results test (Texas) · Go Syfert
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results test in Texas

163 Texas opinions name it 4 courts 1929–2025 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (51)

CaseFollowedCited
Richardson v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1981 · cited in 16 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–2014
2 sentences

2014“When the results are not revealed, there is generally no error in failing to grant a mistrial when the trial court sustains the adverse party’s objection and instructs the jury to disregard the answer.” Id. (citing Richardson v. State, 624 S.W.2d 912 , 914– 15 (Tex. Crim.

2003This Court has held that, "where a witness gives an unresponsive answer which mentions a polygraph test but does not mention the results of such test, there is no error in failing to grant a mistrial where the objection is sustained and the jury instructed to disregard." Richardson v. State , 624 S.W.2d 912, 914-15 (Tex. Crim.

1216
Harrell v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1986 · cited in 12 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1990–2024
2 sentences

2024See Harrell v. State, 725 S.W.2d 208, 209 (Tex. Crim.

1998Nordin further contended the results of the test were not admissible because the State did not lay a proper predicate and show the proper use of a reference sample, citing Harrell v. State, 725 S.W.2d 208 (Tex.Crim.App.1986).

1012
Barker v. Stategreen
texapp · 1987 · cited in 8 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2017
2 sentences

2017Martines, 371 S.W.3d at 251 ; Barker v. State, 740 S.W.2d 579, 583 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no pet.).

2011We have previously noted that “[n]umerous cases have held that where a witness gives a nonresponsive answer that mentions a polygraph test was offered or taken, but does not mention the results of such a test, there is no error in failing to grant a mistrial.” Kugler v. State, 902 S.W.2d 594, 595 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref'd); Barker v. State, 740 S.W.2d 579, 582-83 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no pet.) (finding no error when witness mentioned that officers had asked defendant if he wanted to take a polygraph); see also Garcia v. State, 907 S.W.2d 635, 639 (Tex.App.-Co

88
Kugler v. Stategreen
texapp · 1995 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2024
2 sentences

2024“Numerous cases have held that where a witness gives a nonresponsive answer that mentions a polygraph test was offered or taken but does not mention the results of such a test, there is no error in failing to grant a mistrial.” Kugler v. State, 902 S.W.2d 594, 595 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d).

2016For example, "[njumerous cases have held that where a witness gives a nonresponsive answer that mentions that a polygraph test was offered, or taken, but does not mention the results of such test, there is no error in failing to grant a mistrial.” Kugler v. State, 902 S.W.2d 594, 595 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d). 17 .As is explained below, the present case involves a reference to polygraph examinations in general when no polygraph was performed.

56
Hannon v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1972 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2021
2 sentences

2021App. 1975); Hannon v. State, 475 S.W.2d 800, 802-03 (Tex. Crim.

2004See Richardson v. State , 624 S.W.2d 912, 914-15 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Hannon v. State , 475 S.W.2d 800, 803 (Tex.Cr.App.1972); Roper v. State , 375 S.W.2d 454, 457 (Tex.Cr.App.1964); Richardson v. State , 823 S.W.2d 710, 712 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 1992, pet’n ref’d); Barker v. State , 740 S.W.2d 579, 583 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no pet’n).

44
Wilkinson v. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport Boardgreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2006
2 sentences

2006Id. at 20 (holding that the failure to adequately brief an issue results in the waiver of the issue).

2003Id. at 20 (holding that the failure to adequately brief an issue results in the waiver of the issue).

44
Roper v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1964 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1975–2009
2 sentences

2009Id.

1975Further, in Roper v. State, 375 S.W.2d 454 (Tex.Cr.App.1964), no reversible error occurred where the officer stated unresponsively that the defendant had been subjected to a polygraph test, and the results of the test were not revealed and the jury was instructed to disregard.

37
Jose Marvin Martinez v. Stategreen
texapp · 2011 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2025
2 sentences

2015“Numerous cases have held that where a witness gives a nonresponsive answer that mentions a polygraph test was offered or taken, but does not mention the results of such a test, there is no error in failing to grant a mistrial.” Martines v. State, 371 S.W.3d 232, 251 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (quoting Kugler v. State, 902 S.W.2d 594, 595 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. ref’d).

2015"Numerous cases have held that where a witness gives a nonresponsive answer that mentions a polygraph test was offered or taken, but does not mention the results of such a test, there is no error in failing to grant a mistrial." Martines v. State, 371 S.W.3d 232, 251 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (quoting Kugler v. State, 902 S.W.2d 594, 595 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, pet. refd).

35
Reynolds v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2006 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2014
2 sentences

2014Reynolds v. State, 204 S.W.3d 386 , 390–91 (Tex. Crim.

2012See Reynolds v. State, 204 S.W.3d 386 , 390–91 (Tex. Crim.

34
State v. Hardygreen
texcrimapp · 1998 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2020
2 sentences

2020First, the court noted that it had previously held that a person’s expectation of privacy had three different stages in the process of drawing and testing blood: “(1) the physical intrusion into his body to draw blood, (2) the exercise of control over and the testing of the blood sample, and (3) obtaining the results of the test.” Id. at 284 (quoting State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 526 (Tex. Crim.

2001NOTES [1] The results of this test were not offered at trial. [2] Gannon testified at the suppression hearing that he would not have taken Hailey to the hospital if Simmons had not told him to. [3] Refusal results in an automatic suspension of the person's drivers license. [4] "[I]n the case of blood test results obtained by subpoena," society's interest in "safeguarding the privacy of medical records" is "not sufficiently strong to require protection of blood-alcohol test results from tests taken by hospital personnel solely for medical purposes after a traffic accident." State v. Hardy, 963

33
Reed v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1975 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1985–2021
2 sentences

2021In Nichols, the prosecutor asked a prosecution witness to tell the jury, without disclosing the results, whether she had submitted to a polygraph.26 The witness stated she took a polygraph. 27 In reversing the conviction, the Court of Criminal Appeals found the question harmful because the question implied the witness passed the polygraph when the results of the test were not admitted.28 Explaining why the evidence was so prejudicial, the Nichols Court stated: “We think 23 See Reed v. State, 522 S.W.2d 466, 468-69 (Tex. Crim.

2006Peoples v. State, 928 S.W.2d 112, 116 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref'd); see, e.g., Richardson v. State, 624 S.W.2d 912, 914-15 (Tex.Crim.App.1981); Reed v. State, 522 S.W.2d 466, 468 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).

24
Kirsch v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2010 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2010–2023
2 sentences

2023Although the laboratory results may be “highly probative to prove both per se and impairment intoxication,” the evidence must also “include[] either (1) expert testimony of retrograde extrapolation, or (2) other evidence of intoxication that would support an inference that the defendant was intoxicated at the time of driving as well as at the time of taking the test.” Kirsch, 306 S.W.3d at 745–46. 10 Texarkana 2015, no pet.).

2010Kirch v. State , No. PD-0379-09, 2010 Tex. Crim.

23
Stewart v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2018
2 sentences

2018“The results of a test for alcohol concentration taken within a reasonable period of time after the defendant was driving and showing that he was above the legal limit are probative evidence of intoxication at the time of driving.” Stewart v. State, 129 S.W.3d 93, 96 (Tex. Crim.

2007See id. at 96-97 .

22
Kercho v. Stategreen
texapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See id., at 209-10 ; Kercho v. State, 948 S.W.2d 34, 37 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d).

2012See id ., at 209–10; Kercho v. State , 948 S.W.2d 34, 37 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, pet. ref’d).

22
State v. Lairdgreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007See State v. Laird, 38 S.W.3d 707, 710 (Tex. App.-Austin 2000, pet. ref'd) (results of Laird's blood test were inadmissible because his blood was not taken by a "qualified technician").

2007See State v. Laird, 38 S.W.3d 707, 710 (Tex.App.-Austin 2000, pet. refd) (results of Laird’s blood test were inadmissible because his blood was not taken by a “qualified technician”).

22
Peoples v. Stategreen
texapp · 1996 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006Peoples v. State , 928 S.W.2d 112, 116 (Tex. App.སྭHouston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d); see, e.g., Richardson v. State , 624 S.W.2d 912, 914-15 (Tex. Crim.

2006Peoples v. State, 928 S.W.2d 112, 116 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref'd); see, e.g., Richardson v. State, 624 S.W.2d 912, 914-15 (Tex.Crim.App.1981); Reed v. State, 522 S.W.2d 466, 468 (Tex.Crim.App.1975).

22
Richardson v. Stategreen
texapp · 1992 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–2004
2 sentences

2004See Richardson v. State , 624 S.W.2d 912, 914-15 (Tex.Cr.App.1981); Hannon v. State , 475 S.W.2d 800, 803 (Tex.Cr.App.1972); Roper v. State , 375 S.W.2d 454, 457 (Tex.Cr.App.1964); Richardson v. State , 823 S.W.2d 710, 712 (Tex.App. – San Antonio 1992, pet’n ref’d); Barker v. State , 740 S.W.2d 579, 583 (Tex.App. – Houston [1st Dist.] 1987, no pet’n).

1995See, e.g., Richardson v. State, 624 S.W.2d 912, 914-915 (Tex.Crim.App.1981) (no error where complainant stated in a nonresponsive answer to prosecutor's question that she had taken a polygraph exam); Hannon v. State, 475 S.W.2d 800, 803 (Tex.Crim.App. 1972) (no error where witness gave nonresponsive answer that indicated he had been put on a lie detector machine); Roper v. State, 375 S.W.2d 454, 457 (Tex.Crim.App. 1964) (no error where officer disclosed that defendant had been given a polygraph exam where answer was nonresponsive and did not reflect the result of the test); Barker v. State, 74

22
Grant v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1971 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1979–1982
22
Greiner v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1952 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1958–1986
2 sentences

1986Abrego v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 264 , 248 S.W.2d 490 ; Greiner v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 479 , 249 S.W.2d 601 ; and Bryan v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 592 , 252 S.W.2d 184 .

1986Abrego v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 264 , 248 S.W.2d 490 ; Greiner v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 479 , 249 S.W.2d 601 ; and Bryan v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 592 , 252 S.W.2d 184 .

13
Tennard v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1991 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2018
2 sentences

2018Tennard, 802 S.W.2d at 684 ; Bradley v. State, 48 S.W.3d 437, 443 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, pet. ref'd).

2014Compare Tennard, 802 S.W.2d at 683–84, with Robinson v. State, 550 S.W.2d 54 , 59–60 (Tex. Crim.

12
Brady v. Marylandgreen
scotus · 1963 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1968–2014
2 sentences

2014In Brady v. Maryland, the United States Supreme Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963); see also Ex parte Miles, 359 S.W.3d 647, 665 (Tex. Crim.

1968The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals interpreted Brady v. State of Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 , 83 S.Ct. 1194 , 10 L.Ed.2d 215 , as requiring disclosure, at least, before the taking of the accused’s evidence is complete.

12
Nichols v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1964 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1987–2014
2 sentences

2014Compare Tennard, 802 S.W.2d at 683-84, with Robinson v. State, 550 S.W.2d 54, 59-60 (Tex.Crim.App.1977) and Nichols, 378 S.W.2d at 336-37 . 10 Furthermore, the State argues that Applicant “did not, and could not, establish that the result would have been different in the present case because other individuals” saw Applicant, Aaron identified Applicant as the man who murdered his father, and Janie and Mitchell were not the sole witnesses at trial to prove Applicant’s guilt nor were they crucial witnesses.

1987In Nichols, supra, the results of the test were held to have been disclosed, not by an affirmative statement of a witness, but merely by a question revealing that a lie detector exam had been administered.

12
Kelly v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1992 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2008–2011
2 sentences

2011See Reynolds v. State, 204 S.W.3d 386, 390-91 (Tex.Crim.App.2006) (applying standard in Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 572 (Tex.Crim.App.1992) to breath-test results).

2008The results of her analysis and comparisons were routinely reviewed by an experienced shoe-impression analyst at the D.P.S. 8 See Daubert, 509 U.S. at 592 ; Kelly, 824 S.W.2d at 569 & n.3. 9 Appellant’s counsel, on voir dire examination, had Valdez read passages from the second edition of William J.

12
May v. Stategreen
texapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
12
Hill v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1953 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1974–1986
12
Dagley v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1965 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1979–1982
12
Clark v. Yarbroughgreen
texapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Columbia Valley Healthcare System, L.P. D/B/A Valley Regional Medical Center v. Maria Zamarripa, as Guardian of the Estates of R.F.R. and R.J.R., Minorsgreen
tex · 2017 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Martha Aracely Richter v. Stategreen
texapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Moore, Bobby Jamesgreen
texcrimapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Hall v. Floridagreen
scotus · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewiczgreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Strather v. Dolgencorp of Texas, Inc.green
texapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
in the Interest of L.M.I. and J.A.I., Minor Childrengreen
tex · 2003 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Robert Watson v. Stategreen
texapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Garcia v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
in Re Mark Fisher and Reece Boudreauxgreen
tex · 2014 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
Bradley v. Stategreen
texapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Bullcoming v. New Mexicogreen
scotus · 2011 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
11
Wright v. Stategreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (29)

CaseCitedYears
Pointer v. Texas green
scotus · 1965
2 sentences

2011Confrontation Clause The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment, Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403 , 85 S.Ct . 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965), provides that A [ i ]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him. @ In Crawford v. Washington , after reviewing the Clause's historical underpinnings, the Supreme Court held that it guarantees a defendant's right to confront those A who > bear testimony = @ against him.

2011Confrontation Clause The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment, Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 403 , 85 S.Ct . 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965), provides that A [ i ]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him. @ In Crawford v. Washington , after reviewing the Clause's historical underpinnings, the Supreme Court held that it guarantees a defendant's right to confront those A who > bear testimony = @ against him.

32010–2011
Abrego v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1952
2 sentences

1986Abrego v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 264 , 248 S.W.2d 490 ; Greiner v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 479 , 249 S.W.2d 601 ; and Bryan v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 592 , 252 S.W.2d 184 .

1986Abrego v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 264 , 248 S.W.2d 490 ; Greiner v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 479 , 249 S.W.2d 601 ; and Bryan v. State, 157 Tex.Cr.R. 592 , 252 S.W.2d 184 .

31956–1986
Jackson v. State green
texcrimapp · 1953
2 sentences

1971Jackson v. State, 159 Tex.Cr.R. 228 , 262 S.W.2d 499 ; Meadowes v. State, Tex.Cr.App., 368 S.W.2d 203 .

1955It is the appellant’s contention that the court erred in permitting Dr. Mason to testify from the records of his laboratory as to the results of the analysis of the intoximeter because he (Dr. Mason) did not conduct the analysis and Lewis and Williams were not called as witnesses. *472 Recently, in Jackson v. State, 159 Texas Cr.

31955–1971
State v. Martinez green
texcrimapp · 2019
2 sentences

2021Relying on State v. Martinez, 570 S.W.3d 278 (Tex. Crim. –2– App. 2019), Tighe argued that the search warrant only allowed the state to seize his blood; it did not allow the State to analyze the blood it collected.

2020First, the court noted that it had previously held that a person’s expectation of privacy had three different stages in the process of drawing and testing blood: “(1) the physical intrusion into his body to draw blood, (2) the exercise of control over and the testing of the blood sample, and (3) obtaining the results of the test.” Id. at 284 (quoting State v. Hardy, 963 S.W.2d 516, 526 (Tex. Crim.

22020–2021
Fernandez v. State green
texcrimapp · 1978
2 sentences

2014“When a witness gives a nonresponsive answer[4] that mentions a polygraph test, courts initially inquire into whether the results of the test were revealed.” Id.

2014“When the results are not revealed, there is generally no error in failing to grant a mistrial when the trial court sustains the adverse party’s objection and instructs the jury to disregard the answer.” Id. (citing Richardson v. State, 624 S.W.2d 912 , 914– 15 (Tex. Crim.

21985–2014
Erdman v. State green
texcrimapp · 1993
2 sentences

2012Id. at 891-92 .

2012Id. at 891-92 .

22012–2012
Prible v. State green
texcrimapp · 2008
2 sentences

2011Prible, 245 S.W.3d at 467–68.

2009Prible , 245 S.W.3d at 467–68.

22009–2011
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts green
scotus · 2009
2 sentences

2009In Melendez-Diaz, the court ruled that reports produced by state chemists regarding the results of their analysis of suspected drugs were testimonial. 129 S.Ct. at 2532 .

2009In Melendez-Diaz , the court ruled that reports produced by state chemists regarding the results of their analysis of suspected drugs were testimonial. 129 S.Ct. at 2532 .

22009–2009
Jackson v. State green
texapp · 1992
21995–1995
Marini v. State green
texcrimapp · 1980
21985–1992
Allen v. Humphreys green
tex · 1977
21986–1987
Caballero v. State green
texcrimapp · 1979
21982–1984
Means v. State green
texcrimapp · 1968
21976–1980
Henderson v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1951
21973–1977
State v. Lowry green
kan · 1947
21956–1973
Brown v. State green
texcrimapp · 1951
21956–1966
Gonzales v. State green
texcrimapp · 2010
12025–2025
Burch, Benjamin Knighten green
texcrimapp · 2013
12023–2023
Gulf Coast Industrial Workers Union v. Exxon Company, USA green
ca5 · 1995
12020–2020
Brooks v. State green
texcrimapp · 1999
12019–2019
Pondexter v. State green
texcrimapp · 1996
12019–2019
Jenkins v. State green
texcrimapp · 2017
12019–2019
Stairhime, Ryan Matthew green
texcrimapp · 2015
12018–2018
Olympic Arms, Inc. v. Green green
texapp · 2004
12015–2015
Tovar v. METHODIST HEALTHCARE SYSTEM green
texapp · 2005
12015–2015
Ex Parte Torres green
texcrimapp · 1997
12014–2014
Garcia v. State green
texcrimapp · 1998
12011–2011
Scruggs v. State green
texapp · 1989
12010–2010
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. green
scotus · 1993
12008–2008

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 49.04 (12) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 21.11 (7) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 49.01 (6) TX § Tex. Transp. Code § 724.015 (6) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (5) TX § Tex. Transp. Code § 724.011 (5) TX § Tex. Transp. Code § 724.016 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 163 (1929–2025) OH 129 (1963–2026) NY 115 (1855–2025) PA 111 (1911–2026) IL 105 (1919–2026) CA 91 (1907–2026) GA 81 (1912–2024) NC 76 (1919–2026) VA 62 (1851–2025) IN 59 (1885–2026) TN 59 (1957–2025) MI 51 (1959–2025) CT 46 (1874–2025) OR 36 (1969–2026) AL 36 (1916–2008) FL 32 (1953–2025) MO 31 (1961–2024) IA 30 (1908–2023) NM 29 (1961–2023) NJ 29 (1902–2019) MS 28 (1955–2016) MA 27 (1924–2024) CO 26 (1951–2021) KS 25 (1907–2020) WI 25 (1958–2025) MD 24 (1958–2019) WA 24 (1915–2023) ND 23 (1972–2025) LA 22 (1975–2016) AZ 18 (1931–2024) DE 17 (1973–2021) AR 17 (1930–2025) AK 16 (1979–2016) MN 16 (1943–2016) KY 16 (1957–2025) ID 15 (1958–2026) DC 15 (1972–2025) OK 15 (1956–1997) NE 13 (1942–2021) UT 13 (1984–2026) SD 10 (1917–2012) HI 9 (1987–2010) WY 8 (1970–2011) RI 8 (1959–2007) WV 8 (1981–2023) NH 7 (1969–2025) VT 7 (1931–2018) NV 6 (1988–2022) ME 6 (1962–2020) MT 5 (1976–2009) SC 5 (1975–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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