salutary rule (North Dakota) · Go Syfert
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salutary rule in North Dakota

11 North Dakota opinions name it 1 courts 1901–2007 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by North Dakota courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (1)

CaseFollowedCited
Ell v. Ellgreen
nd · 1980 · cited in 1 North Dakota opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
1 sentence

1997Under Ell , in a reformation action any parol evidence which tends to show a mistake or the parties’ true intent is admissible. [¶ 14] D.T.L. argues Fargo was not entitled to reformation of the quit claim deed *277 because it failed to prove a mistake by clear and convincing evidence. [¶ 15] In Ell, 295 N.W.2d at 150 (emphasis in original), we also said: The burden of proof rests on the party who seeks reformation to prove that the written instrument does not fully or truly state the agreement that the parties intended to make_ Further, ... “[P]arol evidence of an alleged mutual mistake as a b

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in North Dakota. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (28)

CaseCitedYears
cluster 372543 green
ca5 · 1980
1 sentence

2007“The purpose of this salutary requirement is to protect the nonparty members of the class from unjust or unfair settlements affecting their rights” as well as to minimize conflicts that “may arise between the attorney and the class, between the named plaintiffs and the absentees, and between various subclasses.” Id. at 1327-28 .

12007–2007
Blackman v. Folsom green
iowa · 1972
1 sentence

1980Blackman v. Folsom, 200 N.W.2d 542 (Iowa 1972).

11980–1980
Ferderer v. Northern Pacific Railway Co. green
nd · 1950
2 sentences

1964Co., 77 N.D. 169 , 42 N.W.2d 216 ; Froh v. Hein, et al., 76 N.D. 701 , 39 N.W.2d 11 ; Hoffer v. Burd, et al., 78 N.D. 278 , 49 N.W.2d 282 .

1964Co., 77 N.D. 169 , 42 N.W.2d 216 ; Froh v. Hein, et al., 76 N.D. 701 , 39 N.W.2d 11 ; Hoffer v. Burd, et al., 78 N.D. 278 , 49 N.W.2d 282 .

11964–1964
Hoffer v. Burd green
nd · 1951
2 sentences

1964Co., 77 N.D. 169 , 42 N.W.2d 216 ; Froh v. Hein, et al., 76 N.D. 701 , 39 N.W.2d 11 ; Hoffer v. Burd, et al., 78 N.D. 278 , 49 N.W.2d 282 .

1964Co., 77 N.D. 169 , 42 N.W.2d 216 ; Froh v. Hein, et al., 76 N.D. 701 , 39 N.W.2d 11 ; Hoffer v. Burd, et al., 78 N.D. 278 , 49 N.W.2d 282 .

11964–1964
Froh v. Hein green
nd · 1949
2 sentences

1964Co., 77 N.D. 169 , 42 N.W.2d 216 ; Froh v. Hein, et al., 76 N.D. 701 , 39 N.W.2d 11 ; Hoffer v. Burd, et al., 78 N.D. 278 , 49 N.W.2d 282 .

1964Co., 77 N.D. 169 , 42 N.W.2d 216 ; Froh v. Hein, et al., 76 N.D. 701 , 39 N.W.2d 11 ; Hoffer v. Burd, et al., 78 N.D. 278 , 49 N.W.2d 282 .

11964–1964
Durso v. A. D. Cozzolino, Inc. green
conn · 1941
2 sentences

1962In Turner v. Hall’s Administratrix, (Ky) 252 S.W.2d 30 it was said: “Family Purpose Doctrine is a humanitarian one designed for the protection of the public generally, and resulting from recognition of the fact that in the vast majority of instances an infant has not sufficient property in his own right to indemnify one who may suffer from his negligent act.” In King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217 , 204 S.W. 296 , L.R.A.1918F, 293, it was said: “We think the practical administration of justice between the parties is more the duty of the court than the preservation of some esoteric theory concerning

1962In Turner v. Hall’s Administratrix, (Ky) 252 S.W.2d 30 it was said: “Family Purpose Doctrine is a humanitarian one designed for the protection of the public generally, and resulting from recognition of the fact that in the vast majority of instances an infant has not sufficient property in his own right to indemnify one who may suffer from his negligent act.” In King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217 , 204 S.W. 296 , L.R.A.1918F, 293, it was said: “We think the practical administration of justice between the parties is more the duty of the court than the preservation of some esoteric theory concerning

11962–1962
King v. Smythe green
tenn · 1918
1 sentence

1962In Turner v. Hall’s Administratrix, (Ky) 252 S.W.2d 30 it was said: “Family Purpose Doctrine is a humanitarian one designed for the protection of the public generally, and resulting from recognition of the fact that in the vast majority of instances an infant has not sufficient property in his own right to indemnify one who may suffer from his negligent act.” In King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217 , 204 S.W. 296 , L.R.A.1918F, 293, it was said: “We think the practical administration of justice between the parties is more the duty of the court than the preservation of some esoteric theory concerning

11962–1962
Turner v. Hall's Adm'x green
kyctapphigh · 1952
1 sentence

1962In Turner v. Hall’s Administratrix, (Ky) 252 S.W.2d 30 it was said: “Family Purpose Doctrine is a humanitarian one designed for the protection of the public generally, and resulting from recognition of the fact that in the vast majority of instances an infant has not sufficient property in his own right to indemnify one who may suffer from his negligent act.” In King v. Smythe, 140 Tenn. 217 , 204 S.W. 296 , L.R.A.1918F, 293, it was said: “We think the practical administration of justice between the parties is more the duty of the court than the preservation of some esoteric theory concerning

11962–1962
Pollard v. Wegener green
wis · 1861
1 sentence

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

11956–1956
Damp v. Town of Dane green
· 1872
1 sentence

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

11956–1956
Butler v. Wagner green
wis · 1874
1 sentence

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

11956–1956
Mathie v. McIntosh neutral
wis · 1876
1 sentence

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

11956–1956
Territory of Dakota v. O'Hare green
· 1890
2 sentences

1956In Territory v. O’Hare, supra, 1 N.D. at page 45 , 44 N.W. at page 1008 , it was said: “We hold that the right of cross-examination as to outside matters of fact, which affect the general character of the witness, and tend to degrade him, and affect his credibility, is within the limits of a sound judicial discretion, a salutary rule.” In State v. Kent (State v. Pancoast), 5 N.D. 516, 557 , 67 N.W. 1052, 1063 , 35 L.R.A. 518 , it was said, “Where a cross-examiner seeks to impair the credibility of a witness by proof of collateral crimes, he should be confined to specific acts.

1956In Territory v. O’Hare, supra, 1 N.D. at page 45 , 44 N.W. at page 1008 , it was said: “We hold that the right of cross-examination as to outside matters of fact, which affect the general character of the witness, and tend to degrade him, and affect his credibility, is within the limits of a sound judicial discretion, a salutary rule.” In State v. Kent (State v. Pancoast), 5 N.D. 516, 557 , 67 N.W. 1052, 1063 , 35 L.R.A. 518 , it was said, “Where a cross-examiner seeks to impair the credibility of a witness by proof of collateral crimes, he should be confined to specific acts.

11956–1956
State v. Rozum green
nd · 1899
2 sentences

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

11956–1956
State v. Ekanger neutral
nd · 1899
2 sentences

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

11956–1956
State v. Kent green
· 1896
2 sentences

1956In Territory v. O’Hare, supra, 1 N.D. at page 45 , 44 N.W. at page 1008 , it was said: “We hold that the right of cross-examination as to outside matters of fact, which affect the general character of the witness, and tend to degrade him, and affect his credibility, is within the limits of a sound judicial discretion, a salutary rule.” In State v. Kent (State v. Pancoast), 5 N.D. 516, 557 , 67 N.W. 1052, 1063 , 35 L.R.A. 518 , it was said, “Where a cross-examiner seeks to impair the credibility of a witness by proof of collateral crimes, he should be confined to specific acts.

1956In Territory v. O’Hare, supra, 1 N.D. at page 45 , 44 N.W. at page 1008 , it was said: “We hold that the right of cross-examination as to outside matters of fact, which affect the general character of the witness, and tend to degrade him, and affect his credibility, is within the limits of a sound judicial discretion, a salutary rule.” In State v. Kent (State v. Pancoast), 5 N.D. 516, 557 , 67 N.W. 1052, 1063 , 35 L.R.A. 518 , it was said, “Where a cross-examiner seeks to impair the credibility of a witness by proof of collateral crimes, he should be confined to specific acts.

11956–1956
State v. Keillor green
nd · 1924
2 sentences

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

11956–1956
Meyer v. Garthwaite green
wis · 1896
2 sentences

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

11956–1956
In re Guardianship of Klein neutral
wis · 1897
2 sentences

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

11956–1956
Burnham v. Norton neutral
wis · 1898
2 sentences

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

1956Pollard v. Wegener, 13 Wis. 569 ; Damp v. Town of Dane, 29 Wis. 419 ; Butler v. Wagner, 35 Wis. 54 ; Mathie v. McIntosh, 40 Wis. 120 ; Meyer v. Garthwaite, 92 Wis. 571 , 66 N.W. 704 ; In re Klein, 95 Wis. 246 , 70 N.W. 64 ; Burnham v. Norton, 100 Wis. 8 , 75 N.W. 304 , 12 Ency.Pl. & Pr. 187, 190: “ ‘When it appears that the court has no jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the suit, it will take notice of the defect whether objection is made or not, and will dismiss or stay proceedings ex mero motu, [Of ones own accord] and it is its duty to do so without determining any other matter involv

11956–1956
State v. King green
nd · 1925
2 sentences

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

11956–1956
State v. Fury green
nd · 1925
2 sentences

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

1956He may ask the witness whether or not he committed the act, or whether he has been convicted thereof or imprisoned therefor.” To the same effect are State v. Rozum, 8 N.D. 548 , 80 N.W. 477 ; State v. Ekanger, 8 N.D. 559 , 80 N.W. 482 ; State v. Keillor, 50 N.D. 728 , 197 N.W. 859 ; State v. Fury, 53 N.D. 333 , 205 N.W. 877 ; State v. King, 53 N.D. 95 , 204 N.W. 969 .

11956–1956
Jacobs v. Bever neutral
nd · 1952
1 sentence

1953Jacobs v. Bever, N.D., 55 N.W.2d 512 ; Westerso v. City of Williston, 77 N.D. 251 , 42 N.W.2d 429 , and cases cited on pages 259 and 260 of 77 N.D., and on pages 433 and 434 of 42 N.W.2d.

11953–1953
Westerso v. City of Williston green
nd · 1950
2 sentences

1953Jacobs v. Bever, N.D., 55 N.W.2d 512 ; Westerso v. City of Williston, 77 N.D. 251 , 42 N.W.2d 429 , and cases cited on pages 259 and 260 of 77 N.D., and on pages 433 and 434 of 42 N.W.2d.

1953Jacobs v. Bever, N.D., 55 N.W.2d 512 ; Westerso v. City of Williston, 77 N.D. 251 , 42 N.W.2d 429 , and cases cited on pages 259 and 260 of 77 N.D., and on pages 433 and 434 of 42 N.W.2d.

11953–1953
State v. Glass green
nd · 1915
2 sentences

1931State v. Glass, 29 N. D. 620 , 151 N. W. 229 ; Jensen v. Clausen, 34 N. D. 637 , 159 N. W. 30 ; Kanable v. Great Northern R.

1931State v. Glass, 29 N. D. 620 , 151 N. W. 229 ; Jensen v. Clausen, 34 N. D. 637 , 159 N. W. 30 ; Kanable v. Great Northern R.

11931–1931
Jensen v. Clausen green
nd · 1916
2 sentences

1931State v. Glass, 29 N. D. 620 , 151 N. W. 229 ; Jensen v. Clausen, 34 N. D. 637 , 159 N. W. 30 ; Kanable v. Great Northern R.

1931State v. Glass, 29 N. D. 620 , 151 N. W. 229 ; Jensen v. Clausen, 34 N. D. 637 , 159 N. W. 30 ; Kanable v. Great Northern R.

11931–1931
Sinking-Fund Cases green
scotus · 1879
1 sentence

1909The safety of -our institutions depends in n-o- -small degree on a strict observance of this salutary rule.’ Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U. S. 718 , 25 L.

11909–1909
Dutton v. . Willner green
ny · 1873
1 sentence

1901The rule, and the reasons therefore are well stated by Rapallo, J., in Dutton v. Willner, 52 N. Y. 312 , in the following language: “It is a well settled and salutary rule that 'a person who undertakes to act for another in any matter shall not, in the same matter, act for himself.’ It. is only by a rigid adherence to this simple rule that all temptation can be removed from one acting in a fiduciary capacity to abuse his trust, or seek his own advantage in the position which it affords him.

11901–1901

Where else courts name it

NY 90 (1840–2024) CA 80 (1902–2017) PA 66 (1851–2017) NJ 48 (1884–2025) IL 45 (1875–2009) NC 44 (1891–2010) AL 32 (1850–2016) FL 31 (1855–2025) MO 26 (1873–1987) KS 25 (1904–1999) TX 25 (1881–2010) WV 25 (1875–2020) WA 21 (1894–1989) MI 19 (1894–2019) OR 18 (1901–2023) CT 18 (1819–2014) SC 17 (1905–1973) CO 17 (1894–1991) OK 17 (1897–1960) KY 16 (1907–1977) MN 15 (1897–1974) VA 14 (1910–2017) MT 14 (1920–2022) MA 14 (1906–2006) GA 14 (1895–1980) OH 13 (1898–1992) NE 13 (1894–2017) IN 12 (1854–1957) AR 12 (1895–1997) IA 11 (1921–2017) MD 11 (1888–2024) ND 11 (1901–2007) AZ 10 (1919–1970) ME 10 (1913–2018) TN 9 (1919–2000) WI 9 (1883–2023) NV 7 (1910–2023) DE 6 (1910–2020) DC 6 (1910–1989) LA 6 (1892–1979) MS 5 (1916–1988) WY 5 (1891–1975) VT 5 (1829–2004) RI 5 (1924–2011) ID 4 (1894–2009) UT 4 (1893–1939) HI 4 (1923–1953) NM 3 (1943–1965) SD 3 (1917–1948) PR 2 (1944–1952) VI 2 (1991–1997)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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