distinct exception (Oregon) · Go Syfert
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distinct exception in Oregon

15 Oregon opinions name it 3 courts 1940–2026 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Oregon courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
cluster 10847224green
· · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026See, e.g., Miller, Cite as 350 Or App 670 (2026) 683 375 Or at 200-01 (noting, in the context of Article I, sec- tion 9, that “[the] defendant does not contend that [the offi- cer] improperly coerced her into agreeing to have her blood drawn to check her BAC or that she merely acquiesced to [the officer’s] demand” and “[i]nstead, she contends that, because of her intoxication and physical condition, she could not understand what she was being asked to do”).

2026See, e.g., Miller, Cite as 350 Or App 670 (2026) 683 375 Or at 200-01 (noting, in the context of Article I, sec- tion 9, that “[the] defendant does not contend that [the offi- cer] improperly coerced her into agreeing to have her blood drawn to check her BAC or that she merely acquiesced to [the officer’s] demand” and “[i]nstead, she contends that, because of her intoxication and physical condition, she could not understand what she was being asked to do”).

22
cluster 10876363green
· · cited in 2 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
2 sentences

2026See, e.g., Miller, Cite as 350 Or App 670 (2026) 683 375 Or at 200-01 (noting, in the context of Article I, sec- tion 9, that “[the] defendant does not contend that [the offi- cer] improperly coerced her into agreeing to have her blood drawn to check her BAC or that she merely acquiesced to [the officer’s] demand” and “[i]nstead, she contends that, because of her intoxication and physical condition, she could not understand what she was being asked to do”).

2026See, e.g., Miller, Cite as 350 Or App 670 (2026) 683 375 Or at 200-01 (noting, in the context of Article I, sec- tion 9, that “[the] defendant does not contend that [the offi- cer] improperly coerced her into agreeing to have her blood drawn to check her BAC or that she merely acquiesced to [the officer’s] demand” and “[i]nstead, she contends that, because of her intoxication and physical condition, she could not understand what she was being asked to do”).

22
Village at Main Street Phase II, LLC II v. Dept. of Rev.green
ortc · 2015 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See Village at Main Street Phase II, LLC II v. Dept. of Rev., 22 OTR 52 , 56–57 (2015), vac’d on other grounds 360 Or 738 , 387 P3d 374 (2016).6 Observing that the court’s rules contemplating counterclaims “cannot expand upon or alter the statutory requirements with respect to matters brought to the Regular Division,” the court held that defendants who feel 6 See also Work v. Dept. of Rev., TC 5286, WL 3135940 at *11, *13 (Or Tax, July 20, 2017) (restating its holding that “each party requesting affirmative relief from a magistrate’s decision must file its own complaint in the Regular Division

11
Village at Main Street Phase II, LLC v. Department of Revenuegreen
or · 2016 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See Village at Main Street Phase II, LLC II v. Dept. of Rev., 22 OTR 52 , 56–57 (2015), vac’d on other grounds 360 Or 738 , 387 P3d 374 (2016).6 Observing that the court’s rules contemplating counterclaims “cannot expand upon or alter the statutory requirements with respect to matters brought to the Regular Division,” the court held that defendants who feel 6 See also Work v. Dept. of Rev., TC 5286, WL 3135940 at *11, *13 (Or Tax, July 20, 2017) (restating its holding that “each party requesting affirmative relief from a magistrate’s decision must file its own complaint in the Regular Division

2018See Village at Main Street Phase II, LLC II v. Dept. of Rev., 22 OTR 52 , 56–57 (2015), vac’d on other grounds 360 Or 738 , 387 P3d 374 (2016).6 Observing that the court’s rules contemplating counterclaims “cannot expand upon or alter the statutory requirements with respect to matters brought to the Regular Division,” the court held that defendants who feel 6 See also Work v. Dept. of Rev., TC 5286, WL 3135940 at *11, *13 (Or Tax, July 20, 2017) (restating its holding that “each party requesting affirmative relief from a magistrate’s decision must file its own complaint in the Regular Division

11
State v. Millergreen
orctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017We concluded that “[t]he error could be harmless if the trial court did not consider the evidence related to the other charges when it found the defendant guilty.” Id. (citing State v. Klontz, 257 Or App 684, 702-03 , 308 P3d 214 (2013) (concluding that the harmless error analysis in a bench trial where the trial court failed to mention contested evidence when explaining its disposition is “contextually driven” and that we must ask “[w]as the disputed evidence ultimately material to the resolution of issues disputed at trial?”)); see also State v. Miller, 287 Or App 135, 152 , 401 P3d 229 (201

2017We concluded that “[t]he error could be harmless if the trial court did not consider the evidence related to the other charges when it found the defendant guilty.” Id. (citing State v. Klontz, 257 Or App 684, 702-03 , 308 P3d 214 (2013) (concluding that the harmless error analysis in a bench trial where the trial court failed to mention contested evidence when explaining its disposition is “contextually driven” and that we must ask “[w]as the disputed evidence ultimately material to the resolution of issues disputed at trial?”)); see also State v. Miller, 287 Or App 135, 152 , 401 P3d 229 (201

11
Caperton v. A. T. Massey Coal Co., Inc.green
scotus · 2009 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012See Caperton, 556 US at 889-90 (explaining that due process “demarks only the outer boundaries of judicial disqualifications.

11
State v. Kennedygreen
or · 1983 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See Redwine v. Starboard, LLC, 240 Or App 673, 682 , 251 P3d 192 (2011) (addressing only the federal standard where, despite “invoking] the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard”); see also State v. Kennedy, 295 Or 260, 268 , 666 P2d 1316 (1983) (“Although responsible treatment of the state claim is preferable, as stated above, if it is abandoned the court

2012See Redwine v. Starboard, LLC, 240 Or App 673, 682 , 251 P3d 192 (2011) (addressing only the federal standard where, despite “invoking] the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard”); see also State v. Kennedy, 295 Or 260, 268 , 666 P2d 1316 (1983) (“Although responsible treatment of the state claim is preferable, as stated above, if it is abandoned the court

11
Redwine v. STARBOARD, LLCgreen
orctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
2 sentences

2012See Redwine v. Starboard, LLC, 240 Or App 673, 682 , 251 P3d 192 (2011) (addressing only the federal standard where, despite “invoking] the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard”); see also State v. Kennedy, 295 Or 260, 268 , 666 P2d 1316 (1983) (“Although responsible treatment of the state claim is preferable, as stated above, if it is abandoned the court

2012See Redwine v. Starboard, LLC, 240 Or App 673, 682 , 251 P3d 192 (2011) (addressing only the federal standard where, despite “invoking] the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard”); see also State v. Kennedy, 295 Or 260, 268 , 666 P2d 1316 (1983) (“Although responsible treatment of the state claim is preferable, as stated above, if it is abandoned the court

11
State v. Langleygreen
or · 1993 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See State v. Langley, 314 Or 247, 263 , 839 P2d 692 (1992), adh’d to on recons, 318 Or 28 , 861 P2d 1012 (1993) (reviewing, for errors of law, the trial court’s determination that the psychotherapist-patient privilege did not apply). 7 *682 Although Sawyer invoked the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard.

2011See State v. Langley, 314 Or 247, 263 , 839 P2d 692 (1992), adh’d to on recons, 318 Or 28 , 861 P2d 1012 (1993) (reviewing, for errors of law, the trial court’s determination that the psychotherapist-patient privilege did not apply). 7 *682 Although Sawyer invoked the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard.

11
State v. Langleygreen
or · 1992 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See State v. Langley, 314 Or 247, 263 , 839 P2d 692 (1992), adh’d to on recons, 318 Or 28 , 861 P2d 1012 (1993) (reviewing, for errors of law, the trial court’s determination that the psychotherapist-patient privilege did not apply). 7 *682 Although Sawyer invoked the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard.

2011See State v. Langley, 314 Or 247, 263 , 839 P2d 692 (1992), adh’d to on recons, 318 Or 28 , 861 P2d 1012 (1993) (reviewing, for errors of law, the trial court’s determination that the psychotherapist-patient privilege did not apply). 7 *682 Although Sawyer invoked the privilege under Article I, section 12, as well as the Fifth Amendment, both parties have conflated their analyses of the two constitutional provisions, with neither proposing a distinct analysis under Article I, section 12, or arguing against our adoption of the federal standard.

11
Curtis v. MRI IMAGING SERVICES IIgreen
or · 1998 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See generally Curtis v. MRI Imaging Services II, 327 Or 9 , 956 P2d 960 (1998);Rustvold v. Taylor, 171 Or App 128 , 14 P3d 675 (2000), rev withdrawn, 332 Or 305 (2001). 3 Plaintiff responded by acknowledging that, under Horwell , she could not recover emotional distress damages for “the loss of her baby.” She argued, however, that she had adequately pleaded a distinct claim for her own suffering and emotional distress, based on the alternative theories that she was a direct victim of defendants’ professional negligence or that she had suffered a physical impact as a result of that negligence s

2003See generally Curtis v. MRI Imaging Services II, 327 Or 9 , 956 P2d 960 (1998);Rustvold v. Taylor, 171 Or App 128 , 14 P3d 675 (2000), rev withdrawn, 332 Or 305 (2001). 3 Plaintiff responded by acknowledging that, under Horwell , she could not recover emotional distress damages for “the loss of her baby.” She argued, however, that she had adequately pleaded a distinct claim for her own suffering and emotional distress, based on the alternative theories that she was a direct victim of defendants’ professional negligence or that she had suffered a physical impact as a result of that negligence s

11
Hornbeck v. Western States Fire Apparatus, Inc.green
or · 1977 · cited in 1 Oregon opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
2 sentences

1981See also Hornbeck v. Western States Fire Apparatus, Inc., 280 Or 647 , 572 P2d 620 (1977).

1981See also Hornbeck v. Western States Fire Apparatus, Inc., 280 Or 647 , 572 P2d 620 (1977).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Oregon. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (19)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Klontz green
orctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2017We concluded that “[t]he error could be harmless if the trial court did not consider the evidence related to the other charges when it found the defendant guilty.” Id. (citing State v. Klontz, 257 Or App 684, 702-03 , 308 P3d 214 (2013) (concluding that the harmless error analysis in a bench trial where the trial court failed to mention contested evidence when explaining its disposition is “contextually driven” and that we must ask “[w]as the disputed evidence ultimately material to the resolution of issues disputed at trial?”)); see also State v. Miller, 287 Or App 135, 152 , 401 P3d 229 (201

2017We concluded that “[t]he error could be harmless if the trial court did not consider the evidence related to the other charges when it found the defendant guilty.” Id. (citing State v. Klontz, 257 Or App 684, 702-03 , 308 P3d 214 (2013) (concluding that the harmless error analysis in a bench trial where the trial court failed to mention contested evidence when explaining its disposition is “contextually driven” and that we must ask “[w]as the disputed evidence ultimately material to the resolution of issues disputed at trial?”)); see also State v. Miller, 287 Or App 135, 152 , 401 P3d 229 (201

12017–2017
State v. Marks green
orctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2017We concluded that “[t]he error could be harmless if the trial court did not consider the evidence related to the other charges when it found the defendant guilty.” Id. (citing State v. Klontz, 257 Or App 684, 702-03 , 308 P3d 214 (2013) (concluding that the harmless error analysis in a bench trial where the trial court failed to mention contested evidence when explaining its disposition is “contextually driven” and that we must ask “[w]as the disputed evidence ultimately material to the resolution of issues disputed at trial?”)); see also State v. Miller, 287 Or App 135, 152 , 401 P3d 229 (201

12017–2017
Day v. Advanced M&D Sales, Inc. green
orctapp · 2002
1 sentence

2004Id. at 265 (citing Hess v. Seeger, 55 Or App 746, 762 , 641 P2d 23 (1982)).

12004–2004
Hess v. Seeger green
orctapp · 1982
2 sentences

2004Id. at 265 (citing Hess v. Seeger, 55 Or App 746, 762 , 641 P2d 23 (1982)).

2004Id. at 265 (citing Hess v. Seeger, 55 Or App 746, 762 , 641 P2d 23 (1982)).

12004–2004
Rustvold v. Taylor green
orctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2003See generally Curtis v. MRI Imaging Services II, 327 Or 9 , 956 P2d 960 (1998);Rustvold v. Taylor, 171 Or App 128 , 14 P3d 675 (2000), rev withdrawn, 332 Or 305 (2001). 3 Plaintiff responded by acknowledging that, under Horwell , she could not recover emotional distress damages for “the loss of her baby.” She argued, however, that she had adequately pleaded a distinct claim for her own suffering and emotional distress, based on the alternative theories that she was a direct victim of defendants’ professional negligence or that she had suffered a physical impact as a result of that negligence s

2003See generally Curtis v. MRI Imaging Services II, 327 Or 9 , 956 P2d 960 (1998);Rustvold v. Taylor, 171 Or App 128 , 14 P3d 675 (2000), rev withdrawn, 332 Or 305 (2001). 3 Plaintiff responded by acknowledging that, under Horwell , she could not recover emotional distress damages for “the loss of her baby.” She argued, however, that she had adequately pleaded a distinct claim for her own suffering and emotional distress, based on the alternative theories that she was a direct victim of defendants’ professional negligence or that she had suffered a physical impact as a result of that negligence s

12003–2003
Pauley v. Ford Electronics and Refrigeration Corp. green
insd · 1996
2 sentences

2000Finally, Pauley v. Ford Electronics and Refrigeration Corporation, 941 F Supp 794 (SD Ind 1996), turned on a distinct principle of federal preemption.

2000Finally, Pauley v. Ford Electronics and Refrigeration Corporation, 941 F.Supp. 794 (S.D.Ind.1996), turned on a distinct principle of federal preemption.

12000–2000
McIntire v. Forbes green
or · 1996
2 sentences

1998Id. at 443 , 909 P.2d 846 .

1998Id. at 443 , 909 P.2d 846 .

11998–1998
State v. Whittingham green
arizctapp · 1973
2 sentences

1985In Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. Smith, 742 F.2d 193 (5th Cir 1984); State v. Whittingham, 19 Ariz. App. 27 , 504 P.2d 950 (1973); People v. Woody, supra and Whitehorn v. State, 561 P.2d 539 (Okla.Cr. 1977), defendants charged with criminal offenses involving peyote successfully raised religious freedom as a defense.

1985In Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. Smith, 742 F.2d 193 (5th Cir 1984); State v. Whittingham, 19 Ariz. App. 27 , 504 P.2d 950 (1973); People v. Woody, supra and Whitehorn v. State, 561 P.2d 539 (Okla.Cr. 1977), defendants charged with criminal offenses involving peyote successfully raised religious freedom as a defense.

11985–1985
State v. Big Sheep green
mont · 1926
2 sentences

1985App. 794 , 537 P.2d 142 , rev. den. (1975), cert. den. 424 U.S. 955 , 96 S.Ct. 1431 , 47 L.Ed.2d 361 (1976), is consistent with some early cases like State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont. 219 , 243 P. 1067 (1926), it appears to be a distinct exception to the current trend in western states with significant Indian populations.

1985App. 794 , 537 P.2d 142 , rev. den. (1975), cert. den. 424 U.S. 955 , 96 S.Ct. 1431 , 47 L.Ed.2d 361 (1976), is consistent with some early cases like State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont. 219 , 243 P. 1067 (1926), it appears to be a distinct exception to the current trend in western states with significant Indian populations.

11985–1985
State v. Soto green
orctapp · 1975
2 sentences

1985Although State v. Soto, 21 Or App 794 , 537 P2d 142 , rev den (1975), cert den 424 US 955 (1976), is consistent with some early cases like State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont 219 , 243 P 1067 (1926), it appears to be a distinct exception to the current trend in western states with significant Indian populations.

1985App. 794 , 537 P.2d 142 , rev. den. (1975), cert. den. 424 U.S. 955 , 96 S.Ct. 1431 , 47 L.Ed.2d 361 (1976), is consistent with some early cases like State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont. 219 , 243 P. 1067 (1926), it appears to be a distinct exception to the current trend in western states with significant Indian populations.

11985–1985
Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. William F. Smith, Attorney General of the United States and Jim Mattox, Attorney General of the State of Texas green
ca5 · 1984
1 sentence

1985In Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. Smith, 742 F.2d 193 (5th Cir 1984); State v. Whittingham, 19 Ariz. App. 27 , 504 P.2d 950 (1973); People v. Woody, supra and Whitehorn v. State, 561 P.2d 539 (Okla.Cr. 1977), defendants charged with criminal offenses involving peyote successfully raised religious freedom as a defense.

11985–1985
Whitehorn v. State green
oklacrimapp · 1977
2 sentences

1985In Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. Smith, 742 F2d 193 (5th Cir 1984); State v. Whittingham, 19 Ariz App 27, 504 P2d 950 (1973); People v. Woody, supra and Whitehorn v. State, 561 P2d 539 (Okla 1977), the defendants charged with criminal offenses involving peyote successfully raised religious freedom as a defense.

1985In Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. Smith, 742 F.2d 193 (5th Cir 1984); State v. Whittingham, 19 Ariz. App. 27 , 504 P.2d 950 (1973); People v. Woody, supra and Whitehorn v. State, 561 P.2d 539 (Okla.Cr. 1977), defendants charged with criminal offenses involving peyote successfully raised religious freedom as a defense.

11985–1985
People v. Woody green
cal · 1964
1 sentence

1985In Peyote Way Church of God, Inc. v. Smith, 742 F2d 193 (5th Cir 1984); State v. Whittingham, 19 Ariz App 27, 504 P2d 950 (1973); People v. Woody, supra and Whitehorn v. State, 561 P2d 539 (Okla 1977), the defendants charged with criminal offenses involving peyote successfully raised religious freedom as a defense.

11985–1985
Draughon v. Rees green
scotus · 1976
1 sentence

1985App. 794 , 537 P.2d 142 , rev. den. (1975), cert. den. 424 U.S. 955 , 96 S.Ct. 1431 , 47 L.Ed.2d 361 (1976), is consistent with some early cases like State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont. 219 , 243 P. 1067 (1926), it appears to be a distinct exception to the current trend in western states with significant Indian populations.

11985–1985
Epoch Producing Corp. v. Killiam Shows, Inc. green
scotus · 1976
2 sentences

1985Although State v. Soto, 21 Or App 794 , 537 P2d 142 , rev den (1975), cert den 424 US 955 (1976), is consistent with some early cases like State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont 219 , 243 P 1067 (1926), it appears to be a distinct exception to the current trend in western states with significant Indian populations.

1985App. 794 , 537 P.2d 142 , rev. den. (1975), cert. den. 424 U.S. 955 , 96 S.Ct. 1431 , 47 L.Ed.2d 361 (1976), is consistent with some early cases like State v. Big Sheep, 75 Mont. 219 , 243 P. 1067 (1926), it appears to be a distinct exception to the current trend in western states with significant Indian populations.

11985–1985
Rogers v. State Accident Insurance Fund green
or · 1980
1 sentence

1981The court went on to point out that the two-prongs of the test had been, over the years, utilized in such a way that they had become parts of a single test: "is the relationship between the injury and the employment sufficient that the injury should be compensable?” 289 Or at 642 .

11981–1981
Bank of Commerce v. Ryan green
or · 1937
2 sentences

1945Bank of Commerce v. Ryan, 157 Or. 231 , 69 P. (2d) 964 .

1945Bank of Commerce v. Ryan, 157 Or. 231 , 69 P. (2d) 964 .

11945–1945
Benson v. State Industrial Accident Commission green
or · 1923
11940–1940
Graves v. State Industrial Accident Commission green
or · 1924
2 sentences

1940The application based upon aggravation of disability — which, according to Graves v. State Industrial Accident Commission, 112 Or. 143 , 223 P. 248 , and Benson v. State Industrial Accident Commission, 108 Or. 565 , 215 P. 878 , was a distinct claim for additional compensation — was filed on February 25, 1938.

1940The application based upon aggravation of disability — which, according to Graves v. State Industrial Accident Commission, 112 Or. 143 , 223 P. 248 , and Benson v. State Industrial Accident Commission, 108 Or. 565 , 215 P. 878 , was a distinct claim for additional compensation — was filed on February 25, 1938.

11940–1940

Where else courts name it

CA 128 (1871–2026) PA 103 (1897–2024) CT 100 (1895–2026) NY 75 (1874–2026) OH 64 (1898–2025) TX 57 (1916–2026) IL 55 (1886–2025) MI 35 (1922–2026) MO 30 (1875–2025) GA 30 (1895–2025) AZ 29 (1947–2025) NC 26 (1906–2026) FL 25 (1935–2018) AL 24 (1877–2026) WA 24 (1911–2026) LA 22 (1911–2022) MA 20 (1886–2026) NJ 19 (1896–2026) UT 18 (1968–2025) MD 17 (1910–2021) IN 16 (1906–2020) OR 15 (1940–2026) KY 15 (1880–2025) WI 15 (1873–2020) DC 14 (1987–2023) TN 13 (1924–2026) WV 13 (1946–2025) CO 13 (1923–2024) VA 12 (1882–2025) NM 11 (1981–2025) MN 8 (1904–2013) IA 8 (1900–2020) VT 7 (1921–2021) KS 7 (1926–2026) ID 6 (1985–2012) MS 6 (1934–2007) DE 6 (1946–2022) OK 6 (1907–2014) RI 5 (1915–2010) NE 5 (1894–2020) NV 5 (1979–2024) SC 5 (1926–1939) HI 5 (1923–2010) AK 4 (1971–2024) NH 4 (2018–2025) MT 4 (2000–2025) AR 3 (1959–2024) ME 3 (1864–2018) PR 2 (1934–1950) WY 2 (1931–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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