adverse claim (Alabama) · Go Syfert
← Alabama issues

adverse claim in Alabama

55 Alabama opinions name it 3 courts 1842–2025 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (17)

CaseFollowedCited
Cotton v. Maygreen
· 1974 · cited in 9 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1980–2018
2 sentences

2018See Blalock v. Conzelman , 751 So.2d 2 (Ala. 1999) ; Harkins & Co. v. Lewis , 535 So.2d 104 , 117 (Ala. 1988) ("Ordinary acts of ownership, consistent with permissive possession, are not sufficient to constitute an adverse holding capable of ever ripening into a title."); and Cotton v. May , 293 Ala. 212 , 215, 301 So.2d 168 , 170 (1974) ("[A] permissive possession does not ripen into title adverse to the owner unless there has been such a repudiation of the permissive possession as to afford notice of an adverse claim.").

2018See Blalock v. Conzelman , 751 So.2d 2 (Ala. 1999) ; Harkins & Co. v. Lewis , 535 So.2d 104 , 117 (Ala. 1988) ("Ordinary acts of ownership, consistent with permissive possession, are not sufficient to constitute an adverse holding capable of ever ripening into a title."); and Cotton v. May , 293 Ala. 212 , 215, 301 So.2d 168 , 170 (1974) ("[A] permissive possession does not ripen into title adverse to the owner unless there has been such a repudiation of the permissive possession as to afford notice of an adverse claim.").

29
Gresham v. Waregreen
ala · 1885 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1991–1995
2 sentences

1995The "equitable lien" concept, for example, does not help AmSouth, because "knowledge of an adverse claim to the title is fatal to the ... claim for [an equitable lien]." Manning v. Wingo, 577 So.2d 865, 869 (Ala. 1991); Gresham v. Ware, 79 Ala. 192, 199 (1885).

1995The "equitable lien" concept, for example, does not help AmSouth, because "knowledge of an adverse claim to the title is fatal to the . . . claim for [an equitable lien]." Manning v. Wingo , 577 So.2d 865 , 869 (Ala. 1991); Gresham v. Ware , 79 Ala. 192 , 199 (1885).

23
Harkins & Co. v. Lewisgreen
ala · 1988 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See Blalock v. Conzelman , 751 So.2d 2 (Ala. 1999) ; Harkins & Co. v. Lewis , 535 So.2d 104 , 117 (Ala. 1988) ("Ordinary acts of ownership, consistent with permissive possession, are not sufficient to constitute an adverse holding capable of ever ripening into a title."); and Cotton v. May , 293 Ala. 212 , 215, 301 So.2d 168 , 170 (1974) ("[A] permissive possession does not ripen into title adverse to the owner unless there has been such a repudiation of the permissive possession as to afford notice of an adverse claim.").

2018See Blalock v. Conzelman , 751 So.2d 2 (Ala. 1999) ; Harkins & Co. v. Lewis , 535 So.2d 104 , 117 (Ala. 1988) ("Ordinary acts of ownership, consistent with permissive possession, are not sufficient to constitute an adverse holding capable of ever ripening into a title."); and Cotton v. May , 293 Ala. 212 , 215, 301 So.2d 168 , 170 (1974) ("[A] permissive possession does not ripen into title adverse to the owner unless there has been such a repudiation of the permissive possession as to afford notice of an adverse claim.").

22
Blalock v. Conzelmangreen
ala · 1999 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See Blalock v. Conzelman , 751 So.2d 2 (Ala. 1999) ; Harkins & Co. v. Lewis , 535 So.2d 104 , 117 (Ala. 1988) ("Ordinary acts of ownership, consistent with permissive possession, are not sufficient to constitute an adverse holding capable of ever ripening into a title."); and Cotton v. May , 293 Ala. 212 , 215, 301 So.2d 168 , 170 (1974) ("[A] permissive possession does not ripen into title adverse to the owner unless there has been such a repudiation of the permissive possession as to afford notice of an adverse claim.").

2018See Blalock v. Conzelman , 751 So.2d 2 (Ala. 1999) ; Harkins & Co. v. Lewis , 535 So.2d 104 , 117 (Ala. 1988) ("Ordinary acts of ownership, consistent with permissive possession, are not sufficient to constitute an adverse holding capable of ever ripening into a title."); and Cotton v. May , 293 Ala. 212 , 215, 301 So.2d 168 , 170 (1974) ("[A] permissive possession does not ripen into title adverse to the owner unless there has been such a repudiation of the permissive possession as to afford notice of an adverse claim.").

22
Ex Parte Clarkgreen
ala · 1994 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1997–2008
2 sentences

2008See Ex parte Clark, 643 So.2d 977, 978 (Ala.1994) (stating that “[a] defendant in an action for partition of real estate or for the sale of real estate for a division of the proceeds, who denies the plaintiffs title or sets up an adverse claim, is entitled to a jury trial on demand, if the demand complies with Rule 38(b), Ala. R.

1997Second, this Court has previously written: “A defendant in an action for partition of real estate or for the sale of real estate for a division of the proceeds, who denies the plaintiffs title or sets up an adverse claim, is entitled to a jury trial on demand, if the demand complies with Rule 38(b), Ala.R.Civ.P.; Ala.Code 1975, § 6-8-1.” Ex parte Clark, 643 So.2d 977, at 978 (Ala.1994).

22
Manning v. Wingogreen
ala · 1991 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1994–1995
2 sentences

1995The "equitable lien" concept, for example, does not help AmSouth, because "knowledge of an adverse claim to the title is fatal to the ... claim for [an equitable lien]." Manning v. Wingo, 577 So.2d 865, 869 (Ala. 1991); Gresham v. Ware, 79 Ala. 192, 199 (1885).

1995The "equitable lien" concept, for example, does not help AmSouth, because "knowledge of an adverse claim to the title is fatal to the . . . claim for [an equitable lien]." Manning v. Wingo , 577 So.2d 865 , 869 (Ala. 1991); Gresham v. Ware , 79 Ala. 192 , 199 (1885).

22
Ballard v. Johnsgreen
ala · 1887 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2024
2 sentences

2024See Ballard v. Johns, 84 Ala. 70, 71 , 4 So. 24 , 25 (1888) (noting that a separate, but similar, statutory provision "denies to the probate court the power and jurisdiction to adjudicate, on a petition for the partition of lands, adverse claims and titles," and concluding that, "[i]f during the pendency or trial of the petition, it is made known to [the probate court] that there is a substantial adverse claim asserted by any one, the statute makes it obligatory upon [the probate court] to decline further jurisdiction of the matter").

2007For example, in Ballard v. Johns , 84 Ala. 70 , 4 So. 24 (1888), the Alabama Supreme Court noted that § 3512 of the Alabama Code of 1887 (now § 35-6-55 , Ala. Code 1975) "denies to the probate court the power and jurisdiction to adjudicate, on a petition for the partition of lands, adverse claims and titles," and concluded that "[i]f during the pendency or trial of the petition, it is made known to [the probate judge] that there is a substantial adverse claim asserted by any one, the statute makes it obligatory upon [the judge] to decline further jurisdiction of the matter." 84 Ala. at 71 , 4

12
Marshall v. Rogersgreen
ala · 1935 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1938–1944
2 sentences

1938The construction of Section 9334 of the Code (Michie) contained in Strange v. King, 228 Ala. 511 , 154 So. 115 ; Sandlin v. Anders, 210 Ala. 396 , 98 So. 299 ; Marshall v. Rogers, 230 Ala. 305 , 160 So. 865 , is to the effect that in partition' suits of lands by metes and bounds, or by sale for division when the same cannot be equitably divided among the owners, if the defendant denies the title of the complainant, or asserts an adverse claim or title in himself, such bill need not be dismissed, but the trial court may direct the issue' as to the title of the complainant, or as to such adverse

1938The construction of Section 9334 of the Code (Michie) contained in Strange v. King, 228 Ala. 511 , 154 So. 115 ; Sandlin v. Anders, 210 Ala. 396 , 98 So. 299 ; Marshall v. Rogers, 230 Ala. 305 , 160 So. 865 , is to the effect that in partition' suits of lands by metes and bounds, or by sale for division when the same cannot be equitably divided among the owners, if the defendant denies the title of the complainant, or asserts an adverse claim or title in himself, such bill need not be dismissed, but the trial court may direct the issue' as to the title of the complainant, or as to such adverse

12
Calhoun v. Smithgreen
ala · 1980 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025App. 2016) ("Because White paid rent for the leased property until at least 2003, his possession of the leased property could not, as a matter of law, have been hostile until 2003, at the earliest."); Calhoun v. Smith, 387 So. 2d 821, 824 (Ala. 1980) (noting that "the prescribed period of time for adverse possession will not begin to run until notice of the adverse claim, or hostility, has been brought home to the true owner"); and Stewart v. Childress, 269 Ala. 87, 93 , 111 So. 2d 8, 13 (1959) ("Limitations begin to run from the date of notice of hostility but are not operative before hostili

11
Stewart v. Childressgreen
ala · 1959 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025App. 2016) ("Because White paid rent for the leased property until at least 2003, his possession of the leased property could not, as a matter of law, have been hostile until 2003, at the earliest."); Calhoun v. Smith, 387 So. 2d 821, 824 (Ala. 1980) (noting that "the prescribed period of time for adverse possession will not begin to run until notice of the adverse claim, or hostility, has been brought home to the true owner"); and Stewart v. Childress, 269 Ala. 87, 93 , 111 So. 2d 8, 13 (1959) ("Limitations begin to run from the date of notice of hostility but are not operative before hostili

2025App. 2016) ("Because White paid rent for the leased property until at least 2003, his possession of the leased property could not, as a matter of law, have been hostile until 2003, at the earliest."); Calhoun v. Smith, 387 So. 2d 821, 824 (Ala. 1980) (noting that "the prescribed period of time for adverse possession will not begin to run until notice of the adverse claim, or hostility, has been brought home to the true owner"); and Stewart v. Childress, 269 Ala. 87, 93 , 111 So. 2d 8, 13 (1959) ("Limitations begin to run from the date of notice of hostility but are not operative before hostili

11
Strickland v. Markosgreen
ala · 1990 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010Thus, to satisfy these two elements, the claimant must provide evidence tending to show that his acts of dominion and control over the property were of such character and distinction as would reasonably notify the landowner that an adverse claim is being asserted against his land.” Strickland v. Maricos, 566 So.2d 229, 232 (Ala.1990).

2010Thus, to satisfy these two elements, the claimant must provide evidence tending to show that his acts of dominion and control over the property were of such character and distinction as would reasonably notify the landowner that an adverse claim is being asserted against his land.” Strickland v. Markos, 566 So.2d 229, 232 (Ala.1990) (emphasis added).

11
Fountain Finance, Inc. v. Hinesgreen
ala · 2000 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Fountain Fin., Inc. v. Hines , 788 So.2d 155 , 159 (Ala. 2000) (quoting Singh v. INS , 213 F.3d 1050 , 1054 n. 8 (9th Cir.2000)).

2007Fountain Fin., Inc. v. Hines, 788 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2000) (quoting Singh v. INS, 213 F.3d 1050 , 1054 n. 8 (9th Cir.2000)).

11
Boldon v. Boldongreen
alacivapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006I simply do not think that the adverse presumption arising from the husband's invocation of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, even when coupled with the other factors in this case, should be considered evidence "sufficiently strong to lead the guarded discretion of a reasonable and just mind to the conclusion of adultery as a necessary inference." Boldon v. Boldon , 354 So.2d 275 , 276 (Ala.Civ.App. 1978) (emphasis added).

2006I simply do not think that the adverse presumption arising from the husband's invocation of his Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, even when coupled with the other factors in this case, should be considered evidence "sufficiently strong to lead the guarded discretion of a reasonable and just mind to the conclusion of adultery as a necessary inference." Boldon v. Boldon, 354 So.2d 275, 276 (Ala.Civ.App.1978)(emphasis added).

11
Godwin v. Dorgangreen
ala · 2001 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005See Godwin v. Dorgan , 811 So.2d 503 (Ala. 2001); Shirley v. Mazzone , 591 So.2d 469 (Ala. 1991); and Jernigan v. Jernigan , 678 So.2d 1169 (Ala.Civ.App. 1996).

11
Ellett v. Wadegreen
ala · 1872 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
1 sentence

1997See also Ellett v. Wade , 47 Ala. 456 , 466 (1872) [where the court stated 'I have not been *Page 457 able to find any case, either in this country or in England, where the court of chancery has assumed jurisdiction to give relief to a complainant, who has made improvements upon land, the legal title to which was in the defendant.' (citations omitted)].

11
Jones v. Jonesgreen
ala · 1982 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
1 sentence

1994See Jones v. Jones, 423 So.2d 158 (Ala.1982).

11
Duncan v. Johnsongreen
ala · 1976 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (61)

CaseCitedYears
Brantley v. Helton neutral
ala · 1932
2 sentences

2025"There are certain cases of entry under the owner, or in recognition of joint ownership, and the like, when notice of a hostile possession must be brought home to the owner; but in boundary line cases, the inclosure of valuable lands ... and appropriation of same to a beneficial enjoyment, carries notice of an adverse claim to the adjoining owner, or puts him on inquiry." 224 Ala. at 96 , 139 So. at 285 .

2025"There are certain cases of entry under the owner, or in recognition of joint ownership, and the like, when notice of a hostile possession must be brought home to the owner; but in boundary line cases, the inclosure of valuable lands ... and appropriation of same to a beneficial enjoyment, carries notice of an adverse claim to the adjoining owner, or puts him on inquiry." 224 Ala. at 96 , 139 So. at 285 .

22025–2025
Gonzalez v. Naman green
alacivapp · 1996
2 sentences

2010Cotton v. May, 293 Ala. 212 , 301 So.2d 168 (1974); Gonzalez v. Naman, 678 So.2d 1152 (Ala.Civ.App.1996).

2005Cotton v. May, 293 Ala. 212 , 301 So.2d 168 (1974); Gonzalez v. Naman, 678 So.2d 1152 (Ala.Civ.App. 1996).

22005–2010
Smith v. Persons green
ala · 1968
2 sentences

1997It is well settled that 'one who has actual knowledge of an adverse claim to real property is not entitled to compensation for improvements to the property after he has acquired such knowledge.' McCloud , 540 So.2d at 77 , citing Smith v. Persons , 285 Ala. 48 , 228 So.2d 806 (1968).

1997It is well settled that 'one who has actual knowledge of an adverse claim to real property is not entitled to compensation for improvements to the property after he has acquired such knowledge.' McCloud , 540 So.2d at 77 , citing Smith v. Persons , 285 Ala. 48 , 228 So.2d 806 (1968).

21981–1997
Sandlin v. Anders green
ala · 1923
2 sentences

1938The construction of Section 9334 of the Code (Michie) contained in Strange v. King, 228 Ala. 511 , 154 So. 115 ; Sandlin v. Anders, 210 Ala. 396 , 98 So. 299 ; Marshall v. Rogers, 230 Ala. 305 , 160 So. 865 , is to the effect that in partition' suits of lands by metes and bounds, or by sale for division when the same cannot be equitably divided among the owners, if the defendant denies the title of the complainant, or asserts an adverse claim or title in himself, such bill need not be dismissed, but the trial court may direct the issue' as to the title of the complainant, or as to such adverse

1938The construction of Section 9334 of the Code (Michie) contained in Strange v. King, 228 Ala. 511 , 154 So. 115 ; Sandlin v. Anders, 210 Ala. 396 , 98 So. 299 ; Marshall v. Rogers, 230 Ala. 305 , 160 So. 865 , is to the effect that in partition' suits of lands by metes and bounds, or by sale for division when the same cannot be equitably divided among the owners, if the defendant denies the title of the complainant, or asserts an adverse claim or title in himself, such bill need not be dismissed, but the trial court may direct the issue' as to the title of the complainant, or as to such adverse

21938–1962
Ballard v. Johns neutral
· 1885
2 sentences

1908In Ballard v. Johns, 80 Ala. 32, 35 , Mr. Justice Somerville, speaking for the court, says: “A false or unsupported assertion of adverse claim or possession, by a defendant, is not sufficient.

1887It was held that the Probate Court did not err in holding that there had been no sufficient adverse possession by Ballard, who set up a claim to a part of the land. — Ballard v. Johns, 80 Ala. 32 .

21887–1908
Marshall v. Marshall green
· 1888
2 sentences

2007Similarly, in Marshall v. Marshall , 86 Ala. 383 , 5 So. 475 (1889), the Alabama Supreme Court, while recognizing the concurrent jurisdiction of probate courts and equity courts as to partition and sale actions, noted the potential existence of "circumstances . . . such as to render the power of the Probate Court inadequate" and indicating that the probate courts did not have power "to compensate for inequalities in the partition; nor to take an account of rents; nor to provide for relieving the lands of incumbranees; nor to adjust and equalize the advancements among the tenants in common, whe

2007Similarly, in Marshall v. Marshall, 86 Ala. 383 , 5 So. 475 (1889), the Alabama Supreme Court, while recognizing the concurrent jurisdiction of probate courts and equity courts as to partition and sale actions, noted the potential existence of "circumstances . . . such as to render the power of the Probate Court inadequate" and indicating that the probate courts did not have power "to compensate for inequalities in the partition; nor to take an account of rents; nor to provide for relieving the lands of incumbrances; nor to adjust and equalize the advancements among the tenants in common, when

12007–2007
Singh v. Immigration & Naturalization Service green
ca9 · 2000
2 sentences

2007Fountain Fin., Inc. v. Hines , 788 So.2d 155 , 159 (Ala. 2000) (quoting Singh v. INS , 213 F.3d 1050 , 1054 n. 8 (9th Cir.2000)).

2007Fountain Fin., Inc. v. Hines, 788 So.2d 155, 159 (Ala.2000) (quoting Singh v. INS, 213 F.3d 1050 , 1054 n. 8 (9th Cir.2000)).

12007–2007
Shirley v. Mazzone green
ala · 1991
1 sentence

2005See Godwin v. Dorgan , 811 So.2d 503 (Ala. 2001); Shirley v. Mazzone , 591 So.2d 469 (Ala. 1991); and Jernigan v. Jernigan , 678 So.2d 1169 (Ala.Civ.App. 1996).

12005–2005
Jernigan v. Jernigan neutral
alacivapp · 1996
1 sentence

2005See Godwin v. Dorgan , 811 So.2d 503 (Ala. 2001); Shirley v. Mazzone , 591 So.2d 469 (Ala. 1991); and Jernigan v. Jernigan , 678 So.2d 1169 (Ala.Civ.App. 1996).

12005–2005
Ragland Brick Co. v. Campbell green
alacivapp · 1982
1 sentence

1999However, it has been recognized that "judicial construction [of this section] has, to a great extent, abrogated [its] literal application." Ragland Brick Co. v. Campbell , 409 So.2d 443 , 445 (Ala.Civ.App. 1982); Beatrice Foods Co. v. Clemmons , 54 Ala. App. 150 , 306 So.2d 18 , 19 (1975).

11999–1999
Beavers v. County of Walker green
ala · 1994
2 sentences

1999Not only would Robin's interpretation read out of the statute the requirement that the notice of an adverse claim be "written," but it also would eliminate the requirement that the notice be directed to the insurer's home office or principal *Page 329 address." In Beavers v. County of Walker , 645 So.2d 1365 , 1376-77 (Ala. 1994), this Court stated: "The first rule of statutory construction is that the intent of the legislature should be given effect.

1999Not only would Robin's interpretation read out of the statute the requirement that the notice of an adverse claim be "written," but it also would eliminate the requirement that the notice be directed to the insurer's home office or principal *Page 329 address." In Beavers v. County of Walker , 645 So.2d 1365 , 1376-77 (Ala. 1994), this Court stated: "The first rule of statutory construction is that the intent of the legislature should be given effect.

11999–1999
Beatrice Foods Company v. Clemons green
· 1975
2 sentences

1999However, it has been recognized that "judicial construction [of this section] has, to a great extent, abrogated [its] literal application." Ragland Brick Co. v. Campbell , 409 So.2d 443 , 445 (Ala.Civ.App. 1982); Beatrice Foods Co. v. Clemmons , 54 Ala. App. 150 , 306 So.2d 18 , 19 (1975).

1999However, it has been recognized that "judicial construction [of this section] has, to a great extent, abrogated [its] literal application." Ragland Brick Co. v. Campbell , 409 So.2d 443 , 445 (Ala.Civ.App. 1982); Beatrice Foods Co. v. Clemmons , 54 Ala. App. 150 , 306 So.2d 18 , 19 (1975).

11999–1999
Volkswagen of America, Inc. v. Dillard green
ala · 1991
1 sentence

1999Ex parte McCall , 596, So.2d 4 (Ala. 1992); Volkswagen of America, Inc. v. Dillard , 579 So.2d 1301 (Ala. 1991).

11999–1999
McCloud v. AmSouth Bank green
alacivapp · 1989
1 sentence

1997It is well settled that 'one who has actual knowledge of an adverse claim to real property is not entitled to compensation for improvements to the property after he has acquired such knowledge.' McCloud , 540 So.2d at 77 , citing Smith v. Persons , 285 Ala. 48 , 228 So.2d 806 (1968).

11997–1997
Bull v. Salsman green
ala · 1983
11991–1991
Ford v. Alabama By-Products Corp. green
ala · 1980
11991–1991
Michael v. Davis green
ala · 1979
11989–1989
Sims v. Sims green
ala · 1961
11989–1989
Shaffer v. Reed green
ala · 1983
11987–1987
White v. Williams green
ala · 1954
11981–1981
Hagood v. Knight neutral
ala · 1952
11976–1976
Johns v. Johns neutral
ala · 1890
11968–1968
Baker v. Jackson green
ala · 1906
11961–1961
Gordon, Rankin & Co. v. Tweedy green
ala · 1883
11961–1961
Smith v. Collier green
ala · 1923
11954–1954
Morningstar v. State neutral
ala · 1876
11939–1939
Avery v. State green
alactapp · 1915
11939–1939
Ludlum v. State neutral
alactapp · 1915
11939–1939
Betts v. Ward green
ala · 1916
11938–1938
Strange v. King neutral
ala · 1934
11938–1938
Cotton v. Cotton neutral
ala · 1938
11938–1938
Crowder v. Woodward Iron Co. neutral
ala · 1924
11931–1931
Ex parte Lee Bang green
cal · 1881
11929–1929
State ex rel. Boardman v. Ball neutral
wash · 1892
11929–1929
Ex Parte Wadsworth neutral
ala · 1928
11929–1929
Powell v. Hadden's Executors neutral
ala · 1852
11926–1926
Davis v. Williams neutral
ala · 1900
11926–1926
Boykin v. Smith neutral
· 1880
11921–1921
Burrus v. Meadors neutral
ala · 1890
11921–1921
Butler v. Butler neutral
ala · 1901
11921–1921

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 12-2-7 (6)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 297 (1857–2026) CA 138 (1870–2025) LA 118 (1858–2025) MS 87 (1818–2025) NY 87 (1848–2025) MO 75 (1867–2024) GA 73 (1897–2025) CT 68 (1909–2024) AR 57 (1853–2025) OR 57 (1892–2025) AL 55 (1842–2025) IL 45 (1890–2026) TN 37 (1899–2024) OK 36 (1912–2024) KY 33 (1817–2025) PA 33 (1835–2025) OH 32 (1880–2026) NH 31 (1916–2025) VA 31 (1819–2026) FL 30 (1894–2025) MT 30 (1883–2018) NC 30 (1889–2018) WA 27 (1895–2026) AZ 27 (1936–2024) MI 26 (1873–2024) WY 24 (1895–2025) MD 23 (1907–2022) CO 22 (1890–2025) IN 22 (1862–2025) ID 21 (1893–2025) WV 19 (1881–2025) WI 19 (1900–2026) MA 17 (1898–2021) MN 17 (1883–2015) UT 16 (1887–2025) HI 16 (1902–2025) NM 15 (1885–2011) ME 15 (1847–2008) KS 15 (1883–2026) IA 14 (1861–2020) NJ 11 (1879–2011) SC 10 (1900–2021) NV 10 (1913–2022) NE 10 (1896–2020) VT 9 (1838–2025) ND 7 (1906–2018) SD 5 (1910–2020) DE 3 (1954–1986) PR 3 (1923–1971) RI 3 (2003–2011) AK 2 (1974–1995) DC 2 (1978–1992)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check