results test (New Jersey) · Go Syfert
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results test in New Jersey

29 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1902–2019 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (14)

CaseFollowedCited
State of New Jersey v. Scott Campbellgreen
njsuperctappdiv · 2014 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017The results of the test and adherence to appropriate procedure must be proven "by clear and convincing proof." State v. Campbell, 436 N.J.

2017The results of the test and adherence to appropriate procedure must be proven "by clear and convincing proof." State v. Campbell, 436 N.J.

22
Romano v. Kimmelmangreen
nj · 1984 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1986
2 sentences

1986The results of such "scientific tests are admissible at a criminal trial only when they are shown to have `sufficient scientific basis to produce uniform and reasonably reliable results and will contribute materially to the ascertainment of the truth.'" Romano v. Kimmelman, 96 N.J. 66, 80 (1984) (quoting State v. Cary, 49 N.J. 343, 352 (1967)).

1985See State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 171-172 (1964); See also Romano v. Kimmelman, 96 N.J. 66, 82 (1984) [4] . *483 The result we reach here is consistent with the result under the Federal Rules of Evidence which clearly exclude as hearsay a report of the factual findings of forensic and other experts, in criminal cases where the expert does not testify.

22
State v. McDavittgreen
nj · 1972 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1983–1985
2 sentences

1985The State counters on the polygraph issue by pointing out that under State v. McDavitt, 62 N.J. 36, 46 (1972) the polygraph results were not admissible inasmuch as the form signed by defendant did not clearly stipulate that the results of the test would be admitted into evidence.

1983The five-page stipulation identified Julio Rojas as the “defendant” and recited at length the rights and undertakings of “defendant.” It was signed, however, by Powell as “defendant.” While the stipulation was explained in some detail to defendant, we are persuaded, as was Judge McKenzie, that the State failed to show that defendant had “full knowledge” of the consequences of such a stipulation, as required by State v. McDavitt, 62 N.J. 36, 46 (1972).

22
Sroczynski v. Milekgreen
nj · 2008 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012Holding that only insureds who had challenged the adequacy of notice could be granted relief from nonconforming cancellations, the Court noted: That outcome is not perfect, but it rewards those who pursued their legal options; loaves those who waived a challenge with the results of their waiver; and does not throw into chaos an industry that adopted a mistaken plan of action in good faith reliance on official misinformation. [Id. at 45, 961 A.2d 704 .] Our courts previously have fashioned case-speciiic equitable remedies for violations of the notice of intention requirements set forth in N.J.S

11
Johnetta J. v. Municipal Courtgreen
calctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
1 sentence

1996Id., at 669.

11
24 Fair empl.prac.cas. 1105, 24 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 31,297 James Craig, Jr. v. County of Los Angelesgreen
ca9 · 1980 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
2 sentences

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer "must `demonstrate by "professionally acceptable methods" that the selection device is "predictive of or significantly correlated" with the element of work behavior'" that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A. 2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F. 2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed. 2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed. 2d 345 (1981)).

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

11
Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moodygreen
scotus · 1975 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
2 sentences

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

11
State v. Spanngreen
nj · 1993 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
2 sentences

1993See, e.g., State v. Spann, 130 N.J. 484 , 617 A.2d 247 (1993) (setting forth requirements for admission of human leukocyte antigen tissue tests and blood tests in sexual assault trial); State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504 , 527 A.2d 388 (1987), appeal dismissed, 484 U.S. 1038 , 108 S.Ct. 768 , 98 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) (setting forth requirements for introducing into evidence the *650 measurement of blood-alcohol content when conclusively establishing guilt of offense).

1993See, e.g., State v. Spann, 130 N.J. 484 , 617 A.2d 247 (1993) (setting forth requirements for admission of human leukocyte antigen tissue tests and blood tests in sexual assault trial); State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504 , 527 A.2d 388 (1987), appeal dismissed, 484 U.S. 1038 , 108 S.Ct. 768 , 98 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) (setting forth requirements for introducing into evidence the *650 measurement of blood-alcohol content when conclusively establishing guilt of offense).

11
State v. MacUkgreen
nj · 1970 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
2 sentences

1987Although we have never ruled on this precise issue, we find controlling the reasoning of our earlier opinion in State v. Macuk, supra, 57 N.J. 1 . 15 There, one of the issues before the *560 Court was whether a suspect must be apprised of his Miranda rights prior to the administration of a breathalyzer test in order for the results of the test to be admissible at trial.

1987Although we have never ruled on this precise issue, we find controlling the reasoning of our earlier opinion in State v. Macuk, supra, 57 N.J. 1 . 15 There, one of the issues before the *560 Court was whether a suspect must be apprised of his Miranda rights prior to the administration of a breathalyzer test in order for the results of the test to be admissible at trial.

11
State v. Carygreen
nj · 1967 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
1 sentence

1986The results of such "scientific tests are admissible at a criminal trial only when they are shown to have `sufficient scientific basis to produce uniform and reasonably reliable results and will contribute materially to the ascertainment of the truth.'" Romano v. Kimmelman, 96 N.J. 66, 80 (1984) (quoting State v. Cary, 49 N.J. 343, 352 (1967)).

11
State v. Levittgreen
nj · 1961 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
State v. Johnsongreen
nj · 1964 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
State v. Cohengreen
nj · 1960 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1963–1963
11
Commonwealth v. Saundersgreen
pa · 1956 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1962–1962
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (29)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Loftin green
nj · 1999
2 sentences

1999"While we are mindful that the small sample sizes prevent us from relying on the results of this test," Loftin II, supra, 157 N.J. at 329 , 724 A. 2d 129 , because a significant proportion of defendants in the pecuniary-motive category have received the death penalty, we conclude that the test does not demonstrate disproportionality. 2.

1999"While we are mindful that the small sample sizes prevent us from relying on the results of this test," Loftin II, supra, 157 N.J. at 329 , 724 A. 2d 129 , because a significant proportion of defendants in the pecuniary-motive category have received the death penalty, we conclude that the test does not demonstrate disproportionality. 2.

21999–1999
State v. Martini green
nj · 1994
2 sentences

1999While we are mindful that the small sample sizes prevent us from relying on the results of this test, Martini II, supra, 139 N.J. at 38 , 651 A.2d 949 , they do support a finding of no disproportionality. b.

1999While we are mindful that the small sample sizes prevent us from relying on the results of this test, Martini II, supra, 139 N.J. at 38 , 651 A.2d 949 , they do support a finding of no disproportionality. b.

21999–1999
In re Z.L. green
njsuperctappdiv · 2015
1 sentence

2019Even if the reports were offered for the truth of the matter asserted in contravention of the prohibition on hearsay, hearsay is admissible in these proceedings so long as there is "sufficient legally competent evidence to support the court's findings." Z.L., 440 N.J.

12019–2019
State v. Chun green
nj · 2008
2 sentences

2015In Chun, the Court considered Crawford's application to documentary evidence — the Alcotest's "foundational documents," relating to the good working order of the device, Chun, supra, 194 N.J. at 142 , and the "Alcohol Influence Report" or AIR, that "reports the results of a test which, in and of itself under our statute, suffices to support a conviction." Id. at 145 .

2015In Chun, the Court considered Crawford's application to documentary evidence — the Alcotest's "foundational documents," relating to the good working order of the device, Chun, supra, 194 N.J. at 142 , and the "Alcohol Influence Report" or AIR, that "reports the results of a test which, in and of itself under our statute, suffices to support a conviction." Id. at 145 .

12015–2015
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts green
scotus · 2009
2 sentences

2014In a five-to-four decision, the Court held that laboratory certificates setting forth the results of analysis of drug samples were testimonial statements and therefore were inadmissible. 557 U.S. at 311 , 129 S. Ct. at 2532 , 174 L.

2014In a five-to-four decision, the Court held that laboratory certificates setting forth the results of analysis of drug samples were testimonial statements and therefore were inadmissible. 557 U.S. at 311 , 129 S. Ct. at 2532 , 174 L.

12014–2014
Bullcoming v. New Mexico green
scotus · 2011
2 sentences

2014He termed “requiring the State to call the technician who filled out a form and recorded the results of a test . . . a hollow formality.” Id. at __, 131 S. Ct. at 2724 , 180 L.

2014He termed “requiring the State to call the technician who filled out a form and recorded the results of a test . . . a hollow formality.” Id. at __, 131 S. Ct. at 2724 , 180 L.

12014–2014
In re Devaney green
nj · 2004
2 sentences

2010We imposed an indefinite suspension on Gallo pending the results of that hearing, id. at 125 , 835 A.2d 682 , although Gallo thereafter consented to voluntary disbarment, 181 N.J. 304 , 856 A.2d 30 .

2010We imposed an indefinite suspension on Gallo pending the results of that hearing, id. at 125 , 835 A. 2d 682 , although Gallo thereafter consented to voluntary disbarment, 181 N.J. 304 , 856 A. 2d 30 .

12010–2010
In re Gallo green
nj · 2004
2 sentences

2010We imposed an indefinite suspension on Gallo pending the results of that hearing, id. at 125 , 835 A.2d 682 , although Gallo thereafter consented to voluntary disbarment, 181 N.J. 304 , 856 A.2d 30 .

2010We imposed an indefinite suspension on Gallo pending the results of that hearing, id. at 125 , 835 A. 2d 682 , although Gallo thereafter consented to voluntary disbarment, 181 N.J. 304 , 856 A. 2d 30 .

12010–2010
In Re Gallo green
nj · 2003
2 sentences

2010We imposed an indefinite suspension on Gallo pending the results of that hearing, id. at 125 , 835 A. 2d 682 , although Gallo thereafter consented to voluntary disbarment, 181 N.J. 304 , 856 A. 2d 30 .

2010We imposed an indefinite suspension on Gallo pending the results of that hearing, id. at 125 , 835 A. 2d 682 , although Gallo thereafter consented to voluntary disbarment, 181 N.J. 304 , 856 A. 2d 30 .

12010–2010
Whitmyer Bros., Inc. v. DOYLE green
nj · 1971
2 sentences

2005Whitmyer, supra, 58 N.J. at 32 , 274 A.2d 577 .

2005Whitmyer, supra, 58 N.J. at 32 , 274 A.2d 577 .

12005–2005
State, in Interest of Jg green
nj · 1997
2 sentences

2003Id. at 594, 701 A.2d 1260 .

2003Id. at 594, 701 A. 2d 1260 . [4] Although the intent of the school board may be beneficent, it is entirely possible that the drug-testing program actually will achieve the opposite of the desired effect.

12003–2003
State in Interest of JG green
njsuperctappdiv · 1995
2 sentences

1996It is difficult to imagine a search and seizure more intrusive than forcing an individual to first submit to the withdrawal of blood from his body, and then testing that blood for a disease which subjects those who have it to widespread and invidious discrimination, and then revealing the results of that test to an individual who is free to pass that information on to whomever she wishes. [ Id. at 52 , 660 A. 2d 1274 .] The trial judge also noted that assisting victims of sexual assault and other crimes is a legitimate and compelling governmental interest.

1996It is difficult to imagine a search and seizure more intrusive than forcing an individual to first submit to the withdrawal of blood from his body, and then testing that blood for a disease which subjects those who have it to widespread and invidious discrimination, and then revealing the results of that test to an individual who is free to pass that information on to whomever she wishes. [ Id. at 52 , 660 A. 2d 1274 .] The trial judge also noted that assisting victims of sexual assault and other crimes is a legitimate and compelling governmental interest.

11996–1996
Matter of Vey green
nj · 1991
2 sentences

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

11994–1994
Jackson v. United States green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer "must `demonstrate by "professionally acceptable methods" that the selection device is "predictive of or significantly correlated" with the element of work behavior'" that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A. 2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F. 2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed. 2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed. 2d 345 (1981)).

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

11994–1994
Smith v. United States green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer "must `demonstrate by "professionally acceptable methods" that the selection device is "predictive of or significantly correlated" with the element of work behavior'" that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A. 2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F. 2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed. 2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed. 2d 345 (1981)).

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

11994–1994
Craig v. County of Los Angeles green
scotus · 1981
2 sentences

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer "must `demonstrate by "professionally acceptable methods" that the selection device is "predictive of or significantly correlated" with the element of work behavior'" that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A. 2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F. 2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed. 2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed. 2d 345 (1981)).

1994For that reason, we required in Vey I that the employer “must ‘demonstrate by “professionally acceptable methods” that the selection device is “predictive of or significantly correlated” with the element of work behavior’” that is being evaluated. 124 N.J. at 541 , 591 A.2d 1333 (quoting Craig v. County of Los Angeles, 626 F.2d 659, 662 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting Albemarle Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 431 , 95 S.Ct. 2362, 2378 , 45 L.Ed.2d 280, 304 (1975)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 919 , 101 S.Ct. 1364 , 67 L.Ed.2d 345 (1981)).

11994–1994
State v. Tischio green
nj · 1987
2 sentences

1993See, e.g., State v. Spann, 130 N.J. 484 , 617 A.2d 247 (1993) (setting forth requirements for admission of human leukocyte antigen tissue tests and blood tests in sexual assault trial); State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504 , 527 A.2d 388 (1987), appeal dismissed, 484 U.S. 1038 , 108 S.Ct. 768 , 98 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) (setting forth requirements for introducing into evidence the *650 measurement of blood-alcohol content when conclusively establishing guilt of offense).

1993See, e.g., State v. Spann, 130 N.J. 484 , 617 A.2d 247 (1993) (setting forth requirements for admission of human leukocyte antigen tissue tests and blood tests in sexual assault trial); State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504 , 527 A.2d 388 (1987), appeal dismissed, 484 U.S. 1038 , 108 S.Ct. 768 , 98 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) (setting forth requirements for introducing into evidence the *650 measurement of blood-alcohol content when conclusively establishing guilt of offense).

11993–1993
Robertson v. Jones green
scotus · 1988
1 sentence

1993See, e.g., State v. Spann, 130 N.J. 484 , 617 A.2d 247 (1993) (setting forth requirements for admission of human leukocyte antigen tissue tests and blood tests in sexual assault trial); State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504 , 527 A.2d 388 (1987), appeal dismissed, 484 U.S. 1038 , 108 S.Ct. 768 , 98 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) (setting forth requirements for introducing into evidence the *650 measurement of blood-alcohol content when conclusively establishing guilt of offense).

11993–1993
Americana Corp. v. State Highway & Transportation Commissioner green
scotus · 1988
1 sentence

1993See, e.g., State v. Spann, 130 N.J. 484 , 617 A.2d 247 (1993) (setting forth requirements for admission of human leukocyte antigen tissue tests and blood tests in sexual assault trial); State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504 , 527 A.2d 388 (1987), appeal dismissed, 484 U.S. 1038 , 108 S.Ct. 768 , 98 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) (setting forth requirements for introducing into evidence the *650 measurement of blood-alcohol content when conclusively establishing guilt of offense).

11993–1993
Georgetown University v. Gay Rights Coalition of Georgetown University Law Center green
scotus · 1988
1 sentence

1993See, e.g., State v. Spann, 130 N.J. 484 , 617 A.2d 247 (1993) (setting forth requirements for admission of human leukocyte antigen tissue tests and blood tests in sexual assault trial); State v. Tischio, 107 N.J. 504 , 527 A.2d 388 (1987), appeal dismissed, 484 U.S. 1038 , 108 S.Ct. 768 , 98 L.Ed.2d 855 (1988) (setting forth requirements for introducing into evidence the *650 measurement of blood-alcohol content when conclusively establishing guilt of offense).

11993–1993
D'Arc v. D'Arc green
njsuperctappdiv · 1978
11986–1986
United States v. Eugene Muzychka green
ca3 · 1984
11985–1985
State v. Burns green
njsuperctappdiv · 1978
11984–1984
Miller v. Domanski neutral
njsuperctappdiv · 1953
11979–1979
State v. Dehart green
wis · 1943
11974–1974
Mills v. People green
colo · 1959
11962–1962
People v. Aragon green
calctapp · 1957
11962–1962
People v. Forte green
ny · 1938
11961–1961
In re the Inc. of the Ridgefield Park neutral
nj · 1892
11902–1902

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 39:4-50 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 163 (1929–2025) OH 129 (1963–2026) NY 115 (1855–2025) PA 111 (1911–2026) IL 105 (1919–2026) CA 91 (1907–2026) GA 81 (1912–2024) NC 76 (1919–2026) VA 62 (1851–2025) IN 59 (1885–2026) TN 59 (1957–2025) MI 51 (1959–2025) CT 46 (1874–2025) OR 36 (1969–2026) AL 36 (1916–2008) FL 32 (1953–2025) MO 31 (1961–2024) IA 30 (1908–2023) NM 29 (1961–2023) NJ 29 (1902–2019) MS 28 (1955–2016) MA 27 (1924–2024) CO 26 (1951–2021) KS 25 (1907–2020) WI 25 (1958–2025) MD 24 (1958–2019) WA 24 (1915–2023) ND 23 (1972–2025) LA 22 (1975–2016) AZ 18 (1931–2024) DE 17 (1973–2021) AR 17 (1930–2025) AK 16 (1979–2016) MN 16 (1943–2016) KY 16 (1957–2025) ID 15 (1958–2026) DC 15 (1972–2025) OK 15 (1956–1997) NE 13 (1942–2021) UT 13 (1984–2026) SD 10 (1917–2012) HI 9 (1987–2010) WY 8 (1970–2011) RI 8 (1959–2007) WV 8 (1981–2023) NH 7 (1969–2025) VT 7 (1931–2018) NV 6 (1988–2022) ME 6 (1962–2020) MT 5 (1976–2009) SC 5 (1975–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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