provision rule (Texas) · Go Syfert
← Texas issues

provision rule in Texas

103 Texas opinions name it 5 courts 1890–2025 10 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (32)

CaseFollowedCited
Issac v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1999 · cited in 5 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2022
2 sentences

2022App. 2013); see In Interest of S.V., 599 S.W.3d 25 , 32 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2017, pet. denied) (“The requirement that the missing portion of the record “is necessary to the appeal’s resolution” is a harm analysis.”) (citing Issac v. State, 989 S.W.2d 754, 757 (Tex. Crim.

2007"The provision in the rule that the appellant show that the missing portion of the record is necessary to her appeal is itself a harm analysis." Issac v. State , 989 S.W.2d 754, 757 (Tex. Crim.

55
Nava, Andres Maldonadogreen
texcrimapp · 2013 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2022
2 sentences

2022“The provision in the rule that the appellant show that the missing portion of the record is necessary to her appeal is itself a harm analysis.” When an appellant has not been harmed by the missing portion of the record, he should not be granted relief. 415 S.W.3d 289, 306 (Tex. Crim.

2022“The provision in the rule that the appellant show that the missing portion of the record is necessary to her appeal is itself a harm analysis.” When an appellant has not been harmed by the missing portion of the record, he should not be granted relief. 415 S.W.3d 289, 306 (Tex. Crim.

34
Ben Bolt-Palito Blanco Consolidated Independent School District v. Texas Political Subdivisions Property/Casualty Joint Self-Insurance Fundgreen
tex · 2006 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2011–2012
2 sentences

2012See id. at 327-28 .

2012See id. at 327–28.

33
Garza v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2004 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005The case law has limited this provision to require an instruction "only if there is a factual dispute about how the evidence was obtained." Garza v. State , 126 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. Crim.

2005The case law has limited this provision to require an instruction “only if there is a factual dispute about how the evidence was obtained.” Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. Crim.

33
Jordan v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1978 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005App. 2004); see Jordan v. State , 562 S.W.2d 472, 472-73 (Tex. Crim.

2005The case law has limited this provision to require an instruction “only if there is a factual dispute about how the evidence was obtained.” Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex.Crim.App.2004); see Jordan v. State, 562 S.W.2d 472, 472-73 (Tex.Crim.App.1978).

33
Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc.green
scotus · 1995 · cited in 3 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
2 sentences

2003See Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 63 , 115 S.Ct. 1212, 1219 , 131 L.Ed.2d 76 (1995); MCI Telecomms.

2003See Mastrobuono v. Shearson Lehman Hutton, Inc., 514 U.S. 52, 63 , 115 S.Ct. 1212, 1219 , 131 L.Ed.2d 76 (1995); MCI Telecomms.

33
Prudential Insurance Co. of America v. Jefferson Associates, Ltd.green
tex · 1995 · cited in 7 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2001–2024
2 sentences

2024Id. (“We think it too obvious for argument that an ‘as is’ agreement freely 12 negotiated by similarly sophisticated parties as part of the bargain in an arm’s-length transaction has a different effect than a provision in a standard form contract which cannot be negotiated and cannot serve as the basis of the parties’ bargain.”).

2016Id. –6– Thus, an as-is clause may not be controlling if it appears in a standard form contract that cannot be negotiated nor serve as the basis of the parties’ bargain, particularly if the parties are not equally sophisticated.

27
Routier v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 2003 · cited in 6 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2012–2016
2 sentences

2016“The provision in the rule that the appellant show that the missing portion of the record is necessary to her appeal is itself a harm analysis.” Id. (quoting Routier v. State, 112 S.W.3d 554, 571 (Tex. Crim.

2014“The provision in the rule that the appellant show that the missing portion of the record is necessary to h[is] appeal is itself a harm analysis.” Routier v. State, 112 S.W.3d 554, 571 (Tex. Crim.

26
The Stone Ft. Natl. Bank v. Forbessgreen
tex · 1936 · cited in 4 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1941–1976
2 sentences

1976Bank of Nacogdoches v. Forbess, 126 Tex. 568 , 91 S.W.2d 674, 676 (1936), we find this statement: “The provision of exception 23 of article 1995, supra, which permits ‘a private corporation, association or joint stock company’ to be sued ‘in any county in which the cause of action, or a part thereof, arose,’ means that either some part of the transaction creating the primary right, or some part of the transaction relating to the breach of that right, must have occurred in the county where the suit is brought.” Then, in Employers Casualty Company v. Clark, 491 S.W.2d 661 (Tex.1973), it was made

1976Bank of Nacogdoches v. Forbess, 126 Tex. 568 , 91 S.W.2d 674, 676 (1936), we find this statement: “The provision of exception 23 of article 1995, supra, which permits ‘a private corporation, association or joint stock company’ to be sued ‘in any county in which the cause of action, or a part thereof, arose,’ means that either some part of the transaction creating the primary right, or some part of the transaction relating to the breach of that right, must have occurred in the county where the suit is brought.” Then, in Employers Casualty Company v. Clark, 491 S.W.2d 661 (Tex.1973), it was made

24
Jones v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1992 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Jones v. State, 843 S.W.2d 487, 491 (Tex. Crim.

2024Jones v. State, 843 S.W.2d 487, 491 (Tex. Crim.

22
Carlos A. Arias v. Stategreen
texapp · 2015 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Arias v. State, 477 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.).

2016Arias v. State, 477 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.).

22
Prairie View A&M University v. Diljit K. Chathagreen
tex · 2012 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See Chatha, 381 S.W.3d at 512 . c.Requirement Must Precede Suit “[T]he requirement must be met before the lawsuit is filed.” Id.

2014See Chatha, 381 S.W.3d at 512 . c.Requirement Must Precede Suit “[T]he requirement must be met before the lawsuit is filed.” Id.

22
Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldongreen
tex · 2000 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004The Texas Supreme Court, in setting forth the proper analysis to be applied when considering whether a statutory classification violates the Texas Constitution’s equal protection guarantee, has held that, “[w]here the classification does not impinge on a fundamental right, or distinguish between persons on a suspect basis such as race or national origin, it is valid as long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state purpose.” Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldon , 22 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex. 2000) (quoting Trinity River Auth. v. URS Consultants, Inc. , 889 S.W.2d 259, 264 (Tex. 1994)).

2004The Texas Supreme Court, in setting forth the proper analysis to be applied when considering whether a statutory classification violates *901 the Texas Constitution’s equal protection guarantee, has held that, “[w]here the classification does not impinge on a fundamental right, or distinguish between persons on a suspect basis such as race or national origin, it is valid as long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state purpose.” Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldon, 22 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex.2000) (quoting Trinity River Auth. v. URS Consultants, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 259, 264 (Tex.1994)).

22
Trinity River Authority v. URS Consultants, Inc.green
tex · 1994 · cited in 2 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004The Texas Supreme Court, in setting forth the proper analysis to be applied when considering whether a statutory classification violates the Texas Constitution’s equal protection guarantee, has held that, “[w]here the classification does not impinge on a fundamental right, or distinguish between persons on a suspect basis such as race or national origin, it is valid as long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state purpose.” Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldon , 22 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex. 2000) (quoting Trinity River Auth. v. URS Consultants, Inc. , 889 S.W.2d 259, 264 (Tex. 1994)).

2004The Texas Supreme Court, in setting forth the proper analysis to be applied when considering whether a statutory classification violates *901 the Texas Constitution’s equal protection guarantee, has held that, “[w]here the classification does not impinge on a fundamental right, or distinguish between persons on a suspect basis such as race or national origin, it is valid as long as it is rationally related to a legitimate state purpose.” Ford Motor Co. v. Sheldon, 22 S.W.3d 444, 451 (Tex.2000) (quoting Trinity River Auth. v. URS Consultants, Inc., 889 S.W.2d 259, 264 (Tex.1994)).

22
In the Estate of Gomezgreen
texapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See Bennett v. Seals, No. 01-08-00079-CV, 2009 WL 276769 , at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 5, 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.); In re Est. of Gomez, 161 S.W.3d 615, 616 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2005, no pet.).

11
In re Lipskygreen
tex · 2015 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Rio Grande H2O Guardian v. Robert Muller Family P’ship Ltd., No. 04-13-00441-CV, 2014 WL 309776 , at *5 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 29, 2014, no pet.), disapproved on other grounds by In re Lipsky, 460 S.W.3d at 587 .

11
Beets v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Tex. S.B. 719, 86th Leg., R.S. (2019). 30 from the benefits assessed on the death of the victim,” see Beets, 767 S.W.2d at 736 , simply because the defendant acted through another individual who sought to receive no such benefit.

11
Combs v. Entertainment Publications, Inc.green
texapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See, e.g. , Combs v. Entertainment Publ'ns, Inc. , 292 S.W.3d 712 , 722-23 (Tex. App.-Austin 2009, no pet.) (reasoning that prohibition against declaratory relief found in section 112.108 does not bar all declaratory relief and did not preclude declaratory relief regarding validity of rule).

11
Garofolo v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, L.L.C.green
tex · 2016 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017Garofolo v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, L.L.C., 497 S.W.3d 474, 477 (Tex. 2016).

11
Del Lago Partners, Inc. v. Smithgreen
tex · 2010 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015See, e.g., Del Lago, 307 S.W.3d at 774 (stating that “[i]n some circumstances, no warning can suffice as reasonably prudent action to reduce or remove an unreasonable risk”).

11
Cowling v. Colligangreen
tex · 1958 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Newman v. Obersteller Ex Rel. Oberstellergreen
tex · 1997 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Zarsky v. Zurich Management, Inc.green
texapp · 1992 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
In Re Hanselgreen
txsb · 1993 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Terra Nova Insurance Company, Ltd. v. 900 Bar, Inc.green
ca3 · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
Davis v. R. Sanders & Associates Custom Builders, Inc.green
texapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Trustees of the Casa View Assembly of God Church v. Williamsgreen
texapp · 1967 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
Lone Star Gas Co. v. Railroad Commissiongreen
tex · 1989 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
Williams v. Floridagreen
scotus · 1970 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
11
Preferred Life Ins. Co. v. Stephenville Hospitalgreen
texapp · 1953 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
Bethea v. National Casualty Companygreen
texapp · 1957 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
11
Oates v. Oatesgreen
texapp · 1976 · cited in 1 Texas opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Texas. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (48)

CaseCitedYears
Employers Casualty Company v. Clark green
tex · 1973
2 sentences

1976Bank of Nacogdoches v. Forbess, 126 Tex. 568 , 91 S.W.2d 674, 676 (1936), we find this statement: “The provision of exception 23 of article 1995, supra, which permits ‘a private corporation, association or joint stock company’ to be sued ‘in any county in which the cause of action, or a part thereof, arose,’ means that either some part of the transaction creating the primary right, or some part of the transaction relating to the breach of that right, must have occurred in the county where the suit is brought.” Then, in Employers Casualty Company v. Clark, 491 S.W.2d 661 (Tex.1973), it was made

1975In Stone Fort National Bank of Nacogdoches v. Forbess, 126 Tex. 568 , 91 S.W.2d 674, 676 (1936), we find this statement: “The provision of exception 23 of article 1995, supra, which permits ‘a private corporation, association or joint stock company’ to be sued ‘in any county in which the cause of action, or a part thereof, arose,’ means that either some part of the transaction creating the primary right, or some part of the transaction relating to the breach of that right, must have occurred in the county where the suit is brought.” Then, in Employers Casualty Company v. Clark, 491 S.W.2d 661

21975–1976
Myers v. Minnick green
texapp · 1945
2 sentences

1965In Myers v. Minnick, Tex.Civ.App., 187 S.W.2d 941 , Justice Norvell, now of our Supreme Court, said: “Under this provision of the rule, appellant, despite his failure to object to the submission of Special Issue No. 1, may here present his contention that the jury’s answer to Special Issue No. 1 is without support in the evidence.

1961The objection so raised for the first time is entitled to our consideration, for the last sentence of Rule 279, T.R.C.P. provides as follows: “A claim that the evidence was insufficient to warrant the submission of any issue may be made for the first time after verdict, regardless of whether the submission of such issue was requested by the complaining party.” In Myers v. Minnick, Tex.Civ.App., 187 S.W.2d 941, 943 , Justice Norvell now of our Supreme Court, but then speaking for the San Antonio Court of Civil Appeals, said: “Under this provision of the rule, appellant, despite his failure to o

21961–1965
El Paso Electric Ry. Co. v. Lee green
texapp · 1913
2 sentences

1913In opinion rendered upon rehearing in El Paso Electric Railway Co. v. Lee, 157 S. W. 748 , recently filed and not yet officially reported, we at length state our reasons for declining to consider assignments of error which do not comply with that provision of amended rule 25, which requires the same to refer to that portion of the motion for a new trial in which the error is complained of.

1913In an opinion rendered upon rehearing in El Paso Electric Railway Company v. Lee, 157 S.W. 748 , recently filed, and not yet reported, we at length state our reasons for declining to consider assignments of error which do not comply with said amended rule.

21913–1913
Camp v. Hawley Independent School Dist. neutral
texapp · 1912
2 sentences

1913Davidson v. Patton (Amarillo) 149 S. W. 757 ; Murphy v. Earl, (El Paso) 150 S. W. 486 ; Railway Co. v. Ledbetter (Dallas) 153 S. W. 646 ; Railway Co. v. Gray (Austin) 154 S. W. 229 ; Jones v. Edwards (San Antonio) 152 S. W. 727 ; Allen v. Kitchen (Austin) 156 S. W. 331 . [2] Various of the assignments herein relate to the action of the court in giving and refusing charges; and, in declining to consider the same, we are not unmindful of the recent opinion rendered by the Supreme Court in Railway Co. v. Beasley, 155 S. W. 183 , wherein it was held that the giving and refusing of charges need not

1913Railway Co. v. Ledbetter, 153 S. W. 646 ; Nunn v. Yeale, 149 S. W. 758 ; Murphy v. Earl, 150 S. W. 486 ; Tiefel v. Winn & Maxwell, 154 S. W. 319 ; Railway Co. v. Gray, 154 S. W. 229 . [2] The assignments as copied in the brief cannot be considered for the further reason that they are not true copies of the originals appearing in the record, and this court has uniformly declined to consider assignments incorrectly copied in the brief.

21913–1913
St. Louis Southwestern Ry. Co. of Texas v. Ledbetter neutral
texapp · 1913
2 sentences

1913Davidson v. Patton (Amarillo) 149 S. W. 757 ; Murphy v. Earl, (El Paso) 150 S. W. 486 ; Railway Co. v. Ledbetter (Dallas) 153 S. W. 646 ; Railway Co. v. Gray (Austin) 154 S. W. 229 ; Jones v. Edwards (San Antonio) 152 S. W. 727 ; Allen v. Kitchen (Austin) 156 S. W. 331 . [2] Various of the assignments herein relate to the action of the court in giving and refusing charges; and, in declining to consider the same, we are not unmindful of the recent opinion rendered by the Supreme Court in Railway Co. v. Beasley, 155 S. W. 183 , wherein it was held that the giving and refusing of charges need not

1913Railway Co. v. Ledbetter, 153 S. W. 646 ; Nunn v. Yeale, 149 S. W. 758 ; Murphy v. Earl, 150 S. W. 486 ; Tiefel v. Winn & Maxwell, 154 S. W. 319 ; Railway Co. v. Gray, 154 S. W. 229 . [2] The assignments as copied in the brief cannot be considered for the further reason that they are not true copies of the originals appearing in the record, and this court has uniformly declined to consider assignments incorrectly copied in the brief.

21913–1913
San Antonio & A. P. Ry. Co. v. Gray neutral
texapp · 1913
2 sentences

1913Davidson v. Patton (Amarillo) 149 S. W. 757 ; Murphy v. Earl, (El Paso) 150 S. W. 486 ; Railway Co. v. Ledbetter (Dallas) 153 S. W. 646 ; Railway Co. v. Gray (Austin) 154 S. W. 229 ; Jones v. Edwards (San Antonio) 152 S. W. 727 ; Allen v. Kitchen (Austin) 156 S. W. 331 . [2] Various of the assignments herein relate to the action of the court in giving and refusing charges; and, in declining to consider the same, we are not unmindful of the recent opinion rendered by the Supreme Court in Railway Co. v. Beasley, 155 S. W. 183 , wherein it was held that the giving and refusing of charges need not

1913Railway Co. v. Ledbetter, 153 S. W. 646 ; Nunn v. Yeale, 149 S. W. 758 ; Murphy v. Earl, 150 S. W. 486 ; Tiefel v. Winn & Maxwell, 154 S. W. 319 ; Railway Co. v. Gray, 154 S. W. 229 . [2] The assignments as copied in the brief cannot be considered for the further reason that they are not true copies of the originals appearing in the record, and this court has uniformly declined to consider assignments incorrectly copied in the brief.

21913–1913
Scott v. Cunningham neutral
tex · 1883
2 sentences

1910The probate law of 1870 seems to give emphasis to the provision that as a rule, creditors have no claim upon the property of a decedent previously exempt from forced sale, by prescribing that in case a constituent of the family survive such property ‘does not form any part of the estate of a deceased person.’ In Scott v. Cunningham, 60 Texas, 566 , this provision was given a construction in harmony with the former laws upon the same subject.

1890The probate law of 1870 seems to give emphasis to the provision that as a rule creditors have no claim upon the property of a decedent previously exempt from forced sale, by prescribing that in case a constituent of the family survive such property “does not form any part of the estate of a deceased person.” In Scott v. Cunningham, 60 Texas, 566 , this provision was given a construction in harmony with the former laws upon the same subject.

21890–1910
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission v. IT-Davy green
tex · 2002
1 sentence

2025See City of Houston v. Williams, 353 in a July 2011 meet-and-confer agreement S.W.3d 128, 149 (Tex. 2011) ; Tex. Natural Res. between HMEPS and the City: Conservation Comm'n v. IT–Davy, 74 S.W.3d 849 , 855–57 (Tex. 2002).

12025–2025
Meyers v. JDC/Firethorne, Ltd. green
· 2018
1 sentence

2021See Pike, 610 S.W.3d at 774 & n.6 (noting that “statutory requirements and elements of a claim necessary to prevail on the merits are not jurisdictional” and that “a plaintiff does not lack standing in its proper, jurisdictional sense ‘simply because he cannot prevail on the merits of his claim; he lacks standing [when] his claim of injury is too slight for a court to afford redress’” (quoting Meyers v. JDC/Firethorne, Ltd., 548 S.W.3d 477 , 484–85 (Tex. 2018))).

12021–2021
Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of America v. Pool green
tex · 2003
1 sentence

2014The purpose of this provision is to bar any claim of limitations title by Lessee and thus abrogate the application of any theories under which relief was granted in Natural Gas Pipeline Co. v. Pool, 124 S.W. 3d 188 (Tex. Sup. 2003), or similar authority.

12014–2014
Capital Senior Management 1, Inc. v. Texas Department of Human Services green
texapp · 2004
12014–2014
Lathem v. Kruse green
texapp · 2009
12011–2011
Michaelian v. State Compensation Insurance Fund green
calctapp · 1996
11998–1998
Crimmins v. Lowry green
tex · 1985
11993–1993
Williams v. City of Angleton green
texapp · 1987
11993–1993
United States v. Salerno green
· 1991
11992–1992
Bourjaily v. United States green
scotus · 1987
11991–1991
Henderson v. Nitschke green
texapp · 1971
11991–1991
Ex Parte Cooper neutral
texcrimapp · 1965
11990–1990
Johnson v. State green
texapp · 1988
11990–1990
National Equipment Rental, Ltd. v. Szukhent green
scotus · 1964
11982–1982
Horn v. Nationwide Financial Corp. green
texapp · 1978
11980–1980
Ivy v. Carrell green
tex · 1966
11980–1980
Mokry v. University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas green
texapp · 1975
11978–1978
Clabon v. Harris County Hospital District neutral
texapp · 1978
11978–1978
McGuire v. Overton Memorial Hospital green
texapp · 1974
11978–1978
Lowe v. Texas Tech University green
tex · 1976
11978–1978
Overton Memorial Hospital v. McGuire green
tex · 1975
11978–1978
Sullins v. City of Roma neutral
texapp · 1959
11977–1977
Bray v. Miller green
texapp · 1965
11976–1976
Jinks v. Jinks green
texapp · 1947
11976–1976
Coleman v. Banks green
texapp · 1961
11976–1976
Watson v. Godwin green
texapp · 1968
11976–1976
Chapa v. State green
texcrimapp · 1961
11974–1974
Irven v. State neutral
texcrimapp · 1940
11974–1974
Moore v. Kirgan green
texapp · 1952
11971–1971
Jamson v. Poulos green
neb · 1969
11971–1971
Jerrell v. Jerrell green
texapp · 1966
11970–1970
Green v. WE Grace Manufacturing Company green
tex · 1968
11970–1970
Wooten v. Dallas Hunting & Fishing Club, Inc. green
texapp · 1968
11970–1970

Statutes the citing opinions construe

TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.02 (11) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 7.02 (5) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 19.03 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 31.03 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 71.02 (4) TX § Tex. Penal Code § 71.03 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 121 (1890–2025) TX 103 (1890–2025) OH 96 (1917–2026) PA 65 (1907–2020) NY 58 (1854–2023) FL 49 (1942–2024) IL 48 (1898–2026) MA 34 (1923–2019) MI 30 (1894–2026) UT 21 (1975–2024) NJ 20 (1950–2025) MO 19 (1904–2018) WA 17 (1893–2026) IA 16 (1896–2024) MN 15 (1916–2017) MD 15 (1933–2019) GA 14 (1911–2017) SC 14 (1905–2021) AL 14 (1901–2013) OR 14 (1943–2026) LA 14 (1936–2015) MS 14 (1922–2021) CO 13 (1905–2022) NM 13 (1937–2021) OK 12 (1918–2022) AR 12 (1912–2022) WI 12 (1925–2022) CT 12 (1932–2016) TN 12 (1902–2022) NC 10 (1960–2025) VA 9 (1974–2024) IN 9 (1913–2024) KY 8 (1903–2007) AZ 8 (1962–2024) NH 7 (1977–2024) WV 7 (1932–2018) ID 7 (1942–2012) DE 7 (1967–2024) VT 6 (2015–2021) KS 6 (1913–1997) HI 6 (1902–2010) WY 5 (1923–2013) AK 5 (1974–1998) NE 5 (1920–2015) DC 5 (1982–2014) ND 5 (1909–2011) NV 4 (1970–2023) SD 3 (1970–1994) RI 3 (1998–2013) PR 2 (1954–1965) MT 2 (2012–2016)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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