term waiver (Wisconsin) · Go Syfert
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term waiver in Wisconsin

19 Wisconsin opinions name it 2 courts 1988–2026 7 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Wisconsin courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

CaseFollowedCited
Northern States Power Co. v. Bughergreen
wis · 1995 · cited in 6 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1995–2026
2 sentences

2025See Northern States Power Co. v. Bugher, 189 Wis. 2d 541, 550 , 525 N.W.2d 723 (1995) (“The term claim preclusion replaces res judicata.”).

2025See Northern States Power Co. v. Bugher, 189 Wis. 2d 541, 550 , 525 N.W.2d 723 (1995) (“The term claim preclusion replaces res judicata.”).

46
Kruckenberg v. Harveygreen
wis · 2005 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See Kruckenberg v. Harvey, 2005 WI 43 , ¶18 n.11, 279 Wis. 2d 520 , 694 N.W.2d 879 (instructing that the term issue preclusion should be used instead of collateral estoppel and that the term claim preclusion should be used instead of res judicata). 6 No. 2021AP715 determine “whether there are any genuine issues of disputed facts that are material to the complaint’s claim.” Id. ¶13 Summary judgment must be granted if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact a

2023See Kruckenberg v. Harvey, 2005 WI 43 , ¶18 n.11, 279 Wis. 2d 520 , 694 N.W.2d 879 (instructing that the term issue preclusion should be used instead of collateral estoppel and that the term claim preclusion should be used instead of res judicata). 6 No. 2021AP715 determine “whether there are any genuine issues of disputed facts that are material to the complaint’s claim.” Id. ¶13 Summary judgment must be granted if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact a

11
State v. Emmanuel Earl Trammellgreen
wis · 2019 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021See State v. Trammell, 2019 WI 59, ¶2 , 387 Wis. 2d 156 , 928 N.W.2d 564 (“We conclude that [the defendant] waived his right to object to the use of Wis JI—Criminal 140 by failing to object to its use at the jury instruction and verdict conference, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 805.13 (3).”). 8 No. 2018AP2128-CR jurisdiction.

2021See State v. Trammell, 2019 WI 59, ¶2 , 387 Wis. 2d 156 , 928 N.W.2d 564 (“We conclude that [the defendant] waived his right to object to the use of Wis JI—Criminal 140 by failing to object to its use at the jury instruction and verdict conference, pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 805.13 (3).”). 8 No. 2018AP2128-CR jurisdiction.

11
Diaz v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1912 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007Although Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 451-53 (1912), and other courts have used the term waiver in this context, we conclude the term forfeiture is more appropriate 'because the phrase 'forfeiture by wrongdoing1 better reflects the legal principles that underpin the doctrine." Commonwealth v. Edwards, 830 N.E.2d 158 , 168 n.16 (Mass. 2005).

2007Seemingly as dicta, the Court stated the following: "We reiterate what we said in Crawford : that `the rule of forfeiture by wrongdoing . . . extinguishes confrontation claims on essentially equitable grounds.' That is, one who obtains the absence of a witness by wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to confrontation." Id. at 2280 (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 , 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)) (citations omitted). [13] Although Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 451-53 , 32 S.Ct. 250 , 56 L.Ed. 500 (1912), and other courts have used the term waiver in this

11
unempl.ins.rep. Cch 22,077 Harry T. Edmundson v. Borough of Kennett Square Robert F. Goddu Kenneth Roberts Herbert L. Waltz Albert J. McCarthygreen
ca3 · 1993 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
1 sentence

1995See, e.g., Edmundson v. Borough of Kennett Squares, 4 F.3d 186, 188 (3rd Cir. 1993); Gregory, 843 F.2d at 116 .

11
Pagliaro v. Coxgreen
ca8 · 1944 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991In Pagliaro , the court said that, "The allowance of good time, until earned for the entire term is a privilege which is conditioned expressly by . . . statute . . . allowing it upon a record of conduct showing `that he has faithfully observed all the rules and has not been subjected to punishment.'" Pagliaro, 143 F.2d at 901 (citations omitted).

1991In Pagliaro , the court said that, "The allowance of good time, until earned for the entire term is a privilege which is conditioned expressly by . . . statute . . . allowing it upon a record of conduct showing 'that he has faithfully observed all the rules and has not been subjected to punishment.' " Pagliaro, 143 F.2d at 901 (citations omitted).

11
State v. Vickgreen
wis · 1981 · cited in 1 Wisconsin opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
2 sentences

1988This discretion extends to both choice of language and emphasis.” State v. Vick, 104 Wis. 2d 678, 690 , 312 N.W.2d 489, 495 (1981) (citations omitted).

1988This discretion extends to both choice of language and emphasis.” State v. Vick, 104 Wis. 2d 678, 690 , 312 N.W.2d 489, 495 (1981) (citations omitted).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Wisconsin. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Ndina green
wis · 2009
2 sentences

2026“Although cases sometimes use the words ‘forfeiture’ and ‘waiver’ interchangeably, the two words embody very different legal concepts. ‘Whereas forfeiture is the failure to make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.’” State v. Ndina, 2009 WI 21, ¶¶28-32 , 315 Wis. 2d 653 , 761 N.W.2d 612 (citation omitted).

2010There are 776 Wisconsin statutes that contain some form of the word "waive." Our holding in this case is not intended to define waiver in every such statute as requiring the intentional relinquishment of a known right. 2010) ("While the parties and relevant case law use the word 'waiver,' we use the word 'forfeiture' consistent with the terminology adopted by Ndina, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 29 ."); Obriecht v. Law Offices of Lettenberger Glasbrenner, S.C., No. 2008AP3092, unpublished slip op., ¶ 18 n.7 (Wis. Ct. App. July 30, 2009) (noting that relevant precedent used the term waiver but relying on Nd

32010–2026
State v. Kleven green
wisctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2020In that way, any amount of initial confinement based on a penalty enhancer would cause the sentence to exceed the five-year maximum imprisonment for the underlying offense and, as a result, avoid any Harris violation regarding Kleven’s sentence. 14 No. 2019AP1785-CR ¶33 Fifth, in Kleven, 280 Wis. 2d 468 , ¶18 n.4, this court stated that: The better practice for sentencing courts [is to impose the overall sentence] without allocating any portions of the confinement imposed among the base offense and enhancers.

12020–2020
State v. Kaczmarski green
wisctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2010There are 776 Wisconsin statutes that contain some form of the word "waive." Our holding in this case is not intended to define waiver in every such statute as requiring the intentional relinquishment of a known right. 2010) ("While the parties and relevant case law use the word 'waiver,' we use the word 'forfeiture' consistent with the terminology adopted by Ndina, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 29 ."); Obriecht v. Law Offices of Lettenberger Glasbrenner, S.C., No. 2008AP3092, unpublished slip op., ¶ 18 n.7 (Wis. Ct. App. July 30, 2009) (noting that relevant precedent used the term waiver but relying on Nd

2010There are 776 Wisconsin statutes that contain some form of the word "waive." Our holding in this case is not intended to define waiver in every such statute as requiring the intentional relinquishment of a known right. 2010) ("While the parties and relevant case law use the word 'waiver,' we use the word 'forfeiture' consistent with the terminology adopted by Ndina, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 29 ."); Obriecht v. Law Offices of Lettenberger Glasbrenner, S.C., No. 2008AP3092, unpublished slip op., ¶ 18 n.7 (Wis. Ct. App. July 30, 2009) (noting that relevant precedent used the term waiver but relying on Nd

12010–2010
State v. Miller green
wisctapp · 2009
2 sentences

2010There are 776 Wisconsin statutes that contain some form of the word "waive." Our holding in this case is not intended to define waiver in every such statute as requiring the intentional relinquishment of a known right. 2010) ("While the parties and relevant case law use the word 'waiver,' we use the word 'forfeiture' consistent with the terminology adopted by Ndina, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 29 ."); Obriecht v. Law Offices of Lettenberger Glasbrenner, S.C., No. 2008AP3092, unpublished slip op., ¶ 18 n.7 (Wis. Ct. App. July 30, 2009) (noting that relevant precedent used the term waiver but relying on Nd

2010There are 776 Wisconsin statutes that contain some form of the word "waive." Our holding in this case is not intended to define waiver in every such statute as requiring the intentional relinquishment of a known right. 2010) ("While the parties and relevant case law use the word 'waiver,' we use the word 'forfeiture' consistent with the terminology adopted by Ndina, 315 Wis. 2d 653, 29 ."); Obriecht v. Law Offices of Lettenberger Glasbrenner, S.C., No. 2008AP3092, unpublished slip op., ¶ 18 n.7 (Wis. Ct. App. July 30, 2009) (noting that relevant precedent used the term waiver but relying on Nd

12010–2010
In RE MARRIAGE OF PLONKA v. Plonka green
wisctapp · 1993
2 sentences

2010Plonka v. Plonka, 177 Wis. 2d 196, 200-01 , 501 N.W.2d 871 (Ct. App. 1993). ¶ 22.

2010Plonka v. Plonka, 177 Wis. 2d 196, 200-01 , 501 N.W.2d 871 (Ct. App. 1993). ¶ 22.

12010–2010
Crawford v. Washington green
scotus · 2004
2 sentences

2007Seemingly as dicta, the Court stated the following: "We reiterate what we said in Crawford : that `the rule of forfeiture by wrongdoing . . . extinguishes confrontation claims on essentially equitable grounds.' That is, one who obtains the absence of a witness by wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to confrontation." Id. at 2280 (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 , 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)) (citations omitted). [13] Although Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 451-53 , 32 S.Ct. 250 , 56 L.Ed. 500 (1912), and other courts have used the term waiver in this

2007Seemingly as dicta, the Court stated the following: "We reiterate what we said in Crawford : that `the rule of forfeiture by wrongdoing . . . extinguishes confrontation claims on essentially equitable grounds.' That is, one who obtains the absence of a witness by wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to confrontation." Id. at 2280 (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 , 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)) (citations omitted). [13] Although Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 451-53 , 32 S.Ct. 250 , 56 L.Ed. 500 (1912), and other courts have used the term waiver in this

12007–2007
Commonwealth v. Edwards green
mass · 2005
2 sentences

2007Although Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 451-53 (1912), and other courts have used the term waiver in this context, we conclude the term forfeiture is more appropriate 'because the phrase 'forfeiture by wrongdoing1 better reflects the legal principles that underpin the doctrine." Commonwealth v. Edwards, 830 N.E.2d 158 , 168 n.16 (Mass. 2005).

2007Seemingly as dicta, the Court stated the following: "We reiterate what we said in Crawford : that `the rule of forfeiture by wrongdoing . . . extinguishes confrontation claims on essentially equitable grounds.' That is, one who obtains the absence of a witness by wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to confrontation." Id. at 2280 (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 , 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)) (citations omitted). [13] Although Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 451-53 , 32 S.Ct. 250 , 56 L.Ed. 500 (1912), and other courts have used the term waiver in this

12007–2007
Davis v. Washington green
scotus · 2006
1 sentence

2007Seemingly as dicta, the Court stated the following: "We reiterate what we said in Crawford : that `the rule of forfeiture by wrongdoing . . . extinguishes confrontation claims on essentially equitable grounds.' That is, one who obtains the absence of a witness by wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to confrontation." Id. at 2280 (quoting Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 62 , 124 S.Ct. 1354 , 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004)) (citations omitted). [13] Although Diaz v. United States, 223 U.S. 442, 451-53 , 32 S.Ct. 250 , 56 L.Ed. 500 (1912), and other courts have used the term waiver in this

12007–2007
Yauger v. SKIING ENTERPRISES, INC. green
wis · 1996
2 sentences

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

12005–2005
Merten v. Nathan green
wis · 1982
2 sentences

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

12005–2005
Richards v. Richards green
wis · 1994
2 sentences

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

12005–2005
Dobratz v. Thomson green
wis · 1991
2 sentences

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

12005–2005
Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Center green
wis · 2005
2 sentences

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

2005There have been no material changes to this statute since this time. [1] See, e.g., Atkins v. Swimwest Family Fitness Ctr., 2005 WI 4, ¶ 12 , 277 Wis. 2d 303 , 691 N.W.2d 334 ; Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 210-11 , 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982). [2] The cases to which the article refers are Atkins, 277 Wis. 2d 303 ; Yauger v. Skiing Enterprises, Inc., 206 Wis. 2d 76 , 557 N.W.2d 60 (1996); Richards v. Richards, 181 Wis. 2d 1007 , 513 N.W.2d 118 (1994); Dobratz v. Thomson, 161 Wis. 2d 502 , 468 N.W.2d 654 (1991); Arnold v. Shawano County Agric.

12005–2005
Black v. Goodwin, Loomis & Britton, Inc. green
conn · 1996
1 sentence

2003Russ & Thomas F. Segalla, Couch on Insurance § 202:9 (3d ed. 1999 & Supp. 2002) (Reasonableness of Settlement and Good Faith in Making It). [2] Black v. Goodwin, Loomis & Britton, Inc., 681 A.2d 293 (Conn. 1996).

12003–2003
Blannie S. Wilson, Administratrix of the Estate of Henry J. Wilson, Deceased v. Johns-Manville Sales Corporation green
cadc · 1982
1 sentence

1999Ct. App. 1988). 24 Wilson v. Johns-Manville, 684 F.2d at 119 . 25 The term claim preclusion replaces res judicata', the term issue preclusion replaces collateral estoppel.

11999–1999
Gregory v. Chehi green
ca3 · 1988
1 sentence

1995See, e.g., Edmundson v. Borough of Kennett Squares, 4 F.3d 186, 188 (3rd Cir. 1993); Gregory, 843 F.2d at 116 .

11995–1995
Migra v. Warren City School District Board of Education green
scotus · 1984
1 sentence

1995Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S. 75 (1984). 3 *550 We join in this trend and adopt the terms "claim preclusion" and "issue preclusion." The term claim preclusion replaces res judicata; the term issue preclusion replaces collateral estoppel.

11995–1995

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WI § Wis. Stat. § 808.10 (8) WI § Wis. Stat. § 802.08 (6) WI § Wis. Stat. § 805.13 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 66 (1865–2026) NY 25 (1901–2025) IL 24 (1907–2026) MO 22 (1892–2022) TX 22 (1911–2024) WI 19 (1988–2026) CT 13 (1972–2015) MA 13 (1973–2018) OH 12 (1943–2025) WY 11 (1971–2023) PA 9 (1930–2015) WA 9 (1893–2017) FL 9 (1939–2017) MD 8 (1977–2024) KS 8 (1952–2022) GA 7 (1913–2007) IN 7 (1881–2005) OR 7 (1954–2016) KY 7 (1961–2023) NC 6 (1957–2023) NH 5 (2006–2016) MI 4 (1942–2010) ME 4 (1960–2025) NM 4 (1998–2020) DC 4 (2012–2024) IA 4 (1972–2000) AR 3 (1941–2002) NE 3 (1952–1992) OK 3 (1926–1938) HI 3 (1899–2016) WV 3 (1926–2012) MS 3 (1881–2020) NV 2 (2002–2002) AK 2 (1981–1989) LA 2 (1979–2011) TN 2 (1946–1979) ID 2 (1976–1991) CO 2 (2012–2016) AL 2 (1911–1990)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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