distinct test (Ohio) · Go Syfert
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distinct test in Ohio

64 Ohio opinions name it 4 courts 1898–2025 13 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
Andrews v. Ohio State Teachers Retirement System Boardgreen
ohio · 1980 · cited in 3 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1998–2019
2 sentences

2019Bd., 62 Ohio St.2d 202, 205 (1980). {¶32} “Although waiver is typical of estoppel, estoppel is a separate and distinct doctrine.” Id.

2019Bd., 62 Ohio St.2d 202, 205 (1980). {¶32} “Although waiver is typical of estoppel, estoppel is a separate and distinct doctrine.” Id.

23
Brendlin v. Californiagreen
scotus · 2007 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2011–2014
2 sentences

2014Medina No. 10CA0018-M, 2010-Ohio-4286 , ¶ 9; see also Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 256-58 (2007).

2011No. 10CA0018-M, 2010-Ohio-4286 , at ¶9; see also Brendlin v. California (2007), 551 U.S. 249, 256-58 .

22
State v. Drummondgreen
ohio · 2006 · cited in 25 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2013–2022
2 sentences

2014In addition, his entire argument states: “The manifest weight of the evidence fails to demonstrate Appellant as the ring leader behind this elaborate check cashing scheme and the witnesses’ testimony relating to this involvement was either stale or completely biased.” {¶15} “A claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence involves a separate and distinct test that is much broader [than the test for sufficiency].” State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14 , 2006-Ohio-5084 , 854 N.E.2d 1038 , ¶ 193.

2013See State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14 , 2006- Ohio-5084, ¶ 193 (“A claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence involves a separate and distinct test that is much broader [than the test for sufficiency].”). {¶26} Secondly, in Eggeman, this court held that there was no manifest miscarriage of justice because the State had presented evidence that showed: (1) the defendant’s insurance agent was located in his town; and (2) the defendant’s receipt of insurance proceeds.

125
State v. Thompkinsred
ohio · 1997 · cited in 8 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2004–2025
2 sentences

2025Co. of Youngstown v. Great Lake Plaza, Ltd., 2012-Ohio-3420 , ¶ 21 (11th Dist.) (a request for attorney fees contained within a general prayer for relief and “not laid out as a separate and distinct claim,” is construed as impliedly overruled by the trial court where it is not addressed in the judgment). {¶7} In his sole assigned error, Duebelt contends: {¶8} “The trial court’s judgment in favor of the Plaintiff-Appellee is against the manifest weight of the evidence and erroneous as a matter of law.” {¶9} When considering challenges to the weight of the evidence, an appellate court reviews “‘

2014“A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency of the evidence claim unless reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion the trier of fact did.” Chaffins at ¶ 24, citing State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 162 , 749 N.E.2d 226 (2001). {¶10} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 , 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997); Drummond at ¶ 193 (“A claim that a jury verdict is against

18
State v. Martingreen
ohioctapp · 1983 · cited in 6 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2004–2025
2 sentences

2025Co. of Youngstown v. Great Lake Plaza, Ltd., 2012-Ohio-3420 , ¶ 21 (11th Dist.) (a request for attorney fees contained within a general prayer for relief and “not laid out as a separate and distinct claim,” is construed as impliedly overruled by the trial court where it is not addressed in the judgment). {¶7} In his sole assigned error, Duebelt contends: {¶8} “The trial court’s judgment in favor of the Plaintiff-Appellee is against the manifest weight of the evidence and erroneous as a matter of law.” {¶9} When considering challenges to the weight of the evidence, an appellate court reviews “‘

2005A claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence, on the other hand, involves a separate and distinct test which is much broader. "`The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.'" Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387 * * *, quoting Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175 * * *.

16
Chubb v. Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensationgreen
ohio · 1998 · cited in 6 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2017–2023
2 sentences

2023“Although waiver is typical of estoppel, estoppel is a separate and distinct doctrine.” Chubb, 81 Ohio St.3d at 279. {¶26} Contrary to Appellant’s suggestion on appeal, Appellee did not argue the list of waiver factors was mandatory or exclusive when arguing the totality of the circumstances (surrounding Appellee’s pre-litigation silence on the arbitration topic in a response to Appellant’s lengthy pre-litigation letter) did not constitute waiver.

2020“Although waiver is typical of estoppel, estoppel is a separate and distinct doctrine.” Id., citing Chubb at 279 .

16
Eastley v. Volkmangreen
ohio · 2012 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2021–2025
2 sentences

2025Co. of Youngstown v. Great Lake Plaza, Ltd., 2012-Ohio-3420 , ¶ 21 (11th Dist.) (a request for attorney fees contained within a general prayer for relief and “not laid out as a separate and distinct claim,” is construed as impliedly overruled by the trial court where it is not addressed in the judgment). {¶7} In his sole assigned error, Duebelt contends: {¶8} “The trial court’s judgment in favor of the Plaintiff-Appellee is against the manifest weight of the evidence and erroneous as a matter of law.” {¶9} When considering challenges to the weight of the evidence, an appellate court reviews “‘

2021State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14 , 2006- Ohio-5084, 854 N.E.2d 1038 , ¶ 193; Eastley, 132 Ohio St.3d 328 , 2012-Ohio-2179 , 972 N.E.2d 517 , at ¶ 7 (the difference between a bench and a jury trial, with respect to the weight of the evidence, rests solely with the unanimity requirement for an appellate panel to reverse a jury trial).

12
State v. Purdygreen
ohioctapp · 2013 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Allen No. 1-12-56, 2013-Ohio-4105, ¶ 49 (Rogers, J., concurring), quoting State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14 , 2006-Ohio-5084 , ¶ 193.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (31)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Jenks red
ohio · 1991
2 sentences

2009In reviewing a record for sufficiency, "[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , paragraph two of the syllabus, 574 N.E.2d 492 . "[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the *Page 11 trier of facts." State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230 , paragraph one of the syllabus, 227 N.E.2d 212 . {¶ 32} "A claim that a jury ve

2009In reviewing a record for sufficiency, "[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , paragraph two of the syllabus, 574 N.E.2d 492 . "[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the *Page 11 trier of facts." State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230 , paragraph one of the syllabus, 227 N.E.2d 212 . {¶ 32} "A claim that a jury ve

52004–2009
Jackson v. Virginia red
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

2006In reviewing such a challenge, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , 574 N.E.2d 492 , paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443 U.S. 307 . 99 S.Ct. 2781 . 61 L.Ed.2d 560 . {¶ 193} A claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence involves a separate and distinct test that is much broader. “ ‘The court, reviewing t

2006In reviewing such a challenge, “[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , 574 N.E.2d 492 , paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443 U.S. 307 . 99 S.Ct. 2781 . 61 L.Ed.2d 560 . {¶ 193} A claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence involves a separate and distinct test that is much broader. “ ‘The court, reviewing t

42004–2006
State v. Scott green
ohio · 2004
2 sentences

2009The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.'" State v. Scott , 101 Ohio St.3d 31 , 2004-Ohio-10 , at ¶ 32 , quoting State v. Thompkins (1997), 78 Ohio St.3d 380 , 387 , 678 N.E.2d 541 . {¶ 33} "Knowing possession" is an essential element of the offense, which must be satisfied before the jury could find Mr.

2004In reviewing such a challenge, `[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.' State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , 574 N.E.2d 492 , paragraph two of the syllabus, following Jackson v. Virginia (1979), 443 U.S. 307 , 99 S.Ct. 2781 , 61 L.Ed.2d 560 . {¶ 38} "A claim that a jury verdict is against the manifest weight of the evidence, on the other hand, involves a separate and distinct test which is much broader. `"Th

32004–2009
State v. Perez green
ohioctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2021Mahoning No. 12 MA 110, 2013-Ohio-3587, ¶ 15 .

2019No. 12 MA 110, 2013-Ohio-3587, ¶ 15 .

22019–2021
State v. Thompkins green
ohio · 1997
1 sentence

2025Co. of Youngstown v. Great Lake Plaza, Ltd., 2012-Ohio-3420 , ¶ 21 (11th Dist.) (a request for attorney fees contained within a general prayer for relief and “not laid out as a separate and distinct claim,” is construed as impliedly overruled by the trial court where it is not addressed in the judgment). {¶7} In his sole assigned error, Duebelt contends: {¶8} “The trial court’s judgment in favor of the Plaintiff-Appellee is against the manifest weight of the evidence and erroneous as a matter of law.” {¶9} When considering challenges to the weight of the evidence, an appellate court reviews “‘

12025–2025
State ex rel. Pacheco v. Indus. Comm. (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2019
1 sentence

2025See Ryan, 2021-Ohio- 3539, at ¶ 12; Pacheco, 2019-Ohio-2954, at ¶ 24 ; Ellis, 2007-Ohio-4920 , at ¶ 6 (stating that “both defenses” of voluntary abandonment and refusal of an offer of suitable alternative employment “affect a claimant’s eligibility for temporary total disability compensation, but they derive from different compensatory theories and involve distinct analyses”).

12025–2025
Alderman v. United States green
scotus · 1969
2 sentences

2023No. 10CA0018-M, 2010-Ohio- 4286, at ¶ 9 "[S]uppression of the product of a Fourth Amendment violation can be successfully urged only by those whose rights were violated by the search itself[.]" Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165 , 171-72 89 S.Ct. 961 , 22 L.Ed.2d 176 (1969).

2023No. 10CA0018-M, 2010-Ohio- 4286, at ¶ 9 "[S]uppression of the product of a Fourth Amendment violation can be successfully urged only by those whose rights were violated by the search itself[.]" Alderman v. United States, 394 U.S. 165 , 171-72 89 S.Ct. 961 , 22 L.Ed.2d 176 (1969).

12023–2023
Doe v. Archdiocese of Cincinnati green
ohio · 2008
1 sentence

2023With estoppel, it is not necessary to intend to relinquish a right.” Id. {¶ 45} That is, “‘[e]quitable estoppel prevents relief when one party induces another to believe certain facts exist and the other party changes his position in reasonable reliance on those facts to his detriment.’” Doe v. Archdiocese of Cincinnati, 116 Ohio St.3d 538 , 2008-Ohio-67 , 880 N.E.2d 892 , ¶ 7, quoting State ex rel.

12023–2023
Jones v. McAlarney Pools, 07ca34 (3-19-2008) green
ohioctapp · 2008
1 sentence

2021No. 07CA34, 2008-Ohio-1365, ¶ 10 .1 1 In cases, such as this, where the plaintiff does not invoke a specific statutory or rule authority as a basis for its request for attorney fees and, instead, simply includes an unspecified request for attorney fees in the prayer for relief, appellate courts do not view the general request for fees as a separate and distinct claim for purposes of Civ.R. 54(B).

12021–2021
State v. White neutral
ohioctapp · 2011
1 sentence

2019Lorain No. 11CA010005, 2011-Ohio-6748, ¶ 7 , quoting State v. Redding, 9th Dist.

12019–2019
Gates v. Leonbruno green
ohioctapp · 2016
1 sentence

2018Gates v. Leonbruno , 2016-Ohio-5627 , 70 N.E.3d 1110 , ¶ 30 (8th Dist.), citing Hardesty v. Alcantara , 2015-Ohio-4591 , 48 N.E.3d 127 (8th Dist.).

12018–2018
Aultman Hospital Ass'n v. Community Mutual Insurance green
ohio · 1989
1 sentence

2016Id.

12016–2016
ProgressOhio.org, Inc. v. JobsOhio (Slip Opinion) green
ohio · 2014
2 sentences

2016The complaint also asserts standing under the public-right doctrine, citing ProgressOhio.org, 139 Ohio St.3d 520 , 2014-Ohio-2382 , 13 1 Ullmann does not develop a distinct claim of taxpayer standing, either in her complaint or in her brief to this court.

2016The complaint also asserts standing under the public-right doctrine, citing ProgressOhio.org, 139 Ohio St.3d 520 , 2014-Ohio-2382 , 13 1 Ullmann does not develop a distinct claim of taxpayer standing, either in her complaint or in her brief to this court.

12016–2016
State v. Tibbetts green
ohio · 2001
2 sentences

2014“A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency of the evidence claim unless reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion the trier of fact did.” Chaffins at ¶ 24, citing State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 162 , 749 N.E.2d 226 (2001). {¶10} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 , 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997); Drummond at ¶ 193 (“A claim that a jury verdict is against

2014“A reviewing court will not overturn a conviction on a sufficiency of the evidence claim unless reasonable minds could not reach the conclusion the trier of fact did.” Chaffins at ¶ 24, citing State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 162 , 749 N.E.2d 226 (2001). {¶10} “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is sustained by sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the weight of the evidence.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 , 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997); Drummond at ¶ 193 (“A claim that a jury verdict is against

12014–2014
State v. Forte green
ohioctapp · 2013
1 sentence

2014Cuyahoga No. 99573, 2013-Ohio-5126, ¶ 12 , quoting State v. Drummond, 111 Ohio St.3d 14 , 2006-Ohio-5084 , 854 N.E.2d 1038 , ¶ 193.

12014–2014
State ex rel. Wellington v. Mahoning County Board of Elections green
ohio · 2008
2 sentences

2010Bd. of Elections, 120 Ohio St.3d 198 , 2008-Ohio-5510 , 897 N.E.2d 641, ¶ 30 , we held that “under the plain language of R.C. 311.01(B)(9)(b), as read in the context of the entire statute, peace officer training is not acceptable to constitute course credit under R.C. 311.01(B)(9)(b), because it is already included in the eligibility requirements in R.C. 311.01(B)(8).” (Emphasis added.) We reasoned that “R.C. 311.01(B)(8) already specifies that peace officer training is a distinct requirement, along with specified employment.

2010Bd. of Elections, 120 Ohio St.3d 198 , 2008-Ohio-5510 , 897 N.E.2d 641, ¶ 30 , we held that “under the plain language of R.C. 311.01(B)(9)(b), as read in the context of the entire statute, peace officer training is not acceptable to constitute course credit under R.C. 311.01(B)(9)(b), because it is already included in the eligibility requirements in R.C. 311.01(B)(8).” (Emphasis added.) We reasoned that “R.C. 311.01(B)(8) already specifies that peace officer training is a distinct requirement, along with specified employment.

12010–2010
State v. Dehass green
ohio · 1967
2 sentences

2009In reviewing a record for sufficiency, "[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , paragraph two of the syllabus, 574 N.E.2d 492 . "[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the *Page 11 trier of facts." State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230 , paragraph one of the syllabus, 227 N.E.2d 212 . {¶ 32} "A claim that a jury ve

2009In reviewing a record for sufficiency, "[t]he relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Jenks (1991), 61 Ohio St.3d 259 , paragraph two of the syllabus, 574 N.E.2d 492 . "[T]he weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the *Page 11 trier of facts." State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230 , paragraph one of the syllabus, 227 N.E.2d 212 . {¶ 32} "A claim that a jury ve

12009–2009
State Ex Rel. Cohen v. Mazeika, Unpublished Decision (6-25-2004) neutral
ohioctapp · 2004
1 sentence

2009That is, "an inmate must allege that he submitted to the sentencing judge, or the judge's successor, a request for the disputed documents, and that the judge then issued a decision expressly finding that he needed the documents to support a justiciable claim." Cohen , 2004-Ohio-3340 , at ¶ 6 . {¶ 13} In the instant action, our review of relator's allegations indicates that he sought a copy of the "parole hearing" transcript for the purpose of examining the "new" evidence which respondent had presented about the underlying facts of his criminal case.

12009–2009
State ex rel. Russell v. Thornton green
ohio · 2006
1 sentence

2009Russell v. Thornton , 111 Ohio St.3d 409 , 2006-Ohio-5858 . 1 {¶ 12} In light of the distinct requirement for a state prisoner, this court has held that a mandamus claim before us will not state a viable cause of action unless the claim contains specific allegations in relation to R.C. 149.43 (B)(8).

12009–2009
State v. Maxwell green
ohio · 2002
1 sentence

2008This means that the State must prove that the offender knew or was reckless in knowing the victim's age, but not that the offender was reckless in engaging in sexual conduct. {¶ 28} The Ohio Supreme Court considered a similar sex-related statute in State v. Maxwell , 95 Ohio St.3d 254 , 2002-Ohio-2121 , 767 N.E.2d 242 .

12008–2008
State v. Maxwell green
ohio · 2002
1 sentence

2008This means that the State must prove that the offender knew or was reckless in knowing the victim's age, but not that the offender was reckless in engaging in sexual conduct. {¶ 28} The Ohio Supreme Court considered a similar sex-related statute in State v. Maxwell , 95 Ohio St.3d 254 , 2002-Ohio-2121 , 767 N.E.2d 242 .

12008–2008
State ex rel. Choices for South-Western City Schools v. Anthony green
ohio · 2005
2 sentences

2008Choices for South-Western City Schools v. Anthony, 108 Ohio St.3d 1 , 2005-Ohio-5362 , 840 N.E.2d 582, ¶ 40 . {¶30} Although the board and Aey assert that the language of R.C. 311.01(B)(9)(b) should be broadly read to include the credits for peace office training, R.C. 311.01(B)(8) already specifies that peace officer training is a distinct requirement, along with specified employment.

2008Choices for South-Western City Schools v. Anthony, 108 Ohio St.3d 1 , 2005-Ohio-5362 , 840 N.E.2d 582, ¶ 40 . {¶30} Although the board and Aey assert that the language of R.C. 311.01(B)(9)(b) should be broadly read to include the credits for peace office training, R.C. 311.01(B)(8) already specifies that peace officer training is a distinct requirement, along with specified employment.

12008–2008
Grindell v. Huber green
ohio · 1971
12007–2007
Noble v. Colwell green
ohio · 1989
12000–2000
Gallimore v. Children's Hospital Medical Center green
ohio · 1993
12000–2000
Coleman v. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Corp. neutral
ohio · 1996
12000–2000
Prudential Property & Casualty Insurance v. LaMarr green
ohioctapp · 1993
11999–1999
Park v. Ambrose green
ohioctapp · 1993
11996–1996
Rees v. Heimberger green
ohioctapp · 1989
11996–1996
Wood v. Shepard green
ohio · 1988
11989–1989
City of Cincinnati v. Rice green
· 1846
11898–1898

Statutes the citing opinions construe

OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.14 (11) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.11 (8) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.11 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2941.25 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2953.08 (7) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2901.01 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2901.05 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2903.02 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2913.02 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2925.11 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.12 (4) OH § Ohio Rev. Code § 2929.04 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 128 (1871–2026) PA 103 (1897–2024) CT 100 (1895–2026) NY 75 (1874–2026) OH 64 (1898–2025) TX 57 (1916–2026) IL 55 (1886–2025) MI 35 (1922–2026) MO 30 (1875–2025) GA 30 (1895–2025) AZ 29 (1947–2025) NC 26 (1906–2026) FL 25 (1935–2018) AL 24 (1877–2026) WA 24 (1911–2026) LA 22 (1911–2022) MA 20 (1886–2026) NJ 19 (1896–2026) UT 18 (1968–2025) MD 17 (1910–2021) IN 16 (1906–2020) OR 15 (1940–2026) KY 15 (1880–2025) WI 15 (1873–2020) DC 14 (1987–2023) TN 13 (1924–2026) WV 13 (1946–2025) CO 13 (1923–2024) VA 12 (1882–2025) NM 11 (1981–2025) MN 8 (1904–2013) IA 8 (1900–2020) VT 7 (1921–2021) KS 7 (1926–2026) ID 6 (1985–2012) MS 6 (1934–2007) DE 6 (1946–2022) OK 6 (1907–2014) RI 5 (1915–2010) NE 5 (1894–2020) NV 5 (1979–2024) SC 5 (1926–1939) HI 5 (1923–2010) AK 4 (1971–2024) NH 4 (2018–2025) MT 4 (2000–2025) AR 3 (1959–2024) ME 3 (1864–2018) PR 2 (1934–1950) WY 2 (1931–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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