parental immunity (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
← Connecticut issues

parental immunity in Connecticut

83 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1972–2006 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (19)

CaseFollowedCited
Dubay v. Irishgreen
conn · 1988 · cited in 36 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1989–2003
2 sentences

2001The defendants rely heavily upon the case Dubay v. Irish , 207 Conn. 518 (1988), to argue that no exception to the parental immunity doctrine applies here.

2000See, e.g., City Recycling, Inc. v. State, supra, 247 Conn. 759 (“the issues of due process and equal protection of the law [under our state constitution] can be addressed only in light of the facts of record” [emphasis added]); Dubay v. Irish, 207 Conn. 518, 528 , 542 A.2d 711 (1988) (when plaintiff claims parental immunity doctrine violates equal protection clause of state constitution “plaintiff bears the heavy burden of demonstrating that, under the particular facts of [the] case, the parental immunity doctrine violates . . . constitutional rights” [emphasis added]); see also Barton v. Ducc

336
Squeglia v. Squegliagreen
conn · 1995 · cited in 20 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1995–2003
2 sentences

2003The plaintiffs also point to Squeglia v. Squeglia , 234 Conn. 259 , 265 (1995), which stated that the parental immunity doctrine seeks to "preserve the integrity and unity of the family and to avoid unnecessarily injecting the machinery of the state into the day-to-day exercise of parental discretion." The plaintiffs continue that if counterclaims or special defenses based on negligent parental supervision were allowed to stand, the purposes of the parental immunity doctrine would clearly be defeated.

1999See Squeglia v. Squeglia, 234 Conn. 259, 270 , 661 A.2d 1007 (1995) (recognizing that doctrine of parental immunity applies to § 22-357).

320
Henderson v. Woolleygreen
conn · 1994 · cited in 9 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1995–2001
2 sentences

2001CT Page 1208 The plaintiff responds by citing Henderson v. Woolley , 230 Conn. 472 (1994), where the Supreme Court answered the following question certified to it from the U.S. District Court for the District of Connecticut: Does the doctrine of parental immunity bar an action by a minor child against his or her parent for personal injuries arising out of sexual abuse, sexual assault or sexual exploitation?

2000Thus, in Henderson v. Woolley, 230 Conn. 472 (1994) the court held parental immunity would not bar an action by a minor against a parent for personal injuries arising out of a sexual abuse, assault or exploitation.

39
Ascuitto v. Farricielligreen
conn · 1998 · cited in 7 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–2003
2 sentences

2003The doctrine of parental immunity "bars an unemancipated child from suing his or her parents for personal injuries." Ascuitto v. Farricelli , 244 Conn. 692 , 697 (1998).

2003The doctrine of parental immunity "bars an unemancipated child from suing his or her parents for personal injuries." Ascuitto v. Farricelli , 244 Conn. 692 , 697 (1998).

37
Dzenutis v. Dzenutisgreen
conn · 1986 · cited in 14 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1988–2002
2 sentences

1995In Dzenutis v. Dzenutis, supra, 200 Conn. 290 , after having considered both the availability of insurance and the public nature of the duty involved, we declined to apply the parental immunity doctrine in situations involving tortious conduct by a parent arising out of business activities conducted away from home.

1992The plaintiff further appears to argue, by analogy, that the parental immunity doctrine which would ordinarily insulate the father from suit by a child in non motor vehicle 2 or non "business activity" torts should not be applied in the case where the family has been disrupted by a divorce and the negligent supervisor of a non-custodial father is at issue, and cites in support of that argument, Dzenutis v. Dzenutis, 200 Conn. 290 (1986).

214
Mesite v. Kirchensteingreen
conn · 1929 · cited in 10 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1988–1997
2 sentences

1997He relies on Mesite v. Kirchenstein, 109 Conn. 77 , 84 , 145 A. 753 (1929), for the proposition that "[t]he obligation of the father . . . to care for, guide, control and educate [his] child, and the reciprocal obligation of the child to serve and obey the parent, are essentials of the family relationship" and urges that to permit the child's suit would be to permit destruction of the family harmony that the parental immunity doctrine seeks to protect.

1997He relies on Mesite v. Kirchenstein, 109 Conn. 77 , 84 , 145 A. 753 (1929), for the proposition that "[t]he obligation of the father . . . to care for, guide, control and educate [his] child, and the reciprocal obligation of the child to serve and obey the parent, are essentials of the family relationship" and urges that to permit the child's suit would be to permit destruction of the family harmony that the parental immunity doctrine seeks to protect.

210
Begley v. Kohl & Madden Printing Ink Co.green
conn · 1969 · cited in 4 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1972–2006
2 sentences

2006The plaintiff, relying on the line of cases holding that a child may bring a vicarious liability action against his parent’s employer, notwithstanding the parent’s lack of direct liability under the doctrine of parental immunity; see, e.g., Begley v. Kohl & Madden Printing Ink Co., 157 Conn. 445, 449 , 254 A.2d 907 (1969); claims that her vicarious liability claims against Associates and the hospital are not time barred, despite the expiration of the statute of limitations as to Zimmerman.

2006The plaintiff, relying on the line of cases holding that a child may bring a vicarious liability action against his parent’s employer, notwithstanding the parent’s lack of direct liability under the doctrine of parental immunity; see, e.g., Begley v. Kohl & Madden Printing Ink Co., 157 Conn. 445, 449 , 254 A.2d 907 (1969); claims that her vicarious liability claims against Associates and the hospital are not time barred, despite the expiration of the statute of limitations as to Zimmerman.

24
Hurst v. Capitellgreen
ala · 1989 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998While this court is dubious whether sufficient evidence can be adduced in this case 2 to rise to the the intentional sexual assault at issue in Henderson, supra , and the sexual abuse in Hurst , supra , which could lead the court to conclude that the doctrine of parental immunity does not apply, 3 that question must be left to a later day.

1998While this court is dubious whether sufficient evidence can be adduced in this case 2 to rise to the the intentional sexual assault at issue in Henderson, supra , and the sexual abuse in Hurst , supra , which could lead the court to conclude that the doctrine of parental immunity does not apply, 3 that question must be left to a later day.

22
Ashley v. Bronsongreen
michctapp · 1991 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
2 sentences

1997See, e.g., Ashley v. Bronson, 189 Mich. App. 498 , 473 N.W.2d 757 (1991); Jenkins v. Snohomish County Public Utility Dist.

1997See, e.g., Ashley v. Bronson, 189 Mich. App. 498 , 473 N.W.2d 757 (1991); Jenkins v. Snohomish County Public Utility Dist.

22
Crotta v. Home Depot, Inc.green
conn · 1999 · cited in 12 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1999–2003
2 sentences

2003Relying on the Supreme Court's decision in Crotta v. Home Depot, Inc. , 249 Conn. 634 , 732 A.2d 767 (1999), on March 3, 2000, the defendant moved to strike count two of the plaintiff's complaint and asserted the argument that the action was barred by the doctrine of parental immunity.

2003Relying on the Supreme Court's decision in Crotta v. Home Depot, Inc. , 249 Conn. 634 , 732 A.2d 767 (1999), on March 3, 2000, the defendant moved to strike count two of the plaintiff's complaint and asserted the argument that the action was barred by the doctrine of parental immunity.

112
Roberts v. Catongreen
conn · 1993 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
2 sentences

1994See Roberts v. Caton, 224 Conn. 483, 491 , 619 A.2d 844 (1993) (declining to decide this issue).

1994See Roberts v. Caton, 224 Conn. 483, 491 , 619 A.2d 844 (1993) (declining to decide this issue).

12
Haims v. Omni Fitness Equipment Specialists, No. 30 84 18 (Feb. 18, 1993)green
connsuperct · 1993 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
2 sentences

1994CT Page 10058-Q See also Haims v. Omni Fitness Equipment Specialists , 8 CSCR 268 (February 18, 1993, Fuller, J.) (holding that defendant can apportion liability with a parent who is a party to the child plaintiff's action, even though parent is immune under doctrine of parental immunity).

1994See also Haims v. Omni Fitness Equipment Specialists , 8 CSCR 268 (February 18, 1993, Fuller, J.) (holding that defendant can apportion liability with a parent who is a party to the child plaintiff's action, even though parent is immune under doctrine of parental immunity).

12
Barton v. Ducci Electrical Contractors, Inc.green
conn · 1999 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Connecticut National Bank v. Vooggreen
conn · 1995 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Pierre Seabrook v. Greater Bridgeport T., No. Cv95 032 83 66 (Apr. 9, 1998)green
connsuperct · 1998 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Hartman Ex Rel. Hartman v. Hartmangreen
mo · 1991 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Cooper v. Delta Chi Housing Corp.green
connappct · 1996 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Borst v. Borstgreen
wash · 1952 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
Christine Ann Wilson, by Mother and Next Friend, Carolyn Ann Wilson v. Richard L. Wilsongreen
ca6 · 1984 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (61)

CaseCitedYears
Ooms v. Ooms green
conn · 1972
2 sentences

1995The plaintiff first argues, on the basis of the cases that have concluded that the doctrine of parental immunity bars a claim of parental negligence by an unemancipated child; see Dubay v. Irish, 207 Conn. 518 , 542 A.2d 711 (1988); Ooms v. Ooms, 164 Conn. 48 , 316 A.2d 783 (1972); Begley v. Kohl & Madden Printing Ink Co., 157 Conn. 445 , 254 A.2d 907 (1969); that, because the doctrine has never been extended to any other action in tort, it applies only to actions alleging negligence.

1995The plaintiff first argues, on the basis of the cases that have concluded that the doctrine of parental immunity bars a claim of parental negligence by an unemancipated child; see Dubay v. Irish, 207 Conn. 518 , 542 A.2d 711 (1988); Ooms v. Ooms, 164 Conn. 48 , 316 A.2d 783 (1972); Begley v. Kohl & Madden Printing Ink Co., 157 Conn. 445 , 254 A.2d 907 (1969); that, because the doctrine has never been extended to any other action in tort, it applies only to actions alleging negligence.

71988–1997
Hewlett v. George red
miss · 1891
2 sentences

2000LAW In American jurisprudence, the doctrine of parental immunity appeared approximately one hundred years ago, having been first applied in the decision of a Mississippi court in Hewlett v. George, 68 Miss. 703 , 711 , 9 So. 885 (1891).

1995The doctrine of parental immunity, first recognized in Hewlett v. George, 68 Miss. 703 , 9 So. 885 (1891), overruled in part by Glaskox v. Glaskox, 614 So. 2d 906 (Miss. 1992), “forbid[s] to the minor child a right to appear in court in the assertion of a claim to civil redress for personal injuries suffered at the hands of the parent.” Hewlett v. George, supra, 711 .

51986–2000
Pettengill v. Pettengill neutral
connappct · 1989
2 sentences

1994Section 52-572c provides: “In all actions for negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle, and in all actions accruing on or after October 1, 1979, for negligence in the operation of an aircraft or vessel, as defined in section 15-127, resulting in personal injury, wrongful death or injury to property, the immunity between parent and child in such negligence action brought by a parent against his child or by or on behalf of a child against his parent is abrogated.” See also Ooms v. Ooms, 164 Conn. 48 , 316 A.2d 783 (1972) (parental immunity doctrine extends to parent’s negligence in allowin

1994Section 52-572c provides: “In all actions for negligence in the operation of a motor vehicle, and in all actions accruing on or after October 1, 1979, for negligence in the operation of an aircraft or vessel, as defined in section 15-127, resulting in personal injury, wrongful death or injury to property, the immunity between parent and child in such negligence action brought by a parent against his child or by or on behalf of a child against his parent is abrogated.” See also Ooms v. Ooms, 164 Conn. 48 , 316 A.2d 783 (1972) (parental immunity doctrine extends to parent’s negligence in allowin

51992–1994
Bueno v. Duva, No. 305195 (Jul. 9, 1992) green
connsuperct · 1992
2 sentences

1996Rptr. 237 ) (holding that the parental immunity doctrine does not prevent the trier from considering a parent's negligence for purposes of apportioning liability); Bueno v. Duva, 7 CSCR 919 (August 10, 1992, Fuller, J.) (even if direct claim by child against parent barred by parental immunity doctrine, negligence of parent who is party to the action considered when trier determines percentages of negligence).

1993The effect of the parental immunity doctrine upon joinder of parents as parties in a negligence action was considered in Bueno v. Duva, 7 CSCR 919 (1992), an action for negligence where a child on a bicycle was struck by an automobile.

31993–1996
Kaplan v. Merberg Wrecking Corporation green
conn · 1965
2 sentences

1999The District Court, acknowledging that this court has never considered whether the doctrine of parental immunity operates to bar a defendant from asserting third party claims for apportionment of liability, contribution or indemnification against the parent of a minor plaintiff on the basis of that parent’s negligent supervision of the child, certified the following questions to us: “(1) In an action based on [General Statutes] § 52-572m and common law negligence, may the parent of a minor plaintiff be joined as a third-party defendant for the purpose of indemnification based on negligent supe

1999The District Court, acknowledging that this court has never considered whether the doctrine of parental immunity operates to bar a defendant from asserting third party claims for apportionment of liability, contribution or indemnification against the parent of a minor plaintiff on the basis of that parent’s negligent supervision of the child, certified the following questions to us: “(1) In an action based on [General Statutes] § 52-572m and common law negligence, may the parent of a minor plaintiff be joined as a third-party defendant for the purpose of indemnification based on negligent supe

21997–1999
Glaskox by and Through Denton v. Glaskox green
miss · 1992
2 sentences

1995The doctrine of parental immunity, first recognized in Hewlett v. George, 68 Miss. 703 , 9 So. 885 (1891), overruled in part by Glaskox v. Glaskox, 614 So. 2d 906 (Miss. 1992), “forbid[s] to the minor child a right to appear in court in the assertion of a claim to civil redress for personal injuries suffered at the hands of the parent.” Hewlett v. George, supra, 711 .

1995The doctrine of parental immunity, first recognized in Hewlett v. George, 68 Miss. 703 , 9 So. 885 (1891), overruled in part by Glaskox v. Glaskox, 614 So. 2d 906 (Miss. 1992), “forbid[s] to the minor child a right to appear in court in the assertion of a claim to civil redress for personal injuries suffered at the hands of the parent.” Hewlett v. George, supra, 711 .

21995–1998
Green v. Mancusi, No. Cv92 0128849 S (Jan. 18, 1994) green
connsuperct · 1994
2 sentences

1995The defendant relies upon two cases: Green v. Mancusi , 9 CSCR 117 (January 18, 1994), previously decided by this court, and Finley v. Tortora , 3 Conn. L.

1994Several trial courts have construed these statutory provisions as allowing "the negligence of the parent [to be] considered (provided the parent is a party) when a trier determines the percentages of negligence . . . even though the child cannot recover against the parent because of the parental immunity doctrine." Bueno v. Duva , 7 CSCR supra at p. 910; see also: CT Page 11571 Green v. Mancusi , 9 CSCR 117 (January 18, 1994) (granting a motion to strike a counterclaim by defendant against a parent on the basis that as parties to the action the parent's liability will be considered by the jury

21994–1995
Jackson v. Johnson green
conn · 1987
2 sentences

1990In Jackson v. Johnson, 9 Conn. App. 290 , 518 A.2d 666 (1986), cert. denied, 202 Conn. 804 , 519 A.2d 1208 (1987), this court determined that the defendant was not “operating” a motor vehicle within the terms of General Statutes § 52-572e, a statutory exception to the doctrine of parental immunity.

1990In Jackson v. Johnson, 9 Conn. App. 290 , 518 A.2d 666 (1986), cert. denied, 202 Conn. 804 , 519 A.2d 1208 (1987), this court determined that the defendant was not “operating” a motor vehicle within the terms of General Statutes § 52-572e, a statutory exception to the doctrine of parental immunity.

21990–1994
State v. Liscio green
conn · 1987
2 sentences

1990In Jackson v. Johnson, 9 Conn. App. 290 , 518 A.2d 666 (1986), cert. denied, 202 Conn. 804 , 519 A.2d 1208 (1987), this court determined that the defendant was not “operating” a motor vehicle within the terms of General Statutes § 52-572e, a statutory exception to the doctrine of parental immunity.

1990In Jackson v. Johnson, 9 Conn. App. 290 , 518 A.2d 666 (1986), cert. denied, 202 Conn. 804 , 519 A.2d 1208 (1987), this court determined that the defendant was not “operating” a motor vehicle within the terms of General Statutes § 52-572e, a statutory exception to the doctrine of parental immunity.

21990–1994
Jackson v. Johnson green
connappct · 1986
2 sentences

1990In Jackson v. Johnson, 9 Conn. App. 290 , 518 A.2d 666 (1986), cert. denied, 202 Conn. 804 , 519 A.2d 1208 (1987), this court determined that the defendant was not “operating” a motor vehicle within the terms of General Statutes § 52-572e, a statutory exception to the doctrine of parental immunity.

1990In Jackson v. Johnson, 9 Conn. App. 290 , 518 A.2d 666 (1986), cert. denied, 202 Conn. 804 , 519 A.2d 1208 (1987), this court determined that the defendant was not “operating” a motor vehicle within the terms of General Statutes § 52-572e, a statutory exception to the doctrine of parental immunity.

21990–1994
Raffuse v. Rollar Homes, Inc., No. Cv92-65051 (May 7, 1993) neutral
connsuperct · 1993
2 sentences

1994See Ortiz v. Douglas, 9 CTLR 62 (May 31, 1993, Hennessey, J.) (court denied motion to cite in as defendant father of minor plaintiff due to parental immunity doctrine); Waddicor v. Bozrah Light Power Co., 9 CTLR 190, 191 (May 28, 1993, Teller, J.) (court noted that even if plaintiff mother was properly joined for apportionment claim, mother immune from liability under doctrine of parental immunity); Raffuse v. Rollar Homes Inc., 8 CSCR 623 (May 7, 1993, Higgins, J.) (court granted third party defendant's motion to strike on ground that where parent cannot be sued by child in direct action purs

1994See Ortiz v. Douglas, 9 CTLR 62 (May 31, 1993, Hennessey, J.) (court denied motion to cite in as defendant father of minor plaintiff due to parental immunity doctrine); Waddicor v. Bozrah Light Power Co., 9 CTLR 190, 191 (May 28, 1993, Teller, J.) (court noted that even if plaintiff mother was properly joined for apportionment claim, mother immune from liability under doctrine of parental immunity); Raffuse v. Rollar Homes Inc., 8 CSCR 623 (May 7, 1993, Higgins, J.) (court granted third party defendant's motion to strike on ground that where parent cannot be sued by child in direct action purs

21994–1994
Black v. Solmitz green
me · 1979
2 sentences

1992"The strong trend against across the board application of a rule of parental immunity in tort cases reflects a growing recognition that such a sweeping application results in excessive protection of the interests favored by CT Page 7918 the rule in derogation of the general principal that there should be no wrong without a remedy." Black v. Solmitz, 409 A.2d 634 (Me. 1979).

1992"The strong trend against across the board application of a rule of parental immunity in tort cases reflects a growing recognition that such a sweeping application results in excessive protection of the interests favored by the rule in derogation of the general principal that there should be no wrong without a remedy." Black v. Solmitz, 409 A.2d 634 (Me. 1979).

21992–1992
Kaminski v. Town of Fairfield green
conn · 1990
2 sentences

2003Parental Liability for a Child's Tort The defendant asserts, correctly, that "[a]t common law, the torts of children do not impose vicarious liability upon parents qua parents . . ." (Citation omitted.) Kaminski v. Fairfield , 216 Conn. 29 , 34 , 578 A.2d 1048 (1990).

2003Parental Liability for a Child's Tort The defendant asserts, correctly, that "[a]t common law, the torts of children do not impose vicarious liability upon parents qua parents . . ." (Citation omitted.) Kaminski v. Fairfield , 216 Conn. 29 , 34 , 578 A.2d 1048 (1990).

12003–2003
Tobin v. Connecticut Housing Finance Authority, No. 333231 (Dec. 6, 1995) neutral
connsuperct · 1995
1 sentence

2003Tobin v. Connecticut Housing Finance Authority , Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, No. 333231 (Dec. 6, 1995) (Thompson, J.), 1995 Ct. Sup. 13612 , 15 Conn.L.Rptr. 471, citing Hribko v. Drubner , Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, No. CV 93-0352204 (March 11, 1996) (Corradino, J.), 1996 Ct. Sup. 1587 .

12003–2003
Pickering v. Stanchak, No. Lpl-Cv-95-0470124s (Aug. 6, 1998) neutral
connsuperct · 1998
1 sentence

2003Richardson v. Schochat , Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, No. LPL-CV97 0398264 (January 29, 1998) (Lager, J.), 1998 Ct. Sup. 981 , 21 Conn.L.Rptr. 254; Pickering v. Stanchak , Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford/New Britain at New Britain, No. LPL-CV-95-0470124S (Aug. 6, 1998) (Lager, J.), 1998 Ct. Sup. 8622 , 22 Conn.L.Rptr. 518.

12003–2003
Richardson v. Schochat, No. Lpl-Cv-97-0398264s (Jan. 29, 1998) neutral
connsuperct · 1998
1 sentence

2003Richardson v. Schochat , Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, No. LPL-CV97 0398264 (January 29, 1998) (Lager, J.), 1998 Ct. Sup. 981 , 21 Conn.L.Rptr. 254; Pickering v. Stanchak , Superior Court, judicial district of Hartford/New Britain at New Britain, No. LPL-CV-95-0470124S (Aug. 6, 1998) (Lager, J.), 1998 Ct. Sup. 8622 , 22 Conn.L.Rptr. 518.

12003–2003
Hribko v. Drubner, No. Cv 93-0352204-S (Mar. 11, 1996) neutral
connsuperct · 1996
1 sentence

2003Tobin v. Connecticut Housing Finance Authority , Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, No. 333231 (Dec. 6, 1995) (Thompson, J.), 1995 Ct. Sup. 13612 , 15 Conn.L.Rptr. 471, citing Hribko v. Drubner , Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven at New Haven, No. CV 93-0352204 (March 11, 1996) (Corradino, J.), 1996 Ct. Sup. 1587 .

12003–2003
Bricault v. Deveau green
connsuperct · 1960
1 sentence

2002Moreover, the citation to the Superior Court case of Bricault v. Deveau , 21 Conn. Sup. 486 (1960), where the doctrine of parental immunity was extended to a step-father, who stands in loco parentis to a minor, will CT Page 9421 not avail the defendant because it was clear there that the court held it was a factual matter to be pursued by a special defense and determined by a jury.

12002–2002
Mitchell v. Ensign-Bickford Haz-Pros, Inc., No. 119742 (Jul. 14, 1995) neutral
connsuperct · 1995
12002–2002
Bruno v. Civil Service Commission green
conn · 1984
12000–2000
Cates v. Cates green
ill · 1993
12000–2000
Schneider v. Coe green
del · 1979
12000–2000
Bruno v. Civil Service Commission green
conn · 1981
12000–2000
Evans v. GTE Health Systems, Inc. neutral
utah · 1994
12000–2000
Jilani by and Through Jilani v. Jilani green
tex · 1988
12000–2000
Merrick v. Sutterlin green
wash · 1980
12000–2000
Nowak v. Nowak green
conn · 1978
11999–1999
Connecticut National Bank v. Douglas green
conn · 1992
11999–1999
Chase v. New Haven Waste Material Corporation green
conn · 1930
11999–1999
Grimes v. Conservation Commission green
conn · 1996
11999–1999
State v. Plummer green
conn · 1996
11999–1999
Normand Josef Enterprises, Inc. v. Connecticut National Bank green
conn · 1994
11999–1999
Girard v. Weiss green
connappct · 1996
11999–1999
Johnson v. Terry green
conn · 1867
11999–1999
Santosky v. Kramer green
scotus · 1982
11998–1998
Gibson v. Gibson green
cal · 1971
11998–1998
Falco v. PADOS green
pa · 1971
11998–1998
Winn v. Gilroy green
or · 1984
11998–1998
Burkert v. Petrol Plus of Naugatuck, Inc. green
conn · 1990
11997–1997
Kyrtatas v. Stop & Shop, Inc. green
conn · 1988
11997–1997

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-572c (8) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 15-127 (5) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-572e (5) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 22-357 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199a (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 212 (1986–2026) CT 83 (1972–2006) PA 60 (1957–2026) AL 52 (1984–2026) MI 47 (1966–2025) UT 42 (1982–2024) MO 32 (1960–2025) IL 31 (1966–2004) FL 26 (1980–2025) VA 26 (1971–2026) MD 25 (1976–2022) IN 23 (1974–2026) NJ 20 (1960–2009) WA 20 (1979–2019) DC 20 (1985–2022) MA 18 (1975–2025) CO 17 (1974–2011) OH 16 (1981–2013) WV 14 (1968–2020) AR 14 (1980–2021) KY 14 (1970–2024) AZ 13 (1970–2021) NC 13 (1972–2024) MN 12 (1966–2026) OR 11 (1976–2016) CA 11 (1971–2025) IA 11 (1968–2022) NM 10 (1996–2025) WI 10 (1963–2005) NY 9 (1974–2013) MS 8 (1970–2016) SC 7 (1980–2001) KS 7 (1966–2025) ME 6 (1966–2000) TN 6 (1928–2005) DE 6 (1976–1997) GA 5 (1972–1993) ID 5 (1980–2011) OK 4 (1984–2023) WY 3 (1992–2023) MT 3 (1983–2025) NV 3 (1996–2013) SD 3 (2007–2025) LA 3 (1995–2016) ND 2 (2012–2012) HI 2 (2007–2026) NH 2 (1984–1992)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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