results test (Illinois) · Go Syfert
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results test in Illinois

105 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1919–2026 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Enochgreen
ill · 1988 · cited in 10 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1992–2006
2 sentences

2006Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186 .

2006Enoch, 122 Ill. 2d at 186 .

210
People v. Emrichgreen
ill · 1986 · cited in 5 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1989–2019
2 sentences

2019People v. Emrich , 113 Ill. 2d 343 , 350, 101 Ill.Dec. 632 , 498 N.E.2d 1140 (1986). ¶ 25 It is undisputed that Officer Compton was not licensed to conduct the breath test on November 10, 2013. 20 Ill.

1989The court, citing its decision in Murphy, stated: “In the absence of a finding by the trial judge on the factual question of the accuracy of Rotterman’s test, this court simply has no basis for determining whether the results of that test are admissible.” (Emrich, 113 Ill. 2d at 352 .) The court instructed the trial court to review the record, or to conduct further evidentiary hearings if needed, to determine if the test was sufficiently accurate to permit the admission of the analysis.

25
People v. Goodwingreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See Goodwin, 207 Ill.App.3d at 288 , 152 Ill.Dec. 210 , 565 N.E.2d 743 . *1093 ¶ 14 Here, the trial court properly considered defendant's motion to strike the results of his breath test.

2011See Goodwin, 207 Ill.App.3d at 288 , 152 Ill.Dec. 210 , 565 N.E.2d 743 . *1093 ¶ 14 Here, the trial court properly considered defendant's motion to strike the results of his breath test.

22
People v. Lambgreen
illappct · 1990 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008App. 3d 552, 559 (‘[T]he statute does not suggest that substantial compliance would be sufficient, and we cannot condone the failure to prepare and present a formal report which was intended to assist the trial court in making a disposition’).) The failure of the State to file a formal report which was prepared by the facility director or by a person directed to do so by the court results in an error which is neither harmless nor waived.” In re Lamb, 202 Ill.

2008The appellate court has held: "[I]n the context of section 3-810, * * * cursory testimony is not a substitute for a treatment plan incorporated in a formal report. ( In re Blume, (1990), 197 Ill.App.3d 552, 559 [ 144 Ill.Dec. 61 , 554 N.E.2d 1100 ] (`[T]he statute does not suggest that substantial compliance *256 would be sufficient, and we cannot condone the failure to prepare and present a formal report which was intended to assist the trial court in making a disposition').) The failure of the State to file a formal report which was prepared by the facility director or by a person directed t

22
In Re Marriage of Wolffgreen
illappct · 2005 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008See In re Marriage of Wolff, 355 Ill.

2008See In re Marriage of Wolff, 355 Ill.

22
Burk v. Sage Products, Inc.green
paed · 1990 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997For example, in Burk v. Sage Products, Inc. , 747 F. Supp. 285, 287 (E.D.

1997For example, in Burk v. Sage Products, Inc., 747 F. Supp. 285, 287 (E.D.

22
Kirk v. Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Centergreen
ill · 1987 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
2 sentences

1990See Kirk v. Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center (1987), 117 Ill. 2d 507, 521 .

1990See Kirk v. Michael Reese Hospital & Medical Center (1987), 117 Ill.2d 507, 521 , 111 Ill.Dec. 944 , 513 N.E.2d 387 . *386 The question of whether leave to amend a complaint should be granted when plaintiff has failed to comply with section 2-622 is committed to the sound discretion of the trial court. ( McCastle v. Sheinkop (1987), 121 Ill.2d 188, 194 , 117 Ill.Dec. 132 , 520 N.E.2d 293 .) In light of the fact that the trial court never ruled on plaintiff's motion for leave to amend his complaint, the majority has usurped the trial court's discretion by ruling that plaintiff should receive le

22
People v. Clairmontgreen
illappct · 2011 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2021
2 sentences

2021See People v. Harris, 2014 IL App (2d) 120990, ¶ 22 (finding that logbook was improperly -6- No. 1-18-1548 admitted, and “without evidence of the accuracy of the Breathalyzer machine, the results of the Breathalyzer test were improperly relied on”); Clairmont, 2011 IL App (2d) 100924, ¶ 12 (“Failure to comply with section 11-501.2(a) and the regulations renders the results of the test unreliable and, thus, inadmissible.”). ¶ 22 Generally, “instrument logs certifying the accuracy of Breathalyzer machines are hearsay.” Harris, 2014 IL App (2d) 120990 , ¶ 21 (citing People v. Russell, 385 Ill.

2015“Failure to comply with section 11-501.2(a) and the regulations renders the results of the test unreliable and, thus, inadmissible.” Clairmont, 2011 IL App (2d) 100924, ¶ 12 , 961 N.E.2d 914 . ¶ 18 Section 1286.310(a) of Title 20 of the Illinois Administrative Code (20 Ill.

14
People v. Orthgreen
ill · 1988 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1995–2011
2 sentences

2011People v. Orth, 124 Ill.2d 326, 340 , 125 Ill.Dec. 182 , 530 N.E.2d 210 (1988). [4] Failure to comply with section 11-501.2(a) and the regulations renders the results of the test unreliable and, thus, inadmissible.

2011People v. Orth, 124 Ill.2d 326, 340 , 125 Ill.Dec. 182 , 530 N.E.2d 210 (1988). [4] Failure to comply with section 11-501.2(a) and the regulations renders the results of the test unreliable and, thus, inadmissible.

14
People v. Blumegreen
illappct · 1990 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1990–2008
2 sentences

2008The appellate court has held: "[I]n the context of section 3-810, * * * cursory testimony is not a substitute for a treatment plan incorporated in a formal report. ( In re Blume, (1990), 197 Ill.App.3d 552, 559 [ 144 Ill.Dec. 61 , 554 N.E.2d 1100 ] (`[T]he statute does not suggest that substantial compliance *256 would be sufficient, and we cannot condone the failure to prepare and present a formal report which was intended to assist the trial court in making a disposition').) The failure of the State to file a formal report which was prepared by the facility director or by a person directed t

2008The appellate court has held: "[I]n the context of section 3-810, * * * cursory testimony is not a substitute for a treatment plan incorporated in a formal report. ( In re Blume, (1990), 197 Ill.App.3d 552, 559 [ 144 Ill.Dec. 61 , 554 N.E.2d 1100 ] (`[T]he statute does not suggest that substantial compliance *256 would be sufficient, and we cannot condone the failure to prepare and present a formal report which was intended to assist the trial court in making a disposition').) The failure of the State to file a formal report which was prepared by the facility director or by a person directed t

12
Schmidt v. Landfieldgreen
ill · 1960 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
People v. Russellgreen
illappct · 2008 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
People v. Harrisgreen
illappct · 2014 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
In Re ELgreen
illappct · 1987 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
People v. Eidelgreen
illappct · 2001 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Rozelagreen
illappct · 2003 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
People v. Normandgreen
ill · 2005 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
People v. Morrisgreen
illappct · 2009 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
People v. Hamiltongreen
ill · 1987 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
People v. Wattsgreen
illappct · 1993 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
People v. Younggreen
ill · 1988 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Henry v. United Statesgreen
cc · 1957 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Mccastle v. Mitchell B. Sheinkop, M.D., Ltd.green
ill · 1987 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
McCastle v. Sheinkopgreen
ill · 1987 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (56)

CaseCitedYears
Schmerber v. California green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

2008Moreover, defendant has not cited to any cases in which a court has applied Garrity or the analysis contained therein in order to suppress the results of a blood-alcohol test where, as here, consent to the test was not required and the results of that test constituted “real or physical evidence.” See Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 764-65 , 16 L.

2008Moreover, defendant has not cited to any cases in which a court has applied Garrity or the analysis contained therein in order to suppress the results of a blood-alcohol test where, as here, consent to the test was not required and the results of that test constituted “real or physical evidence.” See Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 764-65 , 16 L.

41972–2008
The PEOPLE v. Flowers green
ill · 1958
2 sentences

1977(People v. Bernett (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 227 , 258 N.E.2d 793, 801 ; People v. Flowers (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 406 , 152 N.E.2d 838, 843 ; People v. Melquist (1962), 26 Ill. 2d 22 , 185 N.E.2d 825, 829 .) Here, the court sustained the objection to the witness’s answer that he had taken a polygraph test, (there was no answer as to what the results of the test were) and the cotut instructed the jury to disregard the testimony.

1977(People v. Bernett (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 227 , 258 N.E.2d 793, 801 ; People v. Flowers (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 406 , 152 N.E.2d 838, 843 ; People v. Melquist (1962), 26 Ill. 2d 22 , 185 N.E.2d 825, 829 .) Here, the court sustained the objection to the witness’s answer that he had taken a polygraph test, (there was no answer as to what the results of the test were) and the cotut instructed the jury to disregard the testimony.

31972–1977
People v. McKown green
ill · 2010
2 sentences

2019“A properly trained police officer who performed the HGN field test in accordance with proper procedures may give expert testimony regarding the results of the test.” Id. ¶ 36 Although we found that the HGN test met the Frye standard, this court reversed because a proper foundation had not been laid for the police officer’s testimony regarding the test he administered.

2018"A properly trained police officer who performed the HGN field test in accordance with proper procedures may give expert testimony regarding the results of the test." Id. ¶ 36 Although we found that the HGN test met the Frye standard, this court reversed because a proper foundation had not been laid for the police officer's testimony regarding the test he administered.

22018–2019
People v. Clairmont neutral
illappct · 2011
2 sentences

2015“Failure to comply with section 11-501.2(a) and the regulations renders the results of the test unreliable and, thus, inadmissible.” Clairmont, 2011 IL App (2d) 100924, ¶ 12 , 961 N.E.2d 914 . ¶ 18 Section 1286.310(a) of Title 20 of the Illinois Administrative Code (20 Ill.

2014"Failure to comply with section 11-501.2(a) and the regulations renders the results of the test unreliable and, thus, inadmissible." Clairmont, 2011 IL App (2d) 100924, ¶ 12 , 961 N.E.2d 914 . ¶ 18 Section 1286.310(a) of Title 20 of the Illinois Administrative Code (20 Ill.

22014–2015
People v. Bynum green
illappct · 1994
2 sentences

2008Bynum, 257 Ill.

2008Bynum, 257 Ill.App.3d at 513-14 , 196 Ill.Dec. 179 , 629 N.E.2d at 732 .

22008–2008
People v. Madison green
ill · 1988
2 sentences

2008Defendant relies upon People v. Madison, 121 Ill. 2d 195 (1988), in support of this claim.

2008Defendant relies upon People v. Madison, 121 Ill. 2d 195 (1988), in support of this claim.

22008–2008
People v. Moore green
ill · 1990
2 sentences

2003The propositions above are the majority's paraphrases of the following remarks in Moore : (1) "These [summary license suspensions] * * * serve the salutary purpose of promptly removing impaired drivers from the road." Moore, 138 Ill.2d at 166 , 149 Ill.Dec. 278 , 561 N.E.2d 648 . (2) "To insure that the State has not violated any due process rights a motorist might have in retaining his or her driving privileges until convicted * * *, the legislature has also created a mechanism whereby the motorist may file a written petition to rescind the statutory *714 summary suspension of his or her lice

2003The propositions above are the majority's paraphrases of the following remarks in Moore : (1) "These [summary license suspensions] * * * serve the salutary purpose of promptly removing impaired drivers from the road." Moore, 138 Ill.2d at 166 , 149 Ill.Dec. 278 , 561 N.E.2d 648 . (2) "To insure that the State has not violated any due process rights a motorist might have in retaining his or her driving privileges until convicted * * *, the legislature has also created a mechanism whereby the motorist may file a written petition to rescind the statutory *714 summary suspension of his or her lice

22003–2003
People v. Shum green
ill · 2003
2 sentences

2003Shum, 207 Ill.2d at 67 , 278 Ill.Dec. 14 , 797 N.E.2d 609 .

2003Shum, 207 Ill. 2d at 67 .

22003–2003
Haist v. Wu green
illappct · 1992
2 sentences

1999Haist v. Wu, 235 Ill.

1999Haist v. Wu , 235 Ill.

21999–1999
Wall v. Pecaro green
illappct · 1990
2 sentences

1998Plaintiff relies on Wall v. Pecaro , 204 Ill.

1998Plaintiff relies on Wall v. Pecaro, 204 Ill.

21998–1998
Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill green
scotus · 1985
2 sentences

1998A hearing was conducted on June 21, 1994, pursuant to the decision in Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill , 470 U.S. 532 , 84 L.

1998A hearing was conducted on June 21, 1994, pursuant to the decision in Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill , 470 U.S. 532 , 84 L.

21998–1998
People v. Melock green
ill · 1992
2 sentences

1995In People v. Melock (1992), 149 Ill.2d 423 , 174 Ill.Dec. 857 , 599 N.E.2d 941 , the supreme court recognized a narrow exception to the broad prohibition against use of polygraph evidence where the defendant introduces evidence *235 concerning "the circumstances surrounding a polygraph examination when such evidence is offered on the issue of the reliability of a confession." ( Melock, 149 Ill.2d at 459 , 174 Ill.Dec. at 876 , 599 N.E.2d at 960 .) In Melock , the defendant sought to introduce evidence of his polygraph examination to show the circumstances of his confession and to shed doubt on

1995In People v. Melock (1992), 149 Ill.2d 423 , 174 Ill.Dec. 857 , 599 N.E.2d 941 , the supreme court recognized a narrow exception to the broad prohibition against use of polygraph evidence where the defendant introduces evidence *235 concerning "the circumstances surrounding a polygraph examination when such evidence is offered on the issue of the reliability of a confession." ( Melock, 149 Ill.2d at 459 , 174 Ill.Dec. at 876 , 599 N.E.2d at 960 .) In Melock , the defendant sought to introduce evidence of his polygraph examination to show the circumstances of his confession and to shed doubt on

21994–1995
People v. Gard green
ill · 1994
2 sentences

1995The court went on to point out that in Baynes it had held polygraph evidence inadmissible in a criminal trial despite the defendant's stipulation prior to the polygraph examination that the results of the test would be admissible, stating "stipulation cannot and does not render unreliable evidence reliable." ( Gard, 158 Ill.2d at 202 , 198 Ill.Dec. at 420 , 632 N.E.2d at 1031 .) We should think that both Gard and Baynes furnish a completely sufficient answer to the dissent's concern that defendant in the instant case invited the introduction of polygraph evidence.

1995The court went on to point out that in Baynes it had held polygraph evidence inadmissible in a criminal trial despite the defendant's stipulation prior to the polygraph examination that the results of the test would be admissible, stating "stipulation cannot and does not render unreliable evidence reliable." ( Gard, 158 Ill.2d at 202 , 198 Ill.Dec. at 420 , 632 N.E.2d at 1031 .) We should think that both Gard and Baynes furnish a completely sufficient answer to the dissent's concern that defendant in the instant case invited the introduction of polygraph evidence.

21994–1995
The PEOPLE v. Nicholls green
ill · 1970
2 sentences

1987As stated by our supreme court in People v. Nicholls (1970), 44 Ill. 2d 533, 539 , 256 N.E.2d 818 : “We have consistently held that the results of a polygraphic examination cannot properly be introduced as evidence either of guilt or innocence of an accused. [Citations.] If the results of such a test are inadmissible, then it necessarily follows that the mere fact that one was given is likewise inadmissible, for to admit such evidence would only tend to confuse and not enlighten.” (Emphasis added.) In People v. Eickhoff (1984), 129 Ill.

1987As stated by our supreme court in People v. Nicholls (1970), 44 Ill. 2d 533, 539 , 256 N.E.2d 818 : “We have consistently held that the results of a polygraphic examination cannot properly be introduced as evidence either of guilt or innocence of an accused. [Citations.] If the results of such a test are inadmissible, then it necessarily follows that the mere fact that one was given is likewise inadmissible, for to admit such evidence would only tend to confuse and not enlighten.” (Emphasis added.) In People v. Eickhoff (1984), 129 Ill.

21972–1987
The PEOPLE v. Melquist neutral
ill · 1962
2 sentences

1977(People v. Bernett (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 227 , 258 N.E.2d 793, 801 ; People v. Flowers (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 406 , 152 N.E.2d 838, 843 ; People v. Melquist (1962), 26 Ill. 2d 22 , 185 N.E.2d 825, 829 .) Here, the court sustained the objection to the witness’s answer that he had taken a polygraph test, (there was no answer as to what the results of the test were) and the cotut instructed the jury to disregard the testimony.

1977(People v. Bernett (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 227 , 258 N.E.2d 793, 801 ; People v. Flowers (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 406 , 152 N.E.2d 838, 843 ; People v. Melquist (1962), 26 Ill. 2d 22 , 185 N.E.2d 825, 829 .) Here, the court sustained the objection to the witness’s answer that he had taken a polygraph test, (there was no answer as to what the results of the test were) and the cotut instructed the jury to disregard the testimony.

21972–1977
The People v. Bernette green
ill · 1970
2 sentences

1977(People v. Bernett (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 227 , 258 N.E.2d 793, 801 ; People v. Flowers (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 406 , 152 N.E.2d 838, 843 ; People v. Melquist (1962), 26 Ill. 2d 22 , 185 N.E.2d 825, 829 .) Here, the court sustained the objection to the witness’s answer that he had taken a polygraph test, (there was no answer as to what the results of the test were) and the cotut instructed the jury to disregard the testimony.

1977(People v. Bernett (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 227 , 258 N.E.2d 793, 801 ; People v. Flowers (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 406 , 152 N.E.2d 838, 843 ; People v. Melquist (1962), 26 Ill. 2d 22 , 185 N.E.2d 825, 829 .) Here, the court sustained the objection to the witness’s answer that he had taken a polygraph test, (there was no answer as to what the results of the test were) and the cotut instructed the jury to disregard the testimony.

21972–1977
Seneca v. BOARD OF FIRE & POLICE COM'RS green
illappct · 1966
2 sentences

1974In the case cited by appellee, Seneca v. Board of Fire & Police Comm’rs, 71 Ill.App.2d 219 , the results of the test given to the complaining witness were admitted.

1972App.2d 31 , 234 N.E.2d 339 .) In Coursey , the court recognized that the effective and efficient operation of a police department requires that allegations of police misconduct be thoroughly investigated and that the polygraph machine can be a useful investigative tool when the test is skillfully prepared and is administered and interpreted by a qualified person. • 5 The appellant in this appeal cites as error that there was no evidence submitted to the Board as to the qualifications of the person who administered the test, relying on Seneca v. Board of Fire and Police Commissioners, 71 Ill.

21972–1974
Roberts v. Burdick green
illappct · 2021
1 sentence

2026In support of her position, Della directs this court’s attention to Roberts v. Burdick, 2021 IL App (5th) 190119, ¶ 43 , which held on the issue of res judicata as follows: “Assuming arguendo that Roberts has demonstrated the requirements for res judicata, the doctrine is not a jurisdictional bar.

12026–2026
People v. Holmes green
illappct · 2025
1 sentence

2025Defense counsel continued: “Had Mr. Skelcy been able to testify, he would be able to testify as to his qualifications to perform the testing, factors that were present that could have affected the results of the test *** [and] chain of custody for the sample he received. -7- 2025 IL App (2d) 240194 Based on what I received, I don’t think Ms. Earl can testify as to any of that.” ¶ 20 In response, the State noted that the assistant state’s attorney and the assistant public defender then-assigned to the case had discussed attempts to locate the forensic scientist who had peer reviewed Skelcy’s fi

12025–2025
Williams v. Illinois red
scotus · 2012
2 sentences

2023Regarding surrogate testimony, the Court explained that “New Mexico could have avoided any Confrontation Clause problem by asking [the surrogate] to retest the sample, and then testify to the results of his retest rather than to the results of a test he did not conduct or observe.” Id. at 666. ¶ 14 Next, in Williams v. Illinois, 567 U.S. 50 (2012), a plurality of the Court found that testimony from an ISP forensic scientist that a DNA profile developed by the ISP matched a DNA profile developed by a third party (Cellmark, who provided its results in a report) was admissible because the testimo

2023Williams, 567 U.S. at 57-58 .

12023–2023
People v. Truitt green
ill · 1997
12022–2022
People v. Hobley green
ill · 1998
12019–2019
People v. McKown green
ill · 2007
12013–2013
Mebane v. State green
kanctapp · 1995
12003–2003
People v. Wilson green
ill · 1993
11998–1998
People v. Dickerson green
illappct · 1992
11998–1998
People v. Raso green
illappct · 1992
11996–1996
People v. Culpepper green
illappct · 1993
11995–1995
People v. Baynes green
ill · 1981
11994–1994
People v. Vega green
illappct · 1986
11994–1994
People v. Monckton green
illappct · 1989
11993–1993
People v. Berry green
ill · 1984
11993–1993
People v. Keith green
ill · 1992
11992–1992
The PEOPLE v. Martin neutral
ill · 1966
11992–1992
National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab green
scotus · 1989
11992–1992
People v. Escobar green
illappct · 1988
11992–1992
People v. Martin green
illappct · 1965
11992–1992
People v. MacK green
illappct · 1982
11992–1992
American Ambassador Casualty Co. v. City of Chicago green
illappct · 1990
11992–1992
Northern Trust Co. v. Upjohn Co. green
illappct · 1991
11992–1992

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501 (14) IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501.2 (9) IL § 625 ILCS 5/2-118.1 (5) IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501.1 (4) IL § 725 ILCS 5/115-5 (4) IL § 735 ILCS 5/2-619 (4) IL § 815 ILCS 505/1 (4) IL § 815 ILCS 505/2 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 163 (1929–2025) OH 129 (1963–2026) NY 115 (1855–2025) PA 111 (1911–2026) IL 105 (1919–2026) CA 91 (1907–2026) GA 81 (1912–2024) NC 76 (1919–2026) VA 62 (1851–2025) IN 59 (1885–2026) TN 59 (1957–2025) MI 51 (1959–2025) CT 46 (1874–2025) OR 36 (1969–2026) AL 36 (1916–2008) FL 32 (1953–2025) MO 31 (1961–2024) IA 30 (1908–2023) NM 29 (1961–2023) NJ 29 (1902–2019) MS 28 (1955–2016) MA 27 (1924–2024) CO 26 (1951–2021) KS 25 (1907–2020) WI 25 (1958–2025) MD 24 (1958–2019) WA 24 (1915–2023) ND 23 (1972–2025) LA 22 (1975–2016) AZ 18 (1931–2024) DE 17 (1973–2021) AR 17 (1930–2025) AK 16 (1979–2016) MN 16 (1943–2016) KY 16 (1957–2025) ID 15 (1958–2026) DC 15 (1972–2025) OK 15 (1956–1997) NE 13 (1942–2021) UT 13 (1984–2026) SD 10 (1917–2012) HI 9 (1987–2010) WY 8 (1970–2011) RI 8 (1959–2007) WV 8 (1981–2023) NH 7 (1969–2025) VT 7 (1931–2018) NV 6 (1988–2022) ME 6 (1962–2020) MT 5 (1976–2009) SC 5 (1975–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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