knowing waiver (Arizona) · Go Syfert
← Arizona issues

knowing waiver in Arizona

29 Arizona opinions name it 2 courts 1976–2025 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Arizona courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (30)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Princegreen
ariz · 1984 · cited in 4 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1999–2019
2 sentences

2019See State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 (1984) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by the defendant.") (emphasis added); State v. Baker, 217 Ariz. 118, 120, ¶ 9 (App. 2007) ("[W]e must examine the record to determine whether Baker effectively waived his constitutional right.") (emphasis added).

2009That court held that "[b]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by the defendant." Id. at 258 , 689 P.2d at 517 (emphasis added).

34
State Ex Rel. Romley v. Superior Courtgreen
arizctapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2005–2015
2 sentences

2015See State v. Superior Court (Ochoa), 183 Ariz. 139, 144-45 (App. 1995). ¶11 At sentencing, Johnson was given an opportunity to speak, and the trial court stated on the record the evidence, materials, and factors it considered in imposing sentence.

2005Romley, 183 Ariz. at 143 , 901 P.2d at 1173 (citations omitted). .

22
State v. Gainesgreen
ariz · 1976 · cited in 3 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1977–1980
2 sentences

1980In reviewing the transcript we are satisfied that there is a sufficient showing to support the conclusion of the trial judge that there was a knowing waiver.” State v. *25 Gaines, 113 Ariz. 206, 207 , 549 P.2d 574, 575 (1976).

1980In reviewing the transcript we are satisfied that there is a sufficient showing to support the conclusion of the trial judge that there was a knowing waiver.” State v. *25 Gaines, 113 Ariz. 206, 207 , 549 P.2d 574, 575 (1976).

13
Johnson v. Zerbstgreen
scotus · 1938 · cited in 2 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1986–2005
2 sentences

2005See Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4 , 86 S.Ct. 1245 , 16 L.Ed.2d 314 (1966) ("for a waiver to be effective it must be clearly established that there was `an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'") (quoting Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 ); State v. Smith, 197 Ariz. 333, 338, ¶ 16 , 4 P.3d 388, 393 (App.1999) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by defendant.") (quoting State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 , 689 P.2d 515, 517 (1984)).

2005See Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4 , 86 S.Ct. 1245 , 16 L.Ed.2d 314 (1966) ("for a waiver to be effective it must be clearly established that there was `an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'") (quoting Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 ); State v. Smith, 197 Ariz. 333, 338, ¶ 16 , 4 P.3d 388, 393 (App.1999) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by defendant.") (quoting State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 , 689 P.2d 515, 517 (1984)).

12
Nelson v. Cyprus Bagdad Copper Corporationgreen
ca9 · 1997 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Nelson, 119 F.3d at 761 (holding that claims asserted under the Americans with Disabilities Act are analogous to claims asserted under Title VII and require knowing waiver of judicial remedies); Kummetz, 152 F.3d at 1155 (recognizing that an employee does not knowingly waive his right to a judicial determination of discrimination claims when the employee handbook acknowledgment page does not explicitly reference an arbitration provision).

11
William E. Kummetz, Husband Arlene A. Kummetz, Wife v. Tech Mold, Inc.green
ca9 · 1998 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Nelson, 119 F.3d at 761 (holding that claims asserted under the Americans with Disabilities Act are analogous to claims asserted under Title VII and require knowing waiver of judicial remedies); Kummetz, 152 F.3d at 1155 (recognizing that an employee does not knowingly waive his right to a judicial determination of discrimination claims when the employee handbook acknowledgment page does not explicitly reference an arbitration provision).

11
Crowder v. Vandendealegreen
mo · 1978 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See, e.g., Tusch Enters. v. Coffin, 740 P.2d 1022 , 1030–31 (Idaho 1987) (permitting disclaimer of the implied warranty outside boilerplate clauses if builder shows a knowing waiver); Crowder v. Vandendeale, 564 S.W.2d 879, 881 (Mo. 1978) (to same effect). 15 ZAMBRANO V.

11
Tusch Enterprises v. Coffingreen
idaho · 1987 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See, e.g., Tusch Enters. v. Coffin, 740 P.2d 1022 , 1030–31 (Idaho 1987) (permitting disclaimer of the implied warranty outside boilerplate clauses if builder shows a knowing waiver); Crowder v. Vandendeale, 564 S.W.2d 879, 881 (Mo. 1978) (to same effect). 15 ZAMBRANO V.

11
Meyer v. Grantgreen
scotus · 1988 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022See Meyer, 486 U.S. at 425 (explaining that a Colorado statute prohibiting circulator compensation “trenches upon an area in which the importance of First Amendment protections is ‘at its zenith’”). ¶34 The State’s suggestion that we should impute a knowing requirement to allow the statute to withstand a vagueness challenge is untenable.

11
State v. Bakergreen
arizctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019See State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 (1984) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by the defendant.") (emphasis added); State v. Baker, 217 Ariz. 118, 120, ¶ 9 (App. 2007) ("[W]e must examine the record to determine whether Baker effectively waived his constitutional right.") (emphasis added).

11
In Re Andre M.green
ariz · 2004 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017However, a knowing waiver of Rule 410 only requires a defendant to have “a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.” See In re Andre M., 207 Ariz. 482 , 484 ¶ 7, 88 P.3d 552, 554 (2004) (quoting Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 , 106 S.Ct. 1135 , 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986)).

2017However, a knowing waiver of Rule 410 only requires a defendant to have “a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.” See In re Andre M., 207 Ariz. 482 , 484 ¶ 7, 88 P.3d 552, 554 (2004) (quoting Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 , 106 S.Ct. 1135 , 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986)).

11
United States v. Derrick Myran Frankson, (Two Cases)green
ca4 · 1996 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Shatzer, — U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219. ¶ 11 Relying on United States v. Frank-son, 83 F.3d 79, 82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 502 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973); and United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 374-75, 376-77 (2d Cir.1970), the state maintains a general statement about the right to counsel is sufficient to satisfy Miranda , at least when no other statement is given suggesting a temporal limitation on the right. 1 But see United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 615 (9th Cir.1984) (general statement insuf

11
State v. Offinggreen
ariz · 1976 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See State v. Offing, 113 Ariz. 287, 289 , 551 P.2d 556, 558 (1976) (ordering new trial after defendant had submitted case to be tided by the court based on preliminary hearing transcript because record did not show knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of right to jury trial and right to call witnesses); State v. Cochran, 109 Ariz. 327, 328 , 509 P.2d 220, 221 (1973) (new trial ordered after counsel stipulated to waive jury trial in defendant’s absence).

2011See State v. Offing, 113 Ariz. 287, 289 , 551 P.2d 556, 558 (1976) (ordering new trial after defendant had submitted case to be tided by the court based on preliminary hearing transcript because record did not show knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of right to jury trial and right to call witnesses); State v. Cochran, 109 Ariz. 327, 328 , 509 P.2d 220, 221 (1973) (new trial ordered after counsel stipulated to waive jury trial in defendant’s absence).

11
United States v. Anthony Anthongreen
ca10 · 1981 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Shatzer, — U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219. ¶ 11 Relying on United States v. Frank-son, 83 F.3d 79, 82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 502 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973); and United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 374-75, 376-77 (2d Cir.1970), the state maintains a general statement about the right to counsel is sufficient to satisfy Miranda , at least when no other statement is given suggesting a temporal limitation on the right. 1 But see United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 615 (9th Cir.1984) (general statement insuf

11
United States v. Michael Notigreen
ca9 · 1984 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Shatzer, — U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219. ¶ 11 Relying on United States v. Frank-son, 83 F.3d 79, 82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 502 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973); and United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 374-75, 376-77 (2d Cir.1970), the state maintains a general statement about the right to counsel is sufficient to satisfy Miranda , at least when no other statement is given suggesting a temporal limitation on the right. 1 But see United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 615 (9th Cir.1984) (general statement insuf

11
United States v. Anthony Caldwellgreen
ca8 · 1992 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Shatzer, — U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219. ¶ 11 Relying on United States v. Frank-son, 83 F.3d 79, 82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 502 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973); and United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 374-75, 376-77 (2d Cir.1970), the state maintains a general statement about the right to counsel is sufficient to satisfy Miranda , at least when no other statement is given suggesting a temporal limitation on the right. 1 But see United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 615 (9th Cir.1984) (general statement insuf

11
State v. Cochrangreen
ariz · 1973 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011See State v. Offing, 113 Ariz. 287, 289 , 551 P.2d 556, 558 (1976) (ordering new trial after defendant had submitted case to be tided by the court based on preliminary hearing transcript because record did not show knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of right to jury trial and right to call witnesses); State v. Cochran, 109 Ariz. 327, 328 , 509 P.2d 220, 221 (1973) (new trial ordered after counsel stipulated to waive jury trial in defendant’s absence).

2011See State v. Offing, 113 Ariz. 287, 289 , 551 P.2d 556, 558 (1976) (ordering new trial after defendant had submitted case to be tided by the court based on preliminary hearing transcript because record did not show knowing, voluntary and intelligent waiver of right to jury trial and right to call witnesses); State v. Cochran, 109 Ariz. 327, 328 , 509 P.2d 220, 221 (1973) (new trial ordered after counsel stipulated to waive jury trial in defendant’s absence).

11
United States v. Robert Anthony Lamiagreen
ca2 · 1970 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Shatzer, — U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219. ¶ 11 Relying on United States v. Frank-son, 83 F.3d 79, 82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 502 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973); and United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 374-75, 376-77 (2d Cir.1970), the state maintains a general statement about the right to counsel is sufficient to satisfy Miranda , at least when no other statement is given suggesting a temporal limitation on the right. 1 But see United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 615 (9th Cir.1984) (general statement insuf

11
Guadalupe O. Sanchez v. Dr. George J. Beto, Director, Texas Department of Correctionsgreen
ca5 · 1972 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Shatzer, — U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219. ¶ 11 Relying on United States v. Frank-son, 83 F.3d 79, 82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 502 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973); and United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 374-75, 376-77 (2d Cir.1970), the state maintains a general statement about the right to counsel is sufficient to satisfy Miranda , at least when no other statement is given suggesting a temporal limitation on the right. 1 But see United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 615 (9th Cir.1984) (general statement insuf

11
United States v. Raymond Adamsgreen
ca7 · 1973 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011See Shatzer, — U.S. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 1219. ¶ 11 Relying on United States v. Frank-son, 83 F.3d 79, 82 (4th Cir.1996); United States v. Caldwell, 954 F.2d 496, 498, 502 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Adams, 484 F.2d 357, 361-62 (7th Cir.1973); and United States v. Lamia, 429 F.2d 373, 374-75, 376-77 (2d Cir.1970), the state maintains a general statement about the right to counsel is sufficient to satisfy Miranda , at least when no other statement is given suggesting a temporal limitation on the right. 1 But see United States v. Noti, 731 F.2d 610, 615 (9th Cir.1984) (general statement insuf

11
Brookhart v. Janisgreen
scotus · 1966 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4 , 86 S.Ct. 1245 , 16 L.Ed.2d 314 (1966) ("for a waiver to be effective it must be clearly established that there was `an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'") (quoting Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 ); State v. Smith, 197 Ariz. 333, 338, ¶ 16 , 4 P.3d 388, 393 (App.1999) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by defendant.") (quoting State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 , 689 P.2d 515, 517 (1984)).

2005See Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4 , 86 S.Ct. 1245 , 16 L.Ed.2d 314 (1966) ("for a waiver to be effective it must be clearly established that there was `an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'") (quoting Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 ); State v. Smith, 197 Ariz. 333, 338, ¶ 16 , 4 P.3d 388, 393 (App.1999) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by defendant.") (quoting State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 , 689 P.2d 515, 517 (1984)).

11
State v. Smithgreen
arizctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4 , 86 S.Ct. 1245 , 16 L.Ed.2d 314 (1966) ("for a waiver to be effective it must be clearly established that there was `an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'") (quoting Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 ); State v. Smith, 197 Ariz. 333, 338, ¶ 16 , 4 P.3d 388, 393 (App.1999) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by defendant.") (quoting State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 , 689 P.2d 515, 517 (1984)).

2005See Brookhart v. Janis, 384 U.S. 1, 4 , 86 S.Ct. 1245 , 16 L.Ed.2d 314 (1966) ("for a waiver to be effective it must be clearly established that there was `an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.'") (quoting Zerbst, 304 U.S. at 464 , 58 S.Ct. 1019 ); State v. Smith, 197 Ariz. 333, 338, ¶ 16 , 4 P.3d 388, 393 (App.1999) ("[B]efore there can be a waiver, the record must show a knowing waiver by defendant.") (quoting State v. Prince, 142 Ariz. 256, 258 , 689 P.2d 515, 517 (1984)).

11
State v. Mahonegreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Matter of Freimarkgreen
nj · 1997 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004See also State v. Mahone, 297 N.J.Super. 524, 529 , 688 A.2d 658, 661 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.), aff'd, 152 N.J. 44 , 702 A.2d 1286 (1997) (adequate notice to the defendant is an essential element of a knowing waiver of the right to attend trial).

11
State v. Mahonegreen
nj · 1997 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
1 sentence

2004See also State v. Mahone, 297 N.J.Super. 524, 529 , 688 A.2d 658, 661 (N.J.Super.Ct.App.Div.), aff'd, 152 N.J. 44 , 702 A.2d 1286 (1997) (adequate notice to the defendant is an essential element of a knowing waiver of the right to attend trial).

11
State v. Thuesgreen
arizctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004See State v. Thues, 203 Ariz. 339 , 54 P.3d 368 (App.2002).

2004See State v. Thues, 203 Ariz. 339 , 54 P.3d 368 (App.2002).

11
State v. Leegreen
arizctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
11
State v. Porrasgreen
arizctapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
State v. Butrickgreen
ariz · 1976 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11
State v. Wilcynskigreen
ariz · 1975 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (2)

CaseNegativeCited
State v. Browngreen
ariz · 2004 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
State v. Brownred
arizctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Arizona opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
2 sentences

2004Resendis-Felix counters that he did not waive the claim because he could not have made a knowing waiver of his rights under Blakely before Blakely was decided; that, at the time of his sentencing, our prior decision in State v. Brown, 205 Ariz. 325 , 70 P.3d 454 (App.2003), later vacated by our supreme court, ___ Ariz. ___, 99 P.3d 15 (2004), had ruled Apprendi inapplicable to aggravating circumstances under A.R.S. § 13-702(C), further excusing his failure to raise the claim below; and that he had moved seasonably to supplement his petition to raise the issue within two weeks after the Supreme

2004Resendis-Felix counters that he did not waive the claim because he could not have made a knowing waiver of his rights under Blakely before Blakely was decided; that, at the time of his sentencing, our prior decision in State v. Brown, 205 Ariz. 325 , 70 P.3d 454 (App.2003), later vacated by our supreme court, ___ Ariz. ___, 99 P.3d 15 (2004), had ruled Apprendi inapplicable to aggravating circumstances under A.R.S. § 13-702(C), further excusing his failure to raise the claim below; and that he had moved seasonably to supplement his petition to raise the issue within two weeks after the Supreme

11

Also cited on this issue (10)

CaseCitedYears
Southwest Cooperative Wholesale v. Superior Court green
arizctapp · 1970
2 sentences

2006We also rejected her argument that, unless a knowing waiver of the right to sue a nonposting employer is required, § 23-906 violates the anti-abrogation clause of the Arizona Constitution, article 18, § 6. ¶ 28 Division One reached a similar conclusion in Southwest Cooperative Wholesale v. Superior Court, 13 Ariz.App. 453 , 477 P.2d 572 (1970).

2006We also rejected her argument that, unless a knowing waiver of the right to sue a nonposting employer is required, § 23-906 violates the anti-abrogation clause of the Arizona Constitution, article 18, § 6. ¶ 28 Division One reached a similar conclusion in Southwest Cooperative Wholesale v. Superior Court, 13 Ariz.App. 453 , 477 P.2d 572 (1970).

22006–2006
In the Matter of Rachel R. Alexander green
ariz · 2013
1 sentence

2025“To warrant suspension, the evidence must demonstrate that the lawyer knowingly violated ER 3.1.” Id. at 5 ¶ 13.

12025–2025
Moran v. Burbine green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2017However, a knowing waiver of Rule 410 only requires a defendant to have “a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.” See In re Andre M., 207 Ariz. 482 , 484 ¶ 7, 88 P.3d 552, 554 (2004) (quoting Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 , 106 S.Ct. 1135 , 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986)).

2017However, a knowing waiver of Rule 410 only requires a defendant to have “a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.” See In re Andre M., 207 Ariz. 482 , 484 ¶ 7, 88 P.3d 552, 554 (2004) (quoting Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412 , 106 S.Ct. 1135 , 89 L.Ed.2d 410 (1986)).

12017–2017
Lanett v. State green
texapp · 1988
2 sentences

2007It is also incumbent upon the judge to fully determine the ... patient’s capabilities to make a knowing waiver.” Id.

2007And, “the court should not summarily deny it simply because of the nature of the proceedings.” Id. ¶ 29 Recognizing that the patient had not been found to be mentally ill at the start of the proceeding, the court in that case examined the record and stated that “the court could have found that [the patient] was not capable of knowingly and intelligently waiving her right of court-appointed counsel.” Id.

12007–2007
Barker v. Wingo green
scotus · 1972
11990–1990
State v. Eliason green
arizctapp · 1976
11977–1977
State v. Banks green
arizctapp · 1975
11976–1976
Boykin v. Alabama green
scotus · 1969
11976–1976
State v. Davis neutral
ariz · 1971
11976–1976
State v. Mangrum green
ariz · 1965
11976–1976

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-604 (6) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 21-102 (5) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-703 (4) AZ § Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-702 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

IL 153 (1966–2026) NY 128 (1965–2026) CA 86 (1972–2026) PA 74 (1969–2026) TX 60 (1970–2024) FL 54 (1981–2026) NJ 43 (1981–2025) LA 40 (1979–2020) OR 40 (1968–2025) IN 39 (1974–2025) MA 37 (1975–2024) MO 31 (1968–2025) TN 30 (1994–2020) WA 30 (1975–2025) AZ 29 (1976–2025) OH 27 (1984–2026) GA 26 (1978–2026) MI 22 (1976–2025) MD 22 (1971–2025) MN 22 (1985–2026) DE 19 (1978–2025) CT 17 (1985–2019) WI 17 (1979–2022) WV 16 (1995–2023) NC 15 (1983–2021) KS 10 (1978–2026) MS 9 (1992–2013) KY 9 (1987–2026) AL 9 (1984–2013) DC 8 (1971–2009) UT 7 (1988–2025) AR 7 (1979–2016) CO 7 (1984–2015) NV 7 (2011–2025) AK 6 (1980–2009) OK 5 (1969–2018) HI 5 (1982–2022) IA 5 (1985–2024) MT 4 (1988–2012) NH 4 (1980–2024) ND 4 (1996–2013) VT 4 (1983–2005) RI 4 (1996–2011) VA 3 (2013–2016) ID 3 (1987–2013) SC 2 (1976–2003) SD 2 (1919–1993) NE 2 (1970–2004) ME 2 (1994–2005)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check