departure principle (Ohio) · Go Syfert
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departure principle in Ohio

35 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1924–2026 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (12)

CaseFollowedCited
Disciplinary Counsel v. Pottergreen
ohio · 2010 · cited in 8 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2010–2016
2 sentences

2016Applicable precedent {¶ 12} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45. “[A]n actual suspension is particularly appropriate when an attorney’s dishonesty has been directed toward a client.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Stollings, 111 Ohio St.3d 155 ,

2016Applicable precedent {¶ 12} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45. “[A]n actual suspension is particularly appropriate when an attorney’s dishonesty has been directed toward a client.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Stollings, 111 Ohio St.3d 155 ,

28
Disciplinary Counsel v. Carrollgreen
ohio · 2005 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2010–2011
2 sentences

2011See Disciplinary Counsel v. Carroll, 106 Ohio St.3d 84 , 2005-Ohio-3805 , 831 N.E.2d 1000, ¶ 13 (violation of analogous former DR 1-102(A)(4) usually results in an actual suspension unless mitigating factors warrant a lesser sanction). {¶ 13} Significant mitigating factors are present here.

2011See Disciplinary Counsel v. Carroll, 106 Ohio St.3d 84 , 2005-Ohio-3805 , 831 N.E.2d 1000, ¶ 13 (violation of analogous former DR 1-102(A)(4) usually results in an actual suspension unless mitigating factors warrant a lesser sanction). {¶ 13} Significant mitigating factors are present here.

22
Sikora v. Wenzelgreen
ohio · 2000 · cited in 3 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2015
2 sentences

2008Negligence per se lessens the plaintiff's burden only on the issue of the actor's departure from the standard of conduct required of a reasonable man." (Internal citations and quotations omitted.) Id. at 496-497 .

2006Negligence per se lessens the plaintiff's burden only on the issue of the actor's departure from the standard of conduct required of a reasonable man." (Internal citations and quotations omitted.) Id. at 496-497 .

13
Disciplinary Counsel v. Stollingsgreen
ohio · 2006 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2016–2020
2 sentences

2016Applicable precedent {¶ 12} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45. “[A]n actual suspension is particularly appropriate when an attorney’s dishonesty has been directed toward a client.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Stollings, 111 Ohio St.3d 155 ,

2016Applicable precedent {¶ 12} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45. “[A]n actual suspension is particularly appropriate when an attorney’s dishonesty has been directed toward a client.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Stollings, 111 Ohio St.3d 155 ,

12
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the Wargreen
scotus · 1974 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Texas Motor Freight Sys., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403 (1977), quoting Schlesinger v. Reservists Commt. to Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208, 216 (1974). 37 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a) ensures that the named plaintiffs are appropriate representatives of the class whose claims they wish to litigate.

11
East Texas Motor Freight System, Inc. v. Rodriguezgreen
scotus · 1977 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Texas Motor Freight Sys., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403 (1977), quoting Schlesinger v. Reservists Commt. to Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208, 216 (1974). 37 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS Fed.R.Civ.P. 23(a) ensures that the named plaintiffs are appropriate representatives of the class whose claims they wish to litigate.

11
Akers v. Osumc, Unpublished Decision (9-29-2005)green
ohioctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022No. 04AP-575, 2005-Ohio-5160, ¶ 16 (addressing, on direct appeal, whether the trial court abused its discretion when it held that documents were privileged and denied appellant access to those documents without conducting an in camera inspection). {¶ 15} Second, appellant has not shown that a departure from the rule that discovery orders are not final and appealable is justified in this case.

11
Disciplinary Counsel v. Niermeyergreen
ohio · 2008 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 9-11 (absence of a prior disciplinary record, efforts to rectify the consequences of the misconduct, full cooperation in the investigation including self-reporting, and evidence of good character and reputation apart from the charged misconduct sufficient to stay 12-month suspension for violating fiduciary duty as the executor of an estate); Disciplinary Counsel v. Niermeyer, 119 Ohio St.3d 99 , 2008-Ohio-3824 , 892 N.E.2d 434, ¶ 12-13 (absence of prior misconduct, cooperation in the disciplinary process

2016See Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 9-11 (absence of a prior disciplinary record, efforts to rectify the consequences of the misconduct, full cooperation in the investigation including self-reporting, and evidence of good character and reputation apart from the charged misconduct sufficient to stay 12-month suspension for violating fiduciary duty as the executor of an estate); Disciplinary Counsel v. Niermeyer, 119 Ohio St.3d 99 , 2008-Ohio-3824 , 892 N.E.2d 434, ¶ 12-13 (absence of prior misconduct, cooperation in the disciplinary process

11
Bonds v. Department of Rehabilitation & Correctiongreen
ohioctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Such negligence makes the actor subject to liability * * * but it does not necessarily make him liable.” (Internal quotations and citations omitted.) Sikora v. Wenzel, 88 Ohio St.3d 493, 497 (2000). “[T]he plaintiff will also have to prove proximate cause and damages.” Robinson at ¶ 23. {¶10} We must be mindful that “[t]he doctrine of negligence per se is applicable only when the purpose of the statute or rule is to protect a class of persons to which the plaintiff belongs from the risk of the type of injury the plaintiff suffered.” (Emphasis added.) Bonds v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 116

11
State v. Edmonsongreen
ohio · 1999 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
1 sentence

2005R.C. 2929.14 (B) provides as follows: "[I]f the court imposing sentence upon an offender for a felony elects or is required to impose a prison term on the offender and if the offender previously has not served a prison term, the court shall impose the shortest prison term authorized for the offense pursuant to division (A) of this section, unless the court finds on the record that the shortest prison term will demean the seriousness of the offender's conduct or will not adequately protect the public from future crime by the offender or others." {¶ 17} In State v. Edmonson, 86 Ohio St.3d 324 at

11
Roth v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1957 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986
2 sentences

1986The court’s First Amendment inquiry was plainly along the lines of the clear and present danger test, 12 and was a significant departure from the standard set forth in Roth v. United States (1957), 354 U.S. 476, 486-487 [ 14 O.O.2d 331 ].

1986The court’s First Amendment inquiry was plainly along the lines of the clear and present danger test, 12 and was a significant departure from the standard set forth in Roth v. United States (1957), 354 U.S. 476, 486-487 [ 14 O.O.2d 331 ].

11
Briere v. Lathrop Co.green
ohio · 1970 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983
2 sentences

1983As defined in Ohio, assumption of the risk requires three elements: “One must have full knowledge of a condition, such condition must be patently dangerous to him; and he must voluntarily expose himself to the hazard.” Briere v. Lathrop Co. (1970), 22 Ohio St. 2d 166, 174-175 [ 51 O.O.2d 232 ], Contributory negligence, however, has been defined as a departure from the standard of reasonable care regardless of how unwilling and protesting the plaintiff may be.

1983As defined in Ohio, assumption of the risk requires three elements: “One must have full knowledge of a condition, such condition must be patently dangerous to him; and he must voluntarily expose himself to the hazard.” Briere v. Lathrop Co. (1970), 22 Ohio St. 2d 166, 174-175 [ 51 O.O.2d 232 ], Contributory negligence, however, has been defined as a departure from the standard of reasonable care regardless of how unwilling and protesting the plaintiff may be.

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (24)

CaseCitedYears
Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer green
ohio · 2009
2 sentences

2016Applicable precedent {¶ 12} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45. “[A]n actual suspension is particularly appropriate when an attorney’s dishonesty has been directed toward a client.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Stollings, 111 Ohio St.3d 155 ,

2016Applicable precedent {¶ 12} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45. “[A]n actual suspension is particularly appropriate when an attorney’s dishonesty has been directed toward a client.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Stollings, 111 Ohio St.3d 155 ,

62010–2016
Fyffe v. Jeno's, Inc. green
ohio · 1991
2 sentences

2002Cook, J., dissenting. {¶ 31} I cannot join the majority’s departure from the test this court set forth in Fyffe v. Jeno’s, Inc. (1991), 59 Ohio St.3d 115 , 570 N.E.2d 1108 .

2002Cook, J., dissenting. {¶ 31} I cannot join the majority’s departure from the test this court set forth in Fyffe v. Jeno’s, Inc. (1991), 59 Ohio St.3d 115 , 570 N.E.2d 1108 .

22002–2002
United States v. Jess David Richter green
ca9 · 1973
2 sentences

2000Before a trial court may exercise that discretion, however, the party seeking discovery must present some evidence "justifying a departure from standard practice unless such a need is readily apparent." Id . at 6, citing United States v. Richter (C.A. 9, 1973), 488 F.2d 170 , 175 ; United States v. Germain (S.D.Ohio 1975), 411 F. Supp. 719 , 725 .

1993United States v. Richter (C.A.9, 1973), 488 F.2d 170, 175 ; United States v. Germain (S.D.Ohio 1975), 411 F.Supp. 719, 725 .

21993–2000
United States v. Germain green
ohsd · 1975
2 sentences

2000Before a trial court may exercise that discretion, however, the party seeking discovery must present some evidence "justifying a departure from standard practice unless such a need is readily apparent." Id . at 6, citing United States v. Richter (C.A. 9, 1973), 488 F.2d 170 , 175 ; United States v. Germain (S.D.Ohio 1975), 411 F. Supp. 719 , 725 .

1993United States v. Richter (C.A.9, 1973), 488 F.2d 170, 175 ; United States v. Germain (S.D.Ohio 1975), 411 F.Supp. 719, 725 .

21993–2000
Ulmer v. Ackerman green
ohioctapp · 1993
2 sentences

2000The court of appeals reversed, finding that “the establishment of the sole cause of death necessarily imports that the individual would have survived absent the departure from the standard of care.” Id., 87 Ohio App.3d at 144 , 621 N.E.2d at 1319 .

2000The court of appeals reversed, finding that “the establishment of the sole cause of death necessarily imports that the individual would have survived absent the departure from the standard of care.” Id., 87 Ohio App.3d at 144 , 621 N.E.2d at 1319 .

22000–2000
Conway v. Humbert green
sd · 1966
2 sentences

1983The reason adduced most frequently to support the doctrine is that “* * * if there is to be a departure from the rule the policy should be declared and the extent of liability fixed by the legislature.” Conway v. Humbert (1966), 82 S.D. 317, 323 , 145 N.W. 2d 524 .

1983The reason adduced most frequently to support the doctrine is that “* * * if there is to be a departure from the rule the policy should be declared and the extent of liability fixed by the legislature.” Conway v. Humbert (1966), 82 S.D. 317, 323 , 145 N.W. 2d 524 .

21973–1983
Northwestern Life Insurance v. Rogers green
ohioctapp · 1989
1 sentence

2017Id. {¶ 20} Similarly, in Goldberg, this court, citing Northwestern Life Ins., determined that "the task that appellee complains appellant failed to do – attach evidence to a memorandum opposing a motion for summary judgment – may or may not be a departure from the standard of care in an adversary proceeding in bankruptcy court, given the particular circumstances of appellee's case." Goldberg at ¶ 15 .

12017–2017
State ex rel. Clark v. Industrial Commission green
ohio · 1994
2 sentences

2017Comm. (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 563 , 1994 Ohio 396 , 634 N.E.2d 1014 , the Ohio Supreme Court found that special circumstances warranted a departure from the standard calculation because it was the injured worker's first time in the full-time work force, and the work force entrance followed a period of specialized education and training in a field with enhanced income and career potential.

2017Comm. (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 563 , 1994 Ohio 396 , 634 N.E.2d 1014 , the Ohio Supreme Court found that special circumstances warranted a departure from the standard calculation because it was the injured worker's first time in the full-time work force, and the work force entrance followed a period of specialized education and training in a field with enhanced income and career potential.

12017–2017
State ex rel. Clark v. Indus. Comm. green
· 1994
1 sentence

2017Comm. (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 563 , 1994 Ohio 396 , 634 N.E.2d 1014 , the Ohio Supreme Court found that special circumstances warranted a departure from the standard calculation because it was the injured worker's first time in the full-time work force, and the work force entrance followed a period of specialized education and training in a field with enhanced income and career potential.

12017–2017
State v. White green
ohio · 2008
1 sentence

2016The trier of fact “may not disregard credible and uncontradicted expert testimony[.]” State v. White, 118 Ohio St.3d 12 , 2008-Ohio-1623 , ¶ 74. {¶27} Therefore, because the jury heard undisputed, credible expert opinion testimony that the nurse giving Seth the wrong saline solution was a departure from her standard of care, it lost its way in finding that the Cromers failed to prove that the hospital breached its duty of care to Seth.

12016–2016
Cuyahoga County Bar Ass'n v. Wise green
ohio · 2006
2 sentences

2013Bar Assn. v. Wise. 108 Ohio St.3d 164 . 2006-Ohio-550 , 842 N.E.2d 35 . ¶ 24. *306 Applicable precedent {¶ 17} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45.

2013Bar Assn. v. Wise. 108 Ohio St.3d 164 . 2006-Ohio-550 , 842 N.E.2d 35 . ¶ 24. *306 Applicable precedent {¶ 17} “A violation of Prof.Cond.R. 8.4(c) will typically result in an actual suspension from the practice of law unless ‘significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure’ from that principle are present.” Disciplinary Counsel v. Potter, 126 Ohio St.3d 50 , 2010-Ohio-2521 , 930 N.E.2d 307, ¶ 10 , quoting Disciplinary Counsel v. Rohrer, 124 Ohio St.3d 65 , 2009-Ohio-5930 , 919 N.E.2d 180 , ¶ 45.

12013–2013
Westfield Insurance v. Galatis green
ohio · 2003
2 sentences

2010We adhere to stare decisis as a means of thwarting the arbitrary administration of justice as well as providing a clear rule of law by which the citizenry can organize their affairs.” Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216 , 2003-Ohio-5849 , 797 N.E.2d 1256, at ¶ 43 .

2010We adhere to stare decisis as a means of thwarting the arbitrary administration of justice as well as providing a clear rule of law by which the citizenry can organize their affairs.” Galatis, 100 Ohio St.3d 216 , 2003-Ohio-5849 , 797 N.E.2d 1256, at ¶ 43 .

12010–2010
Disciplinary Counsel v. Taylor green
ohio · 2008
2 sentences

2009Absent significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure from the principle announced in Fowerbaugh, 74 Ohio St.3d 187 , 658 N.E.2d 237 , an actual suspension from the practice of law is appropriate. {¶ 46} Respondent relies on Disciplinary Counsel v. Taylor, 120 Ohio St.3d 366 , 2008-Ohio-6202 , 899 N.E.2d 955 , to support his plea for a stayed suspension.

2009Absent significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure from the principle announced in Fowerbaugh, 74 Ohio St.3d 187 , 658 N.E.2d 237 , an actual suspension from the practice of law is appropriate. {¶ 46} Respondent relies on Disciplinary Counsel v. Taylor, 120 Ohio St.3d 366 , 2008-Ohio-6202 , 899 N.E.2d 955 , to support his plea for a stayed suspension.

12009–2009
Office of Disciplinary Counsel v. Fowerbaugh green
ohio · 1995
1 sentence

2009Absent significant mitigating factors that warrant a departure from the principle announced in Fowerbaugh, 74 Ohio St.3d 187 , 658 N.E.2d 237 , an actual suspension from the practice of law is appropriate. {¶ 46} Respondent relies on Disciplinary Counsel v. Taylor, 120 Ohio St.3d 366 , 2008-Ohio-6202 , 899 N.E.2d 955 , to support his plea for a stayed suspension.

12009–2009
Bruni v. Tatsumi green
ohio · 1976
1 sentence

2000Bruni v. Tatsumi (1976), 46 Ohio St.2d 127 , 130 .

12000–2000
Mitseff v. Wheeler green
ohio · 1988
1 sentence

2000Dresher v. Burt (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 293 ; Mitseff, supra. In a malpractice action a plaintiff is required to provide expert testimony establishing the appropriate standard of care and that there was a departure from such standard of care which proximately caused injury or damage.

12000–2000
Dresher v. Burt green
ohio · 1996
1 sentence

2000Dresher v. Burt (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 280 , 293 ; Mitseff, supra. In a malpractice action a plaintiff is required to provide expert testimony establishing the appropriate standard of care and that there was a departure from such standard of care which proximately caused injury or damage.

12000–2000
Palmer v. Westmeyer green
ohioctapp · 1988
2 sentences

1992“The trial court erred in preventing plaintiff’s expert witness from testifying concerning Marshall Wolf’s conduct as being a departure from the standard of care.” In Palmer v. Westmeyer (1988), 48 Ohio App.3d 296, 298 , 549 N.E.2d 1202, 1205 , the Court of Appeals for Lucas County stated: *802 “Appellants claim that the trial court erred in holding that violations of the Disciplinary Rules do not constitute malpractice.

1992“The trial court erred in preventing plaintiff’s expert witness from testifying concerning Marshall Wolf’s conduct as being a departure from the standard of care.” In Palmer v. Westmeyer (1988), 48 Ohio App.3d 296, 298 , 549 N.E.2d 1202, 1205 , the Court of Appeals for Lucas County stated: *802 “Appellants claim that the trial court erred in holding that violations of the Disciplinary Rules do not constitute malpractice.

11992–1992
Koblenz v. Board of Revision green
ohio · 1966
11979–1979
Maguire v. Trefry green
scotus · 1920
11932–1932
Safe Deposit & Trust Co. of Baltimore v. Virginia green
scotus · 1929
11932–1932
Brooke v. City of Norfolk green
scotus · 1928
11932–1932
First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Maine green
scotus · 1932
11932–1932
Frankland v. Cassaday green
tex · 1884
11924–1924

Where else courts name it

NY 129 (1848–2026) WA 99 (1896–2026) OR 53 (1887–2022) TX 52 (1856–2024) CA 47 (1910–2025) PA 45 (1895–2026) MN 40 (1888–2026) OH 35 (1924–2026) IL 32 (1899–2024) FL 31 (1929–2025) MI 25 (1894–2022) NJ 22 (1891–2026) MD 22 (1930–2025) TN 21 (1882–2012) AL 20 (1879–2000) KS 19 (1900–2022) VA 18 (1842–2013) NE 17 (1902–2022) MA 16 (1862–2012) MO 16 (1878–2018) MS 16 (1962–2008) CO 14 (1899–2013) IN 14 (1891–2024) SD 14 (1966–2024) WI 13 (1880–2006) LA 13 (1848–1991) DC 13 (1975–2021) ND 13 (1905–2022) MT 12 (1887–2024) AZ 12 (1938–2024) WV 11 (1907–2024) RI 11 (1966–2020) IA 10 (1895–2016) NC 8 (1898–2026) NM 8 (1914–2022) AR 6 (1898–2004) GA 6 (1859–2022) NV 6 (1926–2018) UT 6 (1891–2007) HI 6 (1978–2018) SC 5 (1932–2010) KY 5 (1913–1998) CT 5 (1974–2019) OK 4 (1927–2018) ME 4 (1854–2009) NH 4 (1840–2014) ID 4 (1928–2005) WY 4 (1963–2004) VT 4 (1926–2015) DE 3 (1961–1991) AK 3 (1886–2013)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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