justification defense in New Jersey

32 New Jersey opinions name it 3 courts 1908–2022 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

Case	Followed	Cited
United States v. Thomas Cameron Kincadegreen ca9 · 2004 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006 2 sentences 2006Eq. 548, 549-50 , 45 A. 2d 842 (E. & A.1946); Roesch v. Ferber, 48 N.J.Super. 231, 234-50 , 137 A. 2d 61 (App.Div.1957) (discussing common law and statutory law authorizing fingerprinting); see N.J.S.A. 2A:4A-61; N.J.S.A. 53:1-15; Kincade, supra, 379 F. 3d at 873-74 (Kozinski, J. dissenting) (discussing the development of the FBI's Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System). 2006Eq. 548, 549-50 , 45 A. 2d 842 (E. & A.1946); Roesch v. Ferber, 48 N.J.Super. 231, 234-50 , 137 A. 2d 61 (App.Div.1957) (discussing common law and statutory law authorizing fingerprinting); see N.J.S.A. 2A:4A-61; N.J.S.A. 53:1-15; Kincade, supra, 379 F. 3d at 873-74 (Kozinski, J. dissenting) (discussing the development of the FBI's Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System).	2	2
Merenoff v. Merenoffgreen nj · 1978 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1980–1984 2 sentences 1984Co., supra; Merenoff v. Merenoff, supra. In Collopy, supra, one of the trilogy of cases in which this Court abolished the common law rule of charitable immunity, the Court reviewed the primary justification for the rule. 1980Merenoff, supra, 76 N.J. at 550-551; Immer, supra, 56 N.J. at 489 .	1	2
State v. Hessgreen nj · 2011 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020 1 sentence 2020Cf. State v. Hess, 207 N.J. 123, 148-49 (2011) (recognizing mitigating factor four applied where PCR counsel provided an expert report that the defendant suffered from battered wife's syndrome).	1	1
State v. Richard Perez (072624)green nj · 2015 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015 2 sentences 2015See State v. Perez, 220 N.J. 423, 438 , 106 A.3d 1212 (2015) (stating that Ex Post Facto Clause of the U.S. Constitution prohibits law that “deprives one charged with crime of any defense available ... at the time when the act was committed” (internal quotation marks omitted)). 2015See State v. Perez, 220 N.J. 423, 438 , 106 A.3d 1212 (2015) (stating that Ex Post Facto Clause of the U.S. Constitution prohibits law that “deprives one charged with crime of any defense available ... at the time when the act was committed” (internal quotation marks omitted)).	1	1
State v. JMgreen nj · 2005 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012It stated that the family judge “mistakenly determined that he was entitled to reject the Prosecutor’s waiver motion unless it was supported by a justification for waiver over and above the factors the State had already articulated in the statement of reasons.” Ibid. 2012In particular, the panel rejected the Family Court’s approach to deterrence, stating that “[t]he judge’s insistence that the Prosecutor ‘articulate’ specific deterrence as it relates to each juvenile would require the Prosecutor to improperly consider ‘individual characteristics’ of the juvenile, which is contrary to the express provisions of the Guidelines.” Id. at 318, 866 A.2d 178 .	1	1
State v. Angelerigreen nj · 1968 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008 2 sentences 2008The Court quoted State v. Baldwin, 47 N.J. 379, 388 , 221 A.2d 199 , cert. denied, 385 U.S. 980 , 87 S.Ct. 527 , 17 L.Ed.2d 442 (1966), to explain the justification for the rule: [Id. at 385, 241 A.2d 3 .] In answering the contention that the alibi might tend to incriminate the defendant, the Court explained that “[t]he Constitution does not protect a defendant from the consequences of the defense he [or she] makes, nor assure him [or her] a right so to defend as to deny the State a chance to check the truth of his [or her] position.” Ibid. 2008The Court quoted State v. Baldwin, 47 N.J. 379, 388 , 221 A.2d 199 , cert. denied, 385 U.S. 980 , 87 S.Ct. 527 , 17 L.Ed.2d 442 (1966), to explain the justification for the rule: [Id. at 385, 241 A.2d 3 .] In answering the contention that the alibi might tend to incriminate the defendant, the Court explained that “[t]he Constitution does not protect a defendant from the consequences of the defense he [or she] makes, nor assure him [or her] a right so to defend as to deny the State a chance to check the truth of his [or her] position.” Ibid.	1	1
State v. Bilekgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1998 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 2 sentences 2001See State v. Bilek, 308 N.J.Super. 1, 8 , 705 A.2d 366 (App.Div.1998) (noting that where self-defense principles are intertwined with possessory offense charge jurors may be misled into focusing on whether defendant was justified in his conduct, rather than on whether he was affirmatively acting -with criminal purpose). 2001See State v. Bilek, 308 N.J.Super. 1, 8 , 705 A.2d 366 (App.Div.1998) (noting that where self-defense principles are intertwined with possessory offense charge jurors may be misled into focusing on whether defendant was justified in his conduct, rather than on whether he was affirmatively acting -with criminal purpose).	1	1
State v. Fairgreen nj · 1965 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 2 sentences 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension	1	1
Pennsylvania v. Labrongreen scotus · 1996 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999	1	1
Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahongreen scotus · 1922 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997	1	1
Keystone Bituminous Coal Assn. v. DeBenedictisgreen scotus · 1987 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997	1	1
Burns v. Reedgreen scotus · 1991 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993	1	1
Bundy v. Sinopoligreen njsuperctappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993	1	1
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc.green nj · 1960 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991	1	1
State v. Holmesgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1986 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989	1	1
Wilson v. United Statesgreen cadc · 1952 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988	1	1
State v. Harmongreen nj · 1986 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988	1	1
Renz v. Penn Central Corp.green nj · 1981 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986	1	1
Yates v. United Statesred scotus · 1957 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986	1	1
Payton v. Abbott Labsgreen mass · 1982 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983	1	1
State v. Ercolanogreen nj · 1979 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1979–1979	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (36)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Williams green nj · 2001 2 sentences 2021In Williams, our Court noted the trial "court was required to explain to the jury that in order to negate the unlawful purpose element of the possession offense, [defendant]'s belief in his need to fire the gun did not need to be reasonable, as A-2737-18 14 is required to establish a justification defense to the substantive charges." Id. at 338 . 2007The jury may "improperly import[ ] the reasonableness requirement from the justification defense to the determination of whether [defendant] had the requisite state of mind to be convicted under N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4a [unlawful weapons possession.]" Id. at 338 , 774 A. 2d 457 .	4	2001–2021
State v. Bowens green nj · 1987 2 sentences 2007Bowens, supra, 108 N.J. at 626 , 532 A. 2d 215 . 2007Bowens, supra, 108 N.J. at 626 , 532 A. 2d 215 .	2	2003–2007
Roesch v. Ferber green njsuperctappdiv · 1957 2 sentences 2006Eq. 548, 549-50 , 45 A. 2d 842 (E. & A.1946); Roesch v. Ferber, 48 N.J.Super. 231, 234-50 , 137 A. 2d 61 (App.Div.1957) (discussing common law and statutory law authorizing fingerprinting); see N.J.S.A. 2A:4A-61; N.J.S.A. 53:1-15; Kincade, supra, 379 F. 3d at 873-74 (Kozinski, J. dissenting) (discussing the development of the FBI's Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System). 2006Eq. 548, 549-50 , 45 A. 2d 842 (E. & A.1946); Roesch v. Ferber, 48 N.J.Super. 231, 234-50 , 137 A. 2d 61 (App.Div.1957) (discussing common law and statutory law authorizing fingerprinting); see N.J.S.A. 2A:4A-61; N.J.S.A. 53:1-15; Kincade, supra, 379 F. 3d at 873-74 (Kozinski, J. dissenting) (discussing the development of the FBI's Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System).	2	2006–2006
McGovern v. Van Riper neutral nj · 1946 2 sentences 2006The potential to use fingerprints in detecting the perpetrators of unsolved crimes has long been recognized as a justification for not a bar to collection and retention of that data: “[fingerprints and photographs are useful means for the recapture of escaped prisoners and detection of second offenders. . . .” McGovern v. Van Riper, 137 N.J. 2006The potential to use fingerprints in detecting the perpetrators of unsolved crimes has long been recognized as a justification for not a bar to collection and retention of that data: "[f]ingerprints and photographs are useful means for the recapture of escaped prisoners and detection of second offenders...." McGovern v. Van Riper, 137 N.J.	2	2006–2006
State v. Chen green nj · 2011 1 sentence 2022Chen, 208 N.J. at 327 .	1	2022–2022
State v. Williams green nj · 1979 2 sentences 2008The Court addressed a related discovery issue in State v. Williams, 80 N.J. 472 , 404 A.2d 34 (1979). 2008The Court addressed a related discovery issue in State v. Williams, 80 N.J. 472 , 404 A.2d 34 (1979).	1	2008–2008
State v. Baldwin green nj · 1966 2 sentences 2008The Court quoted State v. Baldwin, 47 N.J. 379, 388 , 221 A.2d 199 , cert. denied, 385 U.S. 980 , 87 S.Ct. 527 , 17 L.Ed.2d 442 (1966), to explain the justification for the rule: [Id. at 385, 241 A.2d 3 .] In answering the contention that the alibi might tend to incriminate the defendant, the Court explained that “[t]he Constitution does not protect a defendant from the consequences of the defense he [or she] makes, nor assure him [or her] a right so to defend as to deny the State a chance to check the truth of his [or her] position.” Ibid. 2008The Court quoted State v. Baldwin, 47 N.J. 379, 388 , 221 A.2d 199 , cert. denied, 385 U.S. 980 , 87 S.Ct. 527 , 17 L.Ed.2d 442 (1966), to explain the justification for the rule: [Id. at 385, 241 A.2d 3 .] In answering the contention that the alibi might tend to incriminate the defendant, the Court explained that “[t]he Constitution does not protect a defendant from the consequences of the defense he [or she] makes, nor assure him [or her] a right so to defend as to deny the State a chance to check the truth of his [or her] position.” Ibid.	1	2008–2008
Daulby v. California green scotus · 1966 1 sentence 2008The Court quoted State v. Baldwin, 47 N.J. 379, 388 , 221 A.2d 199 , cert. denied, 385 U.S. 980 , 87 S.Ct. 527 , 17 L.Ed.2d 442 (1966), to explain the justification for the rule: [Id. at 385, 241 A.2d 3 .] In answering the contention that the alibi might tend to incriminate the defendant, the Court explained that “[t]he Constitution does not protect a defendant from the consequences of the defense he [or she] makes, nor assure him [or her] a right so to defend as to deny the State a chance to check the truth of his [or her] position.” Ibid.	1	2008–2008
State v. Bates green · 1911 1 sentence 2008The Court quoted State v. Baldwin, 47 N.J. 379, 388 , 221 A.2d 199 , cert. denied, 385 U.S. 980 , 87 S.Ct. 527 , 17 L.Ed.2d 442 (1966), to explain the justification for the rule: [Id. at 385, 241 A.2d 3 .] In answering the contention that the alibi might tend to incriminate the defendant, the Court explained that “[t]he Constitution does not protect a defendant from the consequences of the defense he [or she] makes, nor assure him [or her] a right so to defend as to deny the State a chance to check the truth of his [or her] position.” Ibid.	1	2008–2008
In Re Applications for the Commitment of Sl green nj · 1983 2 sentences 2006S.L., supra, 94 N.J. at 140 , 462 A. 2d 1252 . 2006S.L., supra, 94 N.J. at 140 , 462 A. 2d 1252 .	1	2006–2006
State v. Hines green njsuperctappdiv · 1997 2 sentences 2003State v. Bowens, 108 N.J. 622, 630 , 532 A. 2d 215 (1987); State v. Hines, 303 N.J.Super. 311, 323 , 696 A. 2d 780 (App.Div.1997). 2003State v. Bowens, 108 N.J. 622, 630 , 532 A. 2d 215 (1987); State v. Hines, 303 N.J.Super. 311, 323 , 696 A. 2d 780 (App.Div.1997).	1	2003–2003
State v. Hammond green nj · 1987 1 sentence 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable *1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Doss green njsuperctappdiv · 1998 2 sentences 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Mount green nj · 1906 2 sentences 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Jones green njsuperctappdiv · 1986 2 sentences 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Doss green nj · 1998 1 sentence 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable *1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Perry green nj · 1991 2 sentences 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Blanks green njsuperctappdiv · 1998 2 sentences 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Rivers green njsuperctappdiv · 1991 2 sentences 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable 1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
State v. Serrano green nj · 1987 1 sentence 2001See State v. Fair, 45 N.J. 77, 93 , 211 A. 2d 359 (1965) (failure to charge the jury with justification of defense of another plain error where facts adduced at trial suggested defendant could have believed another person was in danger); State v. Blanks, 313 N.J.Super. 55, 69 , 712 A. 2d 698 (App.Div.1998) (improper denial of self-defense charge where trial testimony showed defendant brandished weapon but denied causing injury); State v. Mount, 73 N.J.L. 582 , 64 A. 124 (E. & A.1906) (trial court erred in not charging the jury with self-defense where defendant had reasonable *1025 apprehension	1	2001–2001
Simmons v. Wiley Methodist Episcopal Church green nj · 1934 2 sentences 2000Mary's Roman Catholic Church, 7 N.J. 533, 537 , 82 A. 2d 187 (1951).] Accord Simmons v. Wiley Methodist Episcopal Church, 112 N.J.L. 129, 132 , 170 A. 237 (E. & A. 1934); Kolb v. Monmouth Mem. 2000Mary's Roman Catholic Church, 7 N.J. 533, 537 , 82 A. 2d 187 (1951).] Accord Simmons v. Wiley Methodist Episcopal Church, 112 N.J.L. 129, 132 , 170 A. 237 (E. & A. 1934); Kolb v. Monmouth Mem.	1	2000–2000
Jones v. St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church green nj · 1951 2 sentences 2000Mary's Roman Catholic Church, 7 N.J. 533, 537 , 82 A. 2d 187 (1951).] Accord Simmons v. Wiley Methodist Episcopal Church, 112 N.J.L. 129, 132 , 170 A. 237 (E. & A. 1934); Kolb v. Monmouth Mem. 2000Mary's Roman Catholic Church, 7 N.J. 533, 537 , 82 A. 2d 187 (1951).] Accord Simmons v. Wiley Methodist Episcopal Church, 112 N.J.L. 129, 132 , 170 A. 237 (E. & A. 1934); Kolb v. Monmouth Mem.	1	2000–2000
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City green scotus · 1978	1	1997–1997
State v. RGD green nj · 1987	1	1996–1996
T & E Industries, Inc. v. Safety Light Corp. green nj · 1991	1	1995–1995
Michaels v. Brookchester, Inc. green nj · 1958	1	1995–1995
Antoine v. Byers & Anderson, Inc. green scotus · 1993	1	1993–1993
McDonald v. Mianecki green nj · 1979	1	1991–1991
Reste Realty Corporation v. Cooper green nj · 1969	1	1991–1991
Santor v. a & M KARAGHEUSIAN, INC. red nj · 1965	1	1991–1991
Schipper v. Levitt & Sons, Inc. green nj · 1965	1	1991–1991
State v. Tate green njsuperctappdiv · 1984	1	1986–1986
Collopy v. Newark Eye and Ear Infirmary green nj · 1958	1	1984–1984
Immer v. Risko green nj · 1970	1	1980–1980
cluster 348451 green ca8 · 1977	1	1978–1978
In Re the Accounting of Stevens green ny · 1907	1	1908–1908

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:3-4 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

NY 780 (1925–2026) GA 222 (1978–2026) TX 177 (1958–2026) PA 118 (1979–2026) AZ 86 (1963–2025) CA 73 (1930–2026) IL 57 (1937–2025) IA 49 (1979–2026) AR 33 (1979–2026) OH 32 (1964–2024) NJ 32 (1908–2022) HI 30 (1981–2025) CT 29 (1975–2026) OR 27 (1898–2024) FL 27 (1968–2025) LA 25 (1984–2025) NC 25 (1981–2026) MA 23 (1976–2024) MO 21 (1975–2025) WA 21 (1974–2026) MD 17 (1967–2019) WY 16 (1981–2024) RI 15 (1988–2019) MI 15 (1974–2026) DC 14 (1970–2025) ME 12 (1987–2026) UT 11 (1994–2026) MN 11 (1984–2016) VA 10 (1991–2024) DE 10 (1976–2025) NH 10 (1982–2024) AL 9 (1909–2025) CO 9 (1952–2020) WI 8 (1980–2023) KY 8 (1951–2024) IN 7 (1969–2020) TN 7 (1996–2018) WV 7 (1928–2010) KS 7 (1990–2019) NE 6 (2005–2026) SD 5 (1981–2025) AK 5 (1988–2025) NM 5 (1999–2019) MS 4 (1984–1997) SC 4 (1980–2023) VT 4 (1979–2025) ND 3 (1993–2007) ID 2 (1999–2000) NV 2 (1991–1995)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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