v. Baker, 343 S.W.2d 797, 798-99 (Ky. 1961); Mudwilder v. Claxton, 301 S.W.2d 3, 4 (Ky. 1957); Turner v. Morgan, 158 Ky. 511 , 165 S.W. 684, 684-85 (1914); Johnson v. Kirk, 648 S.W.2d 878, 879-80 (Ky. App. 1983).

12
Kentucky River Coal Corp. v. Combsgreen
kyctapphigh · 1937 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See, e.g., Kentucky River Coal Corp. v. Combs, 269 Ky. 365 , 107 S.W.2d 241, 244-45 (1937) (discussing Loeb v. Conley, 160 Ky. 91 , 169 S.W. 575, 581 (1914) (“If, however, the improvements are not made by a person while acting in the good[]faith belief that he is the owner of the land, or if they are made with actual notice of an adverse superior claim, and especially after this adverse claim has been asserted in a suit, the person making the improvements will not be entitled to compensation.”); and Tuck v. Sharer, 234 Ky. 296 , 28 S.W.2d 22, 24 (1930) (“The rule which permits one who has made

2024See, e.g., Kentucky River Coal Corp. v. Combs, 269 Ky. 365 , 107 S.W.2d 241, 244-45 (1937) (discussing Loeb v. Conley, 160 Ky. 91 , 169 S.W. 575, 581 (1914) (“If, however, the improvements are not made by a person while acting in the good[]faith belief that he is the owner of the land, or if they are made with actual notice of an adverse superior claim, and especially after this adverse claim has been asserted in a suit, the person making the improvements will not be entitled to compensation.”); and Tuck v. Sharer, 234 Ky. 296 , 28 S.W.2d 22, 24 (1930) (“The rule which permits one who has made

11
Tuck v. Sharergreen
kyctapphigh · 1930 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024See, e.g., Kentucky River Coal Corp. v. Combs, 269 Ky. 365 , 107 S.W.2d 241, 244-45 (1937) (discussing Loeb v. Conley, 160 Ky. 91 , 169 S.W. 575, 581 (1914) (“If, however, the improvements are not made by a person while acting in the good[]faith belief that he is the owner of the land, or if they are made with actual notice of an adverse superior claim, and especially after this adverse claim has been asserted in a suit, the person making the improvements will not be entitled to compensation.”); and Tuck v. Sharer, 234 Ky. 296 , 28 S.W.2d 22, 24 (1930) (“The rule which permits one who has made

2024See, e.g., Kentucky River Coal Corp. v. Combs, 269 Ky. 365 , 107 S.W.2d 241, 244-45 (1937) (discussing Loeb v. Conley, 160 Ky. 91 , 169 S.W. 575, 581 (1914) (“If, however, the improvements are not made by a person while acting in the good[]faith belief that he is the owner of the land, or if they are made with actual notice of an adverse superior claim, and especially after this adverse claim has been asserted in a suit, the person making the improvements will not be entitled to compensation.”); and Tuck v. Sharer, 234 Ky. 296 , 28 S.W.2d 22, 24 (1930) (“The rule which permits one who has made

11
Saunders v. City of Flemingsburggreen
kyctapp · 1914 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See, e.g., Kentucky River Coal Corp. v. Combs, 269 Ky. 365 , 107 S.W.2d 241, 244-45 (1937) (discussing Loeb v. Conley, 160 Ky. 91 , 169 S.W. 575, 581 (1914) (“If, however, the improvements are not made by a person while acting in the good[]faith belief that he is the owner of the land, or if they are made with actual notice of an adverse superior claim, and especially after this adverse claim has been asserted in a suit, the person making the improvements will not be entitled to compensation.”); and Tuck v. Sharer, 234 Ky. 296 , 28 S.W.2d 22, 24 (1930) (“The rule which permits one who has made

11
Loeb v. Conleygreen
kyctapp · 1914 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See, e.g., Kentucky River Coal Corp. v. Combs, 269 Ky. 365 , 107 S.W.2d 241, 244-45 (1937) (discussing Loeb v. Conley, 160 Ky. 91 , 169 S.W. 575, 581 (1914) (“If, however, the improvements are not made by a person while acting in the good[]faith belief that he is the owner of the land, or if they are made with actual notice of an adverse superior claim, and especially after this adverse claim has been asserted in a suit, the person making the improvements will not be entitled to compensation.”); and Tuck v. Sharer, 234 Ky. 296 , 28 S.W.2d 22, 24 (1930) (“The rule which permits one who has made

11
Embry v. Turnergreen
kyctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
1 sentence

2023The party asserting it must have been induced to act to his detriment or misled to his injury.” Embry, 185 S.W.3d at 216 (citations omitted). -6- “[I]n order to make an adverse claim definite, the adverse possessor must have either some color of title that will show the extent of the claim or there must be a definite boundary.” Appalachian Reg’l Healthcare, Inc. v. Royal Crown Bottling Co., Inc., 824 S.W.2d 878, 880 (Ky. 1992).

11
Garthwaite v. Hargesgreen
kyctapphigh · 1945 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1955–1955
2 sentences

1955See, Garthwaite v. Harges, 301 Ky. 653 , 192 S.W.2d 734 ; Lewallen v. Mays, 265 Ky. 1 , 95 S.W.2d 1125 .

1955See, Garthwaite v. Harges, 301 Ky. 653 , 192 S.W.2d 734 ; Lewallen v. Mays, 265 Ky. 1 , 95 S.W.2d 1125 .

11
Bowman v. Bartlettgreen
kyctapp · 1817 · cited in 1 Kentucky opinions naming this issue, 1817–1817
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Kentucky. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (31)

CaseCitedYears
Singleton v. Jackson neutral
kyctapp · 1822
2 sentences

1937To the same effect are Singleton v. Jackson, 2 Litt. 208 , and Wade v. Keown, 78 S. W. 900 , 25 Ky. Law Rep. 1787 .” Applying these principles to the instant case, we are unable to reach any other conclusion than that the court was in error in allowing appellees the sum of $1,200, their claim for the improvements erected on the place secured by a lien on the land.

1914To the same effect are Singleton v. Jackson, 2 Litt., 208 , and Wade v. Keown, 25 Ky. L.

21914–1937
Harrison's Devisees v. Baker neutral
kyctapp · 1824
2 sentences

1937Mon. 537, and again in Harrison v. Baker, 5 Litt. 250 , it was held that where persons make improvements with actual knowledge of the assertion of an adverse claim to the land, they cannot recover for the im *374 provement.

1914Mon., 537, and again in Harrison v. Baker, 5 Litt., 250 , it was held that where persons make improvements with actual knowledge of the assertion of an adverse claim to the land, they can not recover for the improvements.

21914–1937
Culton v. Simpson green
kyctapphigh · 1936
2 sentences

1992Culton v. Simpson, 265 Ky. 343 , 96 S.W.2d 856 (1936).

1992Culton v. Simpson, 265 Ky. 343 , 96 S.W.2d 856 (1936).

11992–1992
Haffner v. Bittell neutral
kyctapp · 1923
2 sentences

1977But, when, as here, the beaten path was enclosed by fences forming a lane, all parties are thereby notified that the use under claim of right thereto extended not only to the beaten path, but to the fences, and, such use having been allowed to continue as a matter of right for the statutory period, in our judgment the adverse claim to use the lane as a passway ripened into a right.” Haffner v. Bittell, 198 Ky. 78 , 248 S.W. 223 (1923).

1977But, when, as here, the beaten path was enclosed by fences forming a lane, all parties are thereby notified that the use under claim of right thereto extended not only to the beaten path, but to the fences, and, such use having been allowed to continue as a matter of right for the statutory period, in our judgment the adverse claim to use the lane as a passway ripened into a right.” Haffner v. Bittell, 198 Ky. 78 , 248 S.W. 223 (1923).

11977–1977
Carpenter v. Planck neutral
kyctapphigh · 1947
2 sentences

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

11957–1957
Price's Adm'r v. Price green
kyctapphigh · 1942
2 sentences

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

11957–1957
Karsner's Ex'r v. Monterey Christian Church green
kyctapphigh · 1947
2 sentences

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

11957–1957
Hunt v. Crocker green
kyctapphigh · 1932
2 sentences

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

11957–1957
Cosby v. Hays green
kyctapp · 1953
1 sentence

1957The appellants rely upon such cases as Hunt v. Crocker, 246 Ky. 338 , 55 S.W.2d 20 ; Price’s Adm’r v. Price, 291 Ky. 211 , 163 S.W.2d 463 ; Karsner’s Ex’r v. Monterey Christian Church, 304 Ky. 269 , 200 S.W.2d 474 ; Carpenter v. Planck, 304 Ky. 644 , 201 S.W.2d 908 ; and Cosby v. Hays, Ky., 257 S.W.2d 575 .

11957–1957
Lambert v. Huntsman green
kyctapphigh · 1948
2 sentences

1956Smith v. Oliver, 189 Ky. 214 , 224 S.W. 683 ; Lambert v. Huntsman, 306 Ky. 862 , 209 S.W.2d 709 .

1956Smith v. Oliver, 189 Ky. 214 , 224 S.W. 683 ; Lambert v. Huntsman, 306 Ky. 862 , 209 S.W.2d 709 .

11956–1956
Smith v. Oliver neutral
kyctapp · 1920
2 sentences

1956Smith v. Oliver, 189 Ky. 214 , 224 S.W. 683 ; Lambert v. Huntsman, 306 Ky. 862 , 209 S.W.2d 709 .

1956Smith v. Oliver, 189 Ky. 214 , 224 S.W. 683 ; Lambert v. Huntsman, 306 Ky. 862 , 209 S.W.2d 709 .

11956–1956
Lewallen v. Mays neutral
kyctapphigh · 1936
2 sentences

1955See, Garthwaite v. Harges, 301 Ky. 653 , 192 S.W.2d 734 ; Lewallen v. Mays, 265 Ky. 1 , 95 S.W.2d 1125 .

1955See, Garthwaite v. Harges, 301 Ky. 653 , 192 S.W.2d 734 ; Lewallen v. Mays, 265 Ky. 1 , 95 S.W.2d 1125 .

11955–1955
Rose v. Ware green
kyctapp · 1903
2 sentences

1948Neither had there been a sale of all or part of the property to others from which appellant could take constructive notice of an adverse claim as there was in the ease of Kose et al. v. Ware, 115 Ky. 420 , 74 S. W. 188 .

1948Neither had there been a sale of all or part of the property to others from which appellant could take constructive notice of an adverse claim as there was in the ease of Kose et al. v. Ware, 115 Ky. 420 , 74 S. W. 188 .

11948–1948
Flinn v. Blakeman red
kyctapphigh · 1934
2 sentences

1936In Flinn v. Blakeman, 254 Ky. 416 , 71 S. W. (2d) 961, 973 , we said: “If a would be disseizor desires to do any disseizing, he must get upon and hold possession of the coveted property, he must do his disseizing there, he cannot do it elsewhere.

1936In Flinn v. Blakeman, 254 Ky. 416 , 71 S. W. (2d) 961, 973 , we said: “If a would be disseizor desires to do any disseizing, he must get upon and hold possession of the coveted property, he must do his disseizing there, he cannot do it elsewhere.

11936–1936
Krauth v. Hahn neutral
kyctapp · 1901
1 sentence

1936It is sometimes erroneously contended its purpose is to afford the true owner notice of the extent of the adverse claim, but that would require the color to be recorded, and in Krauth v. Hahn, 65 S. W. 18, 19 , 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1261 , we reversed a judgment because the court had given an instruction that contained the words: “Claim under a title of record.” To same effect see Poage’s Heirs v. Chinn’s Heirs, 4 Dana (34 Ky.) 50, and 2 C.

11936–1936
Stone v. Keith neutral
kyctapphigh · 1927
11931–1931
Keaton v. Sublett neutral
kyctapp · 1900
11931–1931
Asher v. Roberts green
kyctapp · 1924
2 sentences

1931Asher v. Roberts, 206 Ky. 186 , 266 S. W. 1089 ; Pugh v. Bell, 18 Ky. (2 T.

1931Asher v. Roberts, 206 Ky. 186 , 266 S. W. 1089 ; Pugh v. Bell, 18 Ky. (2 T.

11931–1931
Salmons' Adm'rs v. Davis neutral
mo · 1859
11930–1930
Bordes v. Leece neutral
kyctapp · 1918
11927–1927
Carstarphen v. Holt green
ga · 1895
11920–1920
Elliott v. Cumberland Coal & Coke Co. neutral
tenn · 1902
11920–1920
Turner v. Stephenson neutral
mich · 1888
11920–1920
Hornblower v. Banton green
me · 1907
11920–1920
Padgett v. Decker green
kyctapp · 1911
11919–1919
Frazier v. Morris green
kyctapp · 1914
11919–1919
Muir v. Cox neutral
kyctapp · 1901
11917–1917
Stearns Coal & Lumber Co. v. Boyatt green
kyctapp · 1916
11917–1917
Cox v. Prewitt neutral
kyctapp · 1889
11914–1914
Bowling v. Breathitt Coal, Iron & Lumber Co. neutral
kyctapp · 1909
11912–1912
Pleak v. Chambers neutral
kyctapp · 1837
11838–1838

Statutes the citing opinions construe

KY § Ky. Rev. Stat. § 413.010 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 297 (1857–2026) CA 138 (1870–2025) LA 118 (1858–2025) MS 87 (1818–2025) NY 87 (1848–2025) MO 75 (1867–2024) GA 73 (1897–2025) CT 68 (1909–2024) AR 57 (1853–2025) OR 57 (1892–2025) AL 55 (1842–2025) IL 45 (1890–2026) TN 37 (1899–2024) OK 36 (1912–2024) KY 33 (1817–2025) PA 33 (1835–2025) OH 32 (1880–2026) NH 31 (1916–2025) VA 31 (1819–2026) FL 30 (1894–2025) MT 30 (1883–2018) NC 30 (1889–2018) WA 27 (1895–2026) AZ 27 (1936–2024) MI 26 (1873–2024) WY 24 (1895–2025) MD 23 (1907–2022) CO 22 (1890–2025) IN 22 (1862–2025) ID 21 (1893–2025) WV 19 (1881–2025) WI 19 (1900–2026) MA 17 (1898–2021) MN 17 (1883–2015) UT 16 (1887–2025) HI 16 (1902–2025) NM 15 (1885–2011) ME 15 (1847–2008) KS 15 (1883–2026) IA 14 (1861–2020) NJ 11 (1879–2011) SC 10 (1900–2021) NV 10 (1913–2022) NE 10 (1896–2020) VT 9 (1838–2025) ND 7 (1906–2018) SD 5 (1910–2020) DE 3 (1954–1986) PR 3 (1923–1971) RI 3 (2003–2011) AK 2 (1974–1995) DC 2 (1978–1992)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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