parental immunity in Ohio

16 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1981–2013 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

Case	Followed	Cited
Teramano v. Teramanogreen ohio · 1966 · cited in 8 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1981–1986 2 sentences 1985Id. it* * * “A recognized corollary rule to parental immunity is that a parent may not prosecute a tort action against his unemancipated minor child. * * ” However, even more recently, the Ohio Supreme Court, in the case of Kirchner v. Crystal (1984), 15 Ohio St. 3d 326 , abolished the doctrine of parental immunity without reservation. 1984*Although we have not previously addressed this precise question, the doctrine of parental immunity was expressly approved by this court in Teramano v. Teramano (1966), 6 Ohio St. 2d 117 [ 35 O.O.2d 144 ], paragraph one of the syllabus.	2	8
Shearer v. Shearergreen ohio · 1985 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1986–1993 2 sentences 1993See, also, Shearer v. Shearer (1985), 18 Ohio St.3d 94 ,18 OBR 129, 480 N.E.2d 388 . 1986More recently the court was again called upon to consider the viability of the doctrine of parental immunity in Shearer v. Shearer (1985), 18 Ohio St. 3d 94 .	1	2
Karam v. Allstate Insurancegreen ohio · 1982 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984 2 sentences 1984Co. (1982), 70 Ohio St. 2d 227 [ 24 O.O.3d 327 ], this court identified the reasons for retention of the doctrine of parental immunity to be: preservation of family tranquility, possible interference with parental discipline and control, risks of fraud and collusion due to the predominance of liability insurance, and potential depletion of family funds. 1984Co. (1982), 70 Ohio St. 2d 227 [ 24 O.O.3d 327 ], this court identified the reasons for retention of the doctrine of parental immunity to be: preservation of family tranquility, possible interference with parental discipline and control, risks of fraud and collusion due to the predominance of liability insurance, and potential depletion of family funds.	1	2
State v. Adaranijogreen ohioctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013 2 sentences 2013And, again, I define for you physical harm, which means any injury or illness to another, regardless of its quantity or duration." 1 State v. Adaranijo, 153 Ohio App.3d 266 , 2003-Ohio-3822 , 792 N.E.2d 1138, ¶8 (1st Dist.) (recasting assignment of error in parental discipline case as one concerning sufficiency); State v. Hoover, 5 Ohio App.3d 207 , 450 N.E.2d 710 (6th Dist.1982) (a pre-Hicks, pre-Suchomski case concluding corporal punishment by a school administrator is derivative of the parental privilege.) See also State v. McNichols, 4th Dist. 2013And, again, I define for you physical harm, which means any injury or illness to another, regardless of its quantity or duration." 1 State v. Adaranijo, 153 Ohio App.3d 266 , 2003-Ohio-3822 , 792 N.E.2d 1138, ¶8 (1st Dist.) (recasting assignment of error in parental discipline case as one concerning sufficiency); State v. Hoover, 5 Ohio App.3d 207 , 450 N.E.2d 710 (6th Dist.1982) (a pre-Hicks, pre-Suchomski case concluding corporal punishment by a school administrator is derivative of the parental privilege.) See also State v. McNichols, 4th Dist.	1	1
Petersen Ex Rel. Petersen v. City & County of Honolulugreen haw · 1970 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984 2 sentences 1984See Petersen v. Honolulu (1969), 51 Hawaii 484 , 462 P. 2d 1007 ; Briere, supra; Gelbman, supra; Falco, supra; Rupert, supra; and Elam, supra. 3 As Dean Prosser noted, the decision to abrogate parent-child immunity in Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 402 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 , “set off something of a long-overdue landslide.” Prosser, supra, at 867. 1984See Petersen v. Honolulu (1969), 51 Hawaii 484 , 462 P. 2d 1007 ; Briere, supra; Gelbman, supra; Falco, supra; Rupert, supra; and Elam, supra. 3 As Dean Prosser noted, the decision to abrogate parent-child immunity in Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 402 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 , “set off something of a long-overdue landslide.” Prosser, supra, at 867.	1	1
Sandoval v. Sandovalgreen ariz · 1981 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984 2 sentences 1984See, also, Sandoval v. Sandoval (1981), 128 Ariz. 11, 14 , 623 P.2d 800 ; Schneider v. Coe (Del. 1979), 405 A. 2d 682, 684 . 1984See, also, Sandoval v. Sandoval (1981), 128 Ariz. 11, 14 , 623 P.2d 800 ; Schneider v. Coe (Del. 1979), 405 A. 2d 682, 684 .	1	1
Briere v. Brieregreen nh · 1966 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984 2 sentences 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 . 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 .	1	1
Pedigo v. Rowleygreen idaho · 1980 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (30)

Case	Cited	Years
Kirchner v. Crystal green ohio · 1984 2 sentences 1995Defendant’s position is that Kirchner v. Crystal (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 326 , 15 OBR 452, 474 N.E.2d 275 , abolished the doctrine of parental immunity without reservation. 1995Defendant’s position is that Kirchner v. Crystal (1984), 15 Ohio St.3d 326 , 15 OBR 452, 474 N.E.2d 275 , abolished the doctrine of parental immunity without reservation.	7	1985–1995
Dorsey v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance green ohio · 1984 2 sentences 1985Co. (1984), 9 Ohio St. 3d 27 , where the court held parental immunity did not bar an action against the estate of a deceased parent and the parent’s liability insurance company. 1984Co. (1984), 9 Ohio St. 3d 27 , a majority of this court, as it is presently constituted, agreed that the doctrine of parental immunity was based on the valid public policy objectives of: preserving family harmony and tranquility, maintaining parental discipline, and avoiding risks of fraud and collusion.	2	1984–1985
Plumley v. Klein green mich · 1972 2 sentences 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 . 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 .	2	1984–1984
Gibson v. Gibson green cal · 1971 2 sentences 1982The generally recognized exceptions were summarized in Gibson v. Gibson (1971), 3 Cal. 3d 914 , at page 918, 92 Cal. Rptr. 288, 290 , 479 P. 2d 648 , thusly: “No sooner had American courts, including our own, embraced the parental immunity doctrine than they began to fashion a number of qualifications and exceptions to it. 1982The generally recognized exceptions were summarized in Gibson v. Gibson (1971), 3 Cal. 3d 914 , at page 918, 92 Cal. Rptr. 288, 290 , 479 P. 2d 648 , thusly: “No sooner had American courts, including our own, embraced the parental immunity doctrine than they began to fashion a number of qualifications and exceptions to it.	2	1982–1984
Goller v. White green wis · 1963 2 sentences 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 . 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 .	2	1984–1984
State v. Hoover green ohioctapp · 1982 2 sentences 2013And, again, I define for you physical harm, which means any injury or illness to another, regardless of its quantity or duration." 1 State v. Adaranijo, 153 Ohio App.3d 266 , 2003-Ohio-3822 , 792 N.E.2d 1138, ¶8 (1st Dist.) (recasting assignment of error in parental discipline case as one concerning sufficiency); State v. Hoover, 5 Ohio App.3d 207 , 450 N.E.2d 710 (6th Dist.1982) (a pre-Hicks, pre-Suchomski case concluding corporal punishment by a school administrator is derivative of the parental privilege.) See also State v. McNichols, 4th Dist. 2013And, again, I define for you physical harm, which means any injury or illness to another, regardless of its quantity or duration." 1 State v. Adaranijo, 153 Ohio App.3d 266 , 2003-Ohio-3822 , 792 N.E.2d 1138, ¶8 (1st Dist.) (recasting assignment of error in parental discipline case as one concerning sufficiency); State v. Hoover, 5 Ohio App.3d 207 , 450 N.E.2d 710 (6th Dist.1982) (a pre-Hicks, pre-Suchomski case concluding corporal punishment by a school administrator is derivative of the parental privilege.) See also State v. McNichols, 4th Dist.	1	2013–2013
West American Insurance v. Hardin green ohioctapp · 1989 1 sentence 1998Id. at 72 .	1	1998–1998
Ard v. Ard green fla · 1982 1 sentence 1985For example, in Ard v. Ard (Fla. 1982), 414 So. 2d 1066 , the Florida Supreme Court held, at 1067: “While we reaffirm our adherence to parental/family immunity, we hold that, in a tort action for negligence arising from an accident and brought by an unemancipated minor child against a parent, the doctrine of parental immunity is waived to the extent of the parent’s available liability insurance coverage.	1	1985–1985
Nocktonick Ex Rel. Matson v. Nocktonick green kan · 1980 2 sentences 1984Stat. Section 52-572c); Nocktonick v. Nocktonick (1980), 227 Kan. 758, 767 , 611 P. 2d 135 ; Black v. Solmitz (Me. 1979), 409 A. 2d 634, 640 ; Transamerica Ins. 1984Stat. Section 52-572c); Nocktonick v. Nocktonick (1980), 227 Kan. 758, 767 , 611 P. 2d 135 ; Black v. Solmitz (Me. 1979), 409 A. 2d 634, 640 ; Transamerica Ins.	1	1984–1984
Schneider v. Coe green del · 1979 1 sentence 1984See, also, Sandoval v. Sandoval (1981), 128 Ariz. 11, 14 , 623 P.2d 800 ; Schneider v. Coe (Del. 1979), 405 A. 2d 682, 684 .	1	1984–1984
Small v. Rockfeld green nj · 1974 2 sentences 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 . 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 .	1	1984–1984
Falco v. PADOS green pa · 1971 2 sentences 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 . 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 .	1	1984–1984
Black v. Solmitz green me · 1979 1 sentence 1984Stat. Section 52-572c); Nocktonick v. Nocktonick (1980), 227 Kan. 758, 767 , 611 P. 2d 135 ; Black v. Solmitz (Me. 1979), 409 A. 2d 634, 640 ; Transamerica Ins.	1	1984–1984
Rupert Ex Rel. Rupert v. Stienne green nev · 1974 2 sentences 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 . 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 .	1	1984–1984
Hebel v. Hebel Ex Rel. Hebel green alaska · 1967 1 sentence 1984Parental immunity except where the injury was caused by negligence in a motor vehicle accident: He bel v. Hebel (Alaska 1967), 435 P. 2d 8, 15 ; Ooms v. Ooms (1972), 164 Conn. 48, 51 , 316 A. 2d 783 (discussing Conn. Gen.	1	1984–1984
Rigdon Ex Rel. Rigdon v. Rigdon green kyctapphigh · 1971 1 sentence 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 .	1	1984–1984
Elam v. Elam green sc · 1980 2 sentences 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 . 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 .	1	1984–1984
Primes v. Tyler green ohio · 1975 2 sentences 1984This all too familiar justification was also used to support the Ohio Guest Statute (R.C. 4515.02), and was unanimously rejected by this court in Primes v. Tyler (1975), 43 Ohio St. 2d 195 [ 72 O.O.2d 112 ]. 1984This all too familiar justification was also used to support the Ohio Guest Statute (R.C. 4515.02), and was unanimously rejected by this court in Primes v. Tyler (1975), 43 Ohio St. 2d 195 [ 72 O.O.2d 112 ].	1	1984–1984
Prem v. Cox green ohio · 1983 1 sentence 1984As I previously stated in my concurrence in Prem v. Cox (1983), 2 Ohio St. 3d 149, 152 , 1 strongly believed interspousal immunity to be an outmoded, ineffective, anachronistic and unconstitutional doctrine.	1	1984–1984
Mauk v. Mauk green ohio · 1984 2 sentences 1984In so doing, we expressly overrule our prior pronouncements on this matter as contained in Teramano v. Teramano (1966), 6 Ohio St. 2d 117 [ 35 O.O.2d 144 ], and Mauk v. Mauk (1984), 12 Ohio St. 3d 156 . 1984We believe the. time has arrived for Ohio to join that “long-overdue landslide.” Given the posture we have embraced with respect to the elimination of parental immunity, we must in the interests of logic and consistency also abrogate the “child immunity corollary” to the parental immunity doctrine established in Mauk v. Mauk, supra. Therefore, based upon all of the foregoing, we reverse the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.	1	1984–1984
Ooms v. Ooms green conn · 1972 2 sentences 1984Parental immunity except where the injury was caused by negligence in a motor vehicle accident: He bel v. Hebel (Alaska 1967), 435 P. 2d 8, 15 ; Ooms v. Ooms (1972), 164 Conn. 48, 51 , 316 A. 2d 783 (discussing Conn. Gen. 1984Parental immunity except where the injury was caused by negligence in a motor vehicle accident: He bel v. Hebel (Alaska 1967), 435 P. 2d 8, 15 ; Ooms v. Ooms (1972), 164 Conn. 48, 51 , 316 A. 2d 783 (discussing Conn. Gen.	1	1984–1984
Gelbman v. Gelbman green ny · 1969 2 sentences 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 . 1984See, e.g., Briere v. Briere (1966), 107 N.H. 432 , 224 A. 2d 588 ; Gelbman v. Gelbman (1969), 23 N.Y. 2d 434 , 297 N.Y.Supp. 2d 529, 245 N.E. 2d 192 ; Falco v. Pados (1971), 444 Pa. 372 , 282 A. 2d 351 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Rupert v. Stienne (1974), 90 Nev. 397 , 528 P. 2d 1013 ; Elam v. Elam (1980), 275 S.C. 132 , 268 S.E. 2d 109 .	1	1984–1984
Turner v. Turner green iowa · 1981 1 sentence 1984The major variations pertaining to tort actions include the following: Parental immunity only where the exercise of parental authority or discretion is somehow involved: Turner v. Turner (Iowa 1981), 304 N.W. 2d 786, 789 ; Rigdon v. Rigdon (Ky. 1970), 465 S.W. 2d 921, 923 ; Plumley v. Klein (1972), 388 Mich. 1, 8 , 199 N.W. 2d 169 ; Small v. Rockfeld (1974), 66 N.J. 231, 244 , 330 A. 2d 335 ; Goller v. White (1963), 20 Wis. 2d 402, 413 , 122 N.W. 2d 193 .	1	1984–1984
Hewlett v. George red miss · 1891	1	1982–1982
Martinez v. Southern Pacific Co. green cal · 1955	1	1982–1982
Luster v. Luster green mass · 1938	1	1982–1982
Emery v. Emery green cal · 1955	1	1982–1982
Lyons v. Lyons green ohio · 1965	1	1982–1982
Bonkowsky v. Bonkowsky green ohio · 1982	1	1982–1982
Downs v. Poulin red me · 1966	1	1982–1982

Where else courts name it

TX 212 (1986–2026) CT 83 (1972–2006) PA 60 (1957–2026) AL 52 (1984–2026) MI 47 (1966–2025) UT 42 (1982–2024) MO 32 (1960–2025) IL 31 (1966–2004) FL 26 (1980–2025) VA 26 (1971–2026) MD 25 (1976–2022) IN 23 (1974–2026) NJ 20 (1960–2009) WA 20 (1979–2019) DC 20 (1985–2022) MA 18 (1975–2025) CO 17 (1974–2011) OH 16 (1981–2013) WV 14 (1968–2020) AR 14 (1980–2021) KY 14 (1970–2024) AZ 13 (1970–2021) NC 13 (1972–2024) MN 12 (1966–2026) OR 11 (1976–2016) CA 11 (1971–2025) IA 11 (1968–2022) NM 10 (1996–2025) WI 10 (1963–2005) NY 9 (1974–2013) MS 8 (1970–2016) SC 7 (1980–2001) KS 7 (1966–2025) ME 6 (1966–2000) TN 6 (1928–2005) DE 6 (1976–1997) GA 5 (1972–1993) ID 5 (1980–2011) OK 4 (1984–2023) WY 3 (1992–2023) MT 3 (1983–2025) NV 3 (1996–2013) SD 3 (2007–2025) LA 3 (1995–2016) ND 2 (2012–2012) HI 2 (2007–2026) NH 2 (1984–1992)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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