adverse claim in North Carolina

30 North Carolina opinions name it 2 courts 1889–2018 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by North Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (4)

Case	Followed	Cited
Locklear v. . Savagegreen nc · 1912 · cited in 2 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1962–2018 2 sentences 2018Thus, the open and notorious requirement is satisfied if the possession is "of such a character as to warrant the inference that the owner ought to know that one is asserting dominion over his land." Webster's § 14.05 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted); see Locklear , 159 N.C. at 237 , 74 S.E. at 348 ("[P]ossession ... is denoted by the exercise of acts of dominion over the land ... in opposition to right or claim of any other person, and not merely as an occasional trespasser."). 2018Thus, the open and notorious requirement is satisfied if the possession is "of such a character as to warrant the inference that the owner ought to know that one is asserting dominion over his land." Webster's § 14.05 (emphasis added) (footnote omitted); see Locklear , 159 N.C. at 237 , 74 S.E. at 348 ("[P]ossession ... is denoted by the exercise of acts of dominion over the land ... in opposition to right or claim of any other person, and not merely as an occasional trespasser.").	1	2
McManus v. Kluttzgreen ncctapp · 2004 · cited in 2 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2008–2018 2 sentences 2018"Possession is open and notorious if it places the true owner on notice of an adverse claim." McManus v. Kluttz , 165 N.C. 2008See, e.g., McManus, 165 N.C.App. at 573 , 599 S.E.2d at 445 (stating that "[p]ossession is open and notorious if it places the true owner on notice of an adverse claim"); Daniel, 158 N.C.App. at 172 , 580 S.E.2d at 719 (stating that to meet the hostility requirement, the possessor's use of the property must be "`of such nature and exercised under such circumstances as to manifest and give notice that the use is being made under claim of right'" (quoting Dulin, 266 N.C. at 261 , 145 S.E.2d at 875 )).	1	2
Daniel v. Wraygreen ncctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008 2 sentences 2008See, e.g., McManus, 165 N.C.App. at 573 , 599 S.E.2d at 445 (stating that "[p]ossession is open and notorious if it places the true owner on notice of an adverse claim"); Daniel, 158 N.C.App. at 172 , 580 S.E.2d at 719 (stating that to meet the hostility requirement, the possessor's use of the property must be "`of such nature and exercised under such circumstances as to manifest and give notice that the use is being made under claim of right'" (quoting Dulin, 266 N.C. at 261 , 145 S.E.2d at 875 )). 2008See, e.g., McManus, 165 N.C.App. at 573 , 599 S.E.2d at 445 (stating that "[p]ossession is open and notorious if it places the true owner on notice of an adverse claim"); Daniel, 158 N.C.App. at 172 , 580 S.E.2d at 719 (stating that to meet the hostility requirement, the possessor's use of the property must be "`of such nature and exercised under such circumstances as to manifest and give notice that the use is being made under claim of right'" (quoting Dulin, 266 N.C. at 261 , 145 S.E.2d at 875 )).	1	1
Cothran v. Akers Motor Lines, Inc.green nc · 1962 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004 2 sentences 2004Cothran v. Motor Lines, 257 N.C. 782, 784 , 127 S.E.2d 578, 580 (1962). 2004Cothran v. Motor Lines, 257 N.C. 782, 784 , 127 S.E.2d 578, 580 (1962).	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in North Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (55)

Case	Cited	Years
Hobby v. . Freeman neutral nc · 1922 2 sentences 1933Hobby v. Freeman, 183 N. C., 240 , 111 S. E., 1 ; Clapp v. Coble, 21 N. C., 177 . 1933Hobby v. Freeman, 183 N. C., 240 , 111 S. E., 1 ; Clapp v. Coble, 21 N. C., 177 .	4	1924–1933
Clapp v. . Coble neutral nc · 1835 2 sentences 1933Hobby v. Freeman, 183 N. C., 240 , 111 S. E., 1 ; Clapp v. Coble, 21 N. C., 177 . 1933Hobby v. Freeman , 183 N.C. 240 , 111 S.E. 1 ; Clapp v. Coble , 21 N.C. 177 .	3	1924–1933
Wells v. Clayton green nc · 1952 2 sentences 1985Wells v. Clayton, 236 N.C. 102 , 72 S.E. 2d 16 (1952). 1985Wells v. Clayton, 236 N.C. 102 , 72 S.E. 2d 16 (1952).	2	1963–1985
John Church Co. v. Dawson neutral nc · 1911 2 sentences 1919The fourth assignment, if it is merely to the act of signing the judgment, is formal, and “presents no question of law for review” (Church v. Dawson, 157 N. C., 566 ), and, if treated as an exception to the judgment, it presents the single question whether the facts found or admitted are sufficient to support the judgment (Ullery v. Guthrie, 148 N. C., 419 ), and we are of opinion that the findings that the property attached was sold and the proceeds deposited in bank by agreement of the parties, which was made a part of the record, and that the bank received the money under the agreement, are 1919The fourth assignment, if it is merely to the act of signing the judgment, is formal, and "presents no question (574) of law for review" ( Church v. Dawson , 157 N.C. 566 ), and, if treated as an exception to the judgment, it presents the single question whether the facts found or admitted are sufficient to support the judgment ( Ullery v. Guthrie , 148 N.C. 419 ), and we are of opinion that the findings that the property attached was sold and the proceeds deposited in bank by agreement of the parties, which was made a part of the record, and that the bank received the money under the agreemen	2	1919–1919
Marlowe v. Clark green ncctapp · 1993 1 sentence 2018App. 181 , 187, 435 S.E.2d 354 , 358 (1993) (holding that a requirement that the true owner must know he is the true owner for an adverse claim to be successful "would run counter to the basis of adverse possession").	1	2018–2018
Dulin Ex Rel. Dulin v. Faires green nc · 1966 2 sentences 2008See, e.g., McManus, 165 N.C.App. at 573 , 599 S.E.2d at 445 (stating that "[p]ossession is open and notorious if it places the true owner on notice of an adverse claim"); Daniel, 158 N.C.App. at 172 , 580 S.E.2d at 719 (stating that to meet the hostility requirement, the possessor's use of the property must be "`of such nature and exercised under such circumstances as to manifest and give notice that the use is being made under claim of right'" (quoting Dulin, 266 N.C. at 261 , 145 S.E.2d at 875 )). 2008See, e.g., McManus, 165 N.C.App. at 573 , 599 S.E.2d at 445 (stating that "[p]ossession is open and notorious if it places the true owner on notice of an adverse claim"); Daniel, 158 N.C.App. at 172 , 580 S.E.2d at 719 (stating that to meet the hostility requirement, the possessor's use of the property must be "`of such nature and exercised under such circumstances as to manifest and give notice that the use is being made under claim of right'" (quoting Dulin, 266 N.C. at 261 , 145 S.E.2d at 875 )).	1	2008–2008
Poore v. Swan Quarter Farms, Inc. green ncctapp · 1986 1 sentence 1999Plaintiff argues that the issue of Mrs. Van Dorp’s adverse possession was adjudicated adversely to Mrs. Van Dorp in Poore v. Swan Quarter Farms, Inc., 79 N.C.	1	1999–1999
Howell v. Alexander green ncctapp · 1969 1 sentence 1986Howell v. Alexander, 3 N.C.	1	1986–1986
Heath v. Turner green nc · 1983 2 sentences 1985Id.-, see Heath v. Turner, 309 N.C. 483 , 308 S.E. 2d 244 (1983) (means of proving title). 1985Id.-, see Heath v. Turner, 309 N.C. 483 , 308 S.E. 2d 244 (1983) (means of proving title).	1	1985–1985
Vandiford v. Vandiford green nc · 1954 2 sentences 1985Vandiford v. Vandiford, 241 N.C. 42 , 84 S.E. 2d 278 (1954). 1985Vandiford v. Vandiford, 241 N.C. 42 , 84 S.E. 2d 278 (1954).	1	1985–1985
Lawing v. Jaynes green nc · 1974 2 sentences 1978Lawing v. Jaynes and Lawing v. McLean, 285 N.C. 418 , 206 S.E. 2d 162 (1974). 1978Lawing v. Jaynes and Lawing v. McLean, 285 N.C. 418 , 206 S.E. 2d 162 (1974).	1	1978–1978
Bailey v. . Briggs neutral ny · 1874 1 sentence 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, *196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888).	1	1969–1969
Peacock v. . Stott neutral nc · 1889 2 sentences 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, 196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888). 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, 196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888).	1	1969–1969
Busbee v. . MacY neutral nc · 1881 1 sentence 1969In Busbee v. Macy, 85 N.C. 329 (1881), plaintiff sought to remove a cloud upon the title to land alleging that a deed under which defendant claimed was void on its face by reason of the uncertain description of the land therein contained.	1	1969–1969
Byerly v. . Humphrey neutral nc · 1886 1 sentence 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, *196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888).	1	1969–1969
Bradsher v. . Cheek neutral nc · 1891 1 sentence 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, *196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888).	1	1969–1969
McNamee v. . Alexander neutral nc · 1891 1 sentence 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, *196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888).	1	1969–1969
Murray v. . Hazell neutral nc · 1888 2 sentences 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, 196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888). 1969Bailey v. Briggs, 56 N.Y. 407, 415 .’ ” Prior to 1893, in equity suits to remove cloud or quiet title to realty plaintiff was required to allege and show: (1) that he had no adequate remedy at law, Byerly v. Humphrey, 95 N.C. 151 (1886); (2) that he was in rightful possession of the land in question, Peacock v. Stott, 104 N.C. 154 , 10 S.E. 456 (1889), McNamee v. Alexander, 109 N.C. 242 , 13 S.E. 777 (1891); and (3) that the defendant’s adverse claim was such as to affect plaintiff’s title injuriously, 196 Murray v. Hazell, 99 N.C. 168 , 5 S.E. 428 (1888).	1	1969–1969
Bowers v. Mitchell green nc · 1962 2 sentences 1969Bowers v. Mitchell, 258 N.C. 80 , 128 S.E. 2d 6 . 1969Bowers v. Mitchell, 258 N.C. 80 , 128 S.E. 2d 6 .	1	1969–1969
Gilchrist v. . McLaughlin neutral nc · 1847	1	1962–1962
Nichols v. . York green nc · 1941 2 sentences 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 . 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 .	1	1962–1962
Bland v. . Beasley green nc · 1907 1 sentence 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 .	1	1962–1962
Simpson v. . Blount neutral · 1831 1 sentence 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 .	1	1962–1962
Gudger v. . Hensley neutral nc · 1880 1 sentence 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 .	1	1962–1962
Holmes v. . Carr neutral nc · 1916 2 sentences 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 . 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 .	1	1962–1962
Andrews v. . Mulford neutral ncsuperct · 1796	1	1962–1962
Williams v. . Buchanan neutral · 1841 1 sentence 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 .	1	1962–1962
Doe on the Demise of Loftin v. Cobb neutral nc · 1854 1 sentence 1962Andrews v. Mulford, 2 N.C. 311 ; Simpson v. Blount, 14 N.C. 34 ; Williams v. Buchanan, 23 N.C. 535 ; Gilchrist v. McLaughlin, 29 N.C. 310 ; Loftin v. Cobb, 46 N.C. 406 ; Gudger v. Hensley, 82 N.C. 481 ; Bland v. Beasley, 145 N.C. 168 ; Locklear v. Savage, 159 N.C. 236 , 74 S.E. 347 ; Holmes v. Carr, 172 N.C. 213 , 90 S.E. 152 ; Nichols v. York, 219 N.C. 262 , 13 S.E. 2d 565 ; Brown v. Hurley, 243 N.C. 138 , 90 S.E. 2d 324 .	1	1962–1962
Brown v. Hurley green nc · 1955	1	1962–1962
John L. Roper Lumber Co. v. Richmond Cedar Works & Dismal Swamp Canal Co. neutral · 1915	1	1953–1953
Alsworth v. Richmond Cedar Works neutral nc · 1916	1	1953–1953
Culbreth v. Britt Corp. green nc · 1949	1	1952–1952
Lawrence v. . Eller neutral nc · 1915	1	1929–1929
Peter Adams Co. v. National Shoe & Leather Bank neutral nysupct · 1887	1	1918–1918
Brown v. Kinsley Exchange Bank neutral kan · 1893	1	1918–1918
Drumm-Flato Commission Co. v. Gerlack Bank neutral moctapp · 1902	1	1918–1918
Faison v. . Kelly green nc · 1908	1	1918–1918
Mather v. Walsh neutral mo · 1891	1	1916–1916
Cannon v. Stockmon green cal · 1869	1	1916–1916
Stith v. . McKee green · 1882	1	1914–1914

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-38 (4) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1 (4) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-40 (3) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 41-10 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 297 (1857–2026) CA 138 (1870–2025) LA 118 (1858–2025) MS 87 (1818–2025) NY 87 (1848–2025) MO 75 (1867–2024) GA 73 (1897–2025) CT 68 (1909–2024) AR 57 (1853–2025) OR 57 (1892–2025) AL 55 (1842–2025) IL 45 (1890–2026) TN 37 (1899–2024) OK 36 (1912–2024) KY 33 (1817–2025) PA 33 (1835–2025) OH 32 (1880–2026) NH 31 (1916–2025) VA 31 (1819–2026) FL 30 (1894–2025) MT 30 (1883–2018) NC 30 (1889–2018) WA 27 (1895–2026) AZ 27 (1936–2024) MI 26 (1873–2024) WY 24 (1895–2025) MD 23 (1907–2022) CO 22 (1890–2025) IN 22 (1862–2025) ID 21 (1893–2025) WV 19 (1881–2025) WI 19 (1900–2026) MA 17 (1898–2021) MN 17 (1883–2015) UT 16 (1887–2025) HI 16 (1902–2025) NM 15 (1885–2011) ME 15 (1847–2008) KS 15 (1883–2026) IA 14 (1861–2020) NJ 11 (1879–2011) SC 10 (1900–2021) NV 10 (1913–2022) NE 10 (1896–2020) VT 9 (1838–2025) ND 7 (1906–2018) SD 5 (1910–2020) DE 3 (1954–1986) PR 3 (1923–1971) RI 3 (2003–2011) AK 2 (1974–1995) DC 2 (1978–1992)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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