invocation privilege (Missouri) · Go Syfert
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invocation privilege in Missouri

20 Missouri opinions name it 2 courts 1903–2020 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Missouri courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
Baxter v. Palmigianogreen
scotus · 1976 · cited in 3 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1988–2011
2 sentences

2011Long v. Askren, 874 S.W.2d 466, 471 (Mo.App.1994). ‘“The prevailing rule is that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence against them: the Amendment ‘does not preclude the inference where the privilege is claimed by a party to a civil cause.’ ” Johnson v. Missouri Bd. of Nursing Adm’rs, 130 S.W.3d 619, 629 (Mo.App.2004) (quoting Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 , 96 S.Ct. 1551 , 47 L.Ed.2d 810 (1976)). “ ‘In civil eases, a witness’ invocation of his privilege against self-incrim

2011Long v. Askren, 874 S.W.2d 466, 471 (Mo.App.1994). ‘“The prevailing rule is that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence against them: the Amendment ‘does not preclude the inference where the privilege is claimed by a party to a civil cause.’ ” Johnson v. Missouri Bd. of Nursing Adm’rs, 130 S.W.3d 619, 629 (Mo.App.2004) (quoting Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 , 96 S.Ct. 1551 , 47 L.Ed.2d 810 (1976)). “ ‘In civil eases, a witness’ invocation of his privilege against self-incrim

13
McGrath v. St. Louis Transit Co.green
mo · 1906 · cited in 3 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1916–1925
2 sentences

1925We have gone over this question thoroughly in several recent cases. [McGrath v. Transit Co., 197 Mo. 97 ; Orcutt v. Century Building Co., 201 Mo. 424 ; Roscoe v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 202 Mo. 576 ; Price v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 220 Mo. l.c. 453 et seq.]" In the case at bar, respondent bottoms her recovery upon certain alleged specific acts of negligence, one of which is that appellant "negligently permitted and caused current in dangerous and deadly amount to pass over the wires and through the equipment into said home." The burden rested upon respondent to prove the spe

1921See, also, McGrath v. Transit Co., 197 Mo. 97 , 94 S.W. 872 ; Orcutt v. Century Building Company, 201 Mo. 424 , 99 S. W 1062; Roscoe v. Metropolitan Street Railway Company, *174 202 Mo. 576 , 101 S. W. 32 ; Price v. Metropolitan Street-Railway Company, 220 Mo. l. c. 453, 119 S. W. 932 .] As to this assignment of error, however, the respondent though denying that the charge of negligence is specific, contends that, in any event, the evidence supports the charge that.the defendant “negligently suspended and maintained” this flag pole, since the evidence shows that the pole was torn from its fast

13
Johnson v. Missouri Board of Nursing Administratorsgreen
moctapp · 2004 · cited in 2 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2004–2011
2 sentences

2011Long v. Askren, 874 S.W.2d 466, 471 (Mo.App.1994). ‘“The prevailing rule is that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence against them: the Amendment ‘does not preclude the inference where the privilege is claimed by a party to a civil cause.’ ” Johnson v. Missouri Bd. of Nursing Adm’rs, 130 S.W.3d 619, 629 (Mo.App.2004) (quoting Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 , 96 S.Ct. 1551 , 47 L.Ed.2d 810 (1976)). “ ‘In civil eases, a witness’ invocation of his privilege against self-incrim

2004Id.

12
State ex rel. Long v. Askrengreen
moctapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011Long v. Askren, 874 S.W.2d 466, 471 (Mo.App.1994). ‘“The prevailing rule is that the Fifth Amendment does not forbid adverse inferences against parties to civil actions when they refuse to testify in response to probative evidence against them: the Amendment ‘does not preclude the inference where the privilege is claimed by a party to a civil cause.’ ” Johnson v. Missouri Bd. of Nursing Adm’rs, 130 S.W.3d 619, 629 (Mo.App.2004) (quoting Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 , 96 S.Ct. 1551 , 47 L.Ed.2d 810 (1976)). “ ‘In civil eases, a witness’ invocation of his privilege against self-incrim

11
United States v. William D. White and Terry L. Kenogreen
ca5 · 1979 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004Third, “although inferences based on the assertion of the privilege are permissible, the entry of judgment based only on the invocation of the privilege and ‘without regard to the other evidence’ exceeds constitutional bounds.” LaSalle Bank, 54 F.3d at 391 (quoting Baxter, 425 U.S. at 318 , 96 S.Ct. at 1558 ); see also United States v. White, 589 F.2d 1283, 1287 (5th Cir.1979); Koester v. Am.

11
Lappe and Associates, Inc. v. Palmengreen
moctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
1 sentence

1993“In civil cases, a witness’ invocation of his privilege against self-incrimination justifies an inference that, if he had answered the question truthfully, the answer would have been unfavorable to him.” Lappe & Assoc., Inc. v. Palmen, 811 S.W.2d 468, 471 (Mo.App.1991).

11
Hayes v. Stategreen
moctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
1 sentence

1991Matter of K.A.P., 760 S.W.2d 553, 554 (Mo.App.1988).

11
Menees v. Cowgillgreen
mo · 1949 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
2 sentences

1978The Illinois complaint filed by Wesley makes no mention of equitable adoption; it alleged no facts which would support the invocation of that doctrine; it alleged, many times, that Wesley was the son of the testator, not that he should be declared to be the son or that the testator and his privies should be estopped to deny the relationship. “[W]e can not agree to the contention that there can be an adoption by contract and performance without either compliance with ‘the statutory formalities required by law relating to the adoption of children,’ or a decree of a court of equity based upon equ

1978The Illinois complaint filed by Wesley makes no mention of equitable adoption; it alleged no facts which would support the invocation of that doctrine; it alleged, many times, that Wesley was the son of the testator, not that he should be declared to be the son or that the testator and his privies should be estopped to deny the relationship. “[W]e can not agree to the contention that there can be an adoption by contract and performance without either compliance with ‘the statutory formalities required by law relating to the adoption of children,’ or a decree of a court of equity based upon equ

11
Matthew Massimo v. United Statesgreen
ca2 · 1972 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
1 sentence

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11
Michigan v. Mosleygreen
scotus · 1975 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11
State v. Evans and Blankenbakergreen
mo · 1929 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
2 sentences

1975State v. Caffey, 457 S.W.2d 657, 660 (Mo.1970); State v. Evans, 324 Mo. 159 , 23 S.W.2d 152, 155 (1929).

1975State v. Caffey, 457 S.W.2d 657, 660 (Mo.1970); State v. Evans, 324 Mo. 159 , 23 S.W.2d 152, 155 (1929).

11
State v. Caffeygreen
mo · 1970 · cited in 1 Missouri opinions naming this issue, 1975–1975
1 sentence

1975State v. Caffey, 457 S.W.2d 657, 660 (Mo.1970); State v. Evans, 324 Mo. 159 , 23 S.W.2d 152, 155 (1929).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Missouri. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (22)

CaseCitedYears
Orcutt v. Century Building Co. green
mo · 1907
2 sentences

1925We have gone over this question thoroughly in several recent cases. [McGrath v. Transit Co., 197 Mo. 97 ; Orcutt v. Century Building Co., 201 Mo. 424 ; Roscoe v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 202 Mo. 576 ; Price v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 220 Mo. l.c. 453 et seq.]" In the case at bar, respondent bottoms her recovery upon certain alleged specific acts of negligence, one of which is that appellant "negligently permitted and caused current in dangerous and deadly amount to pass over the wires and through the equipment into said home." The burden rested upon respondent to prove the spe

1921See, also, McGrath v. Transit Co., 197 Mo. 97 , 94 S.W. 872 ; Orcutt v. Century Building Company, 201 Mo. 424 , 99 S. W 1062; Roscoe v. Metropolitan Street Railway Company, *174 202 Mo. 576 , 101 S. W. 32 ; Price v. Metropolitan Street-Railway Company, 220 Mo. l. c. 453, 119 S. W. 932 .] As to this assignment of error, however, the respondent though denying that the charge of negligence is specific, contends that, in any event, the evidence supports the charge that.the defendant “negligently suspended and maintained” this flag pole, since the evidence shows that the pole was torn from its fast

31916–1925
Sparks v. Sparks green
moctapp · 1989
2 sentences

1997There the appellate court noted that the reason some form of judicial response is appropriate following the invocation of the privilege is “to eliminate any undue advantage which might flow from the ability to conceal pertinent evidence.” Id. at 567 .

1990While no comparable policy consideration applies to the invocation of the privilege by a defendant, dragged into court involuntarily, nevertheless fundamental fairness requires that a plaintiff be afforded some remedy lest a defendant defeat the claim by concealment.” Id.

21990–1997
Pointer v. Mountain Railway Construction Co. green
mo · 1916
2 sentences

1921And this is true although he might have pleaded negligence generally and by an invocation of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur had a recovery upon making proper proof.” [Pointer v. Mountain Railway Company, 269 Mo. 104 , l. c. 114, 189 S. W. 805 .

1921And this is true although he might have pleaded negligence generally and by an invocation of the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur had a recovery upon making proper proof.” [Pointer v. Mountain Railway Company, 269 Mo. 104 , l. c. 114, 189 S. W. 805 .

21921–1947
Roscoe v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co. green
mo · 1907
2 sentences

1925We have gone over this question thoroughly in several recent cases. [McGrath v. Transit Co., 197 Mo. 97 ; Orcutt v. Century Building Co., 201 Mo. 424 ; Roscoe v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 202 Mo. 576 ; Price v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co., 220 Mo. l.c. 453 et seq.]" In the case at bar, respondent bottoms her recovery upon certain alleged specific acts of negligence, one of which is that appellant "negligently permitted and caused current in dangerous and deadly amount to pass over the wires and through the equipment into said home." The burden rested upon respondent to prove the spe

1921See, also, McGrath v. Transit Co., 197 Mo. 97 , 94 S.W. 872 ; Orcutt v. Century Building Company, 201 Mo. 424 , 99 S. W 1062; Roscoe v. Metropolitan Street Railway Company, *174 202 Mo. 576 , 101 S. W. 32 ; Price v. Metropolitan Street-Railway Company, 220 Mo. l. c. 453, 119 S. W. 932 .] As to this assignment of error, however, the respondent though denying that the charge of negligence is specific, contends that, in any event, the evidence supports the charge that.the defendant “negligently suspended and maintained” this flag pole, since the evidence shows that the pole was torn from its fast

21921–1925
State v. Bannister green
mo · 1984
1 sentence

2020“A request for counsel bars further interrogation until an attorney is present, unless the accused in the interim voluntarily initiates discussion.” See State v. Bannister, 680 S.W.2d 141 , 147–48 (Mo. banc 1984) (citing Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 484–85 (1981)) (emphasis added).

12020–2020
Edwards v. Arizona green
scotus · 1981
1 sentence

2020“A request for counsel bars further interrogation until an attorney is present, unless the accused in the interim voluntarily initiates discussion.” See State v. Bannister, 680 S.W.2d 141 , 147–48 (Mo. banc 1984) (citing Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 484–85 (1981)) (emphasis added).

12020–2020
State Ex Rel. Munn v. McKelvey green
mo · 1987
1 sentence

2016The invocation of the privilege creates "a rebuttable presumption [that the] answer might tend to incriminate” the subject and rebuttal requires "a demonstration by the questioner that the answer cannot possibly have a tendency to incriminate the witness.” Id.

12016–2016
Koester v. American Republic Investments green
ca8 · 1994
1 sentence

2004Republic Invs., Inc., 11 F.3d 818 , 823-24 (8th Cir.1993).

12004–2004
Harwell v. Harwell green
moctapp · 1962
1 sentence

1988Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 , 96 S.Ct. 1551, 1558 , 47 L.Ed.2d 810, 821 (1976); In re Monnig, 638 S.W.2d 782 (Mo.App.1982); Harwell v. Harwell, 355 S.W.2d 137 (Mo.App.1962).

11988–1988
In Re Monnig green
moctapp · 1982
1 sentence

1988Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308, 318 , 96 S.Ct. 1551, 1558 , 47 L.Ed.2d 810, 821 (1976); In re Monnig, 638 S.W.2d 782 (Mo.App.1982); Harwell v. Harwell, 355 S.W.2d 137 (Mo.App.1962).

11988–1988
United States v. Ray Allen Collins green
ca2 · 1972
1 sentence

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
State v. McDonald green
neb · 1976
2 sentences

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
People v. Pittman green
ill · 1973
2 sentences

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
Massimo v. United States green
scotus · 1973
2 sentences

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
Hillen v. Hawaii State Prison Superintendent green
scotus · 1973
1 sentence

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
People v. White green
illappct · 1974
1 sentence

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
Commonwealth v. Youngblood green
pa · 1973
2 sentences

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
Yelton v. State green
alacrimapp · 1975
1 sentence

1977If he can change his mind, then the police are entitled to ask him if he has changed his mind, but * * * they cannot attempt to persuade him to do so and * * * they may not continue to question him after he claims his rights.” See also Massimo v. United States, 463 F.2d 1171, 1174 (2d Cir. 1972), cert. den., 409 U.S. 1117 , 93 S.Ct. 920 , 34 L.Ed.2d 700 (1973), where it was stated that “The police have the privilege of ‘asking a defendant to reconsider his refusal to answer questions,’ United States v. Collins, 462 F.2d 792 (2d Cir. 1972).” In Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 102, 104 , 96 S.C

11977–1977
Price v. Metropolitan Street Railway Co. green
mo · 1909
11921–1921
Thompson v. Newell green
moctapp · 1906
11915–1915
Armstrong v. Medbury green
mich · 1887
11908–1908
Bretz v. Matney neutral
mo · 1875
11903–1903

Where else courts name it

NY 173 (1895–2026) CA 93 (1899–2026) NJ 52 (1951–2025) TX 46 (1922–2024) MA 44 (1929–2026) CT 37 (1975–2017) PA 34 (1971–2026) IL 33 (1973–2026) MD 32 (1959–2022) FL 27 (1949–2025) OH 23 (1985–2026) MO 20 (1903–2020) LA 19 (1937–2018) AL 16 (1909–2023) GA 15 (1957–2025) MI 13 (1917–2026) TN 10 (1975–2024) VA 10 (1992–2025) MN 9 (1956–2024) DC 9 (1976–2025) ME 9 (1974–2026) WA 9 (1914–2025) RI 9 (1986–2005) DE 8 (1969–2023) OR 8 (1898–2020) CO 8 (1968–2016) ND 8 (1974–2019) ID 7 (1983–2020) WI 7 (1893–2026) IA 7 (1971–2025) AZ 7 (1968–2018) OK 6 (1955–2011) UT 6 (2004–2024) WY 6 (1981–2023) KY 6 (1913–2024) IN 6 (1918–2025) NC 5 (1995–2010) WV 5 (1997–2024) SC 5 (1984–2023) NM 5 (1973–2023) SD 4 (2000–2004) HI 4 (1994–2025) AK 4 (1980–1995) NE 3 (1984–2016) VT 3 (1990–2009) NH 3 (1993–2021) KS 3 (1928–1996) NV 2 (1979–1994) AR 2 (2019–2025) MS 2 (1993–2014)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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