28 Texas opinions name it 5 courts 1912–2023 2 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Texas courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Tyler v. Stategreen2 sentences2011See id. at 749– 50; see also Tex. Transp. 2011See id. at 749–50; see also Tex. Transp. | 2 | 2 |
Freiler v. Tangipahoa Parish Board of Educationgreen2 sentences2004See id. at 344 ("The decision to apply a particular Establishment Clause test rests upon the nature of the Establishment Clause violation asserted. 2004See id. at 344 ("The decision to apply a particular Establishment Clause test rests upon the nature of the Establishment Clause violation asserted. | 2 | 2 |
Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of University of Virginiagreen2 sentences2004See, e.g. , Rosenberger , 515 U.S. 819 (holding that a university could pay the publication expenses of a student Christian newspaper in accordance with its general policy of funding student newspapers); Lamb's Chapel , 508 U.S. 384 (1993) (holding that a school could allow after-hours access to its facilities to a religious group when the school had made its facilities generally available to a wide variety of public organizations); Widmar v. Vincent , 454 U.S. 263 (1981) (holding that a university could allow a student religious group to use university facilities that were generally available 2004See, e.g., Rosenberger, 515 U.S. 819 (holding that a university could pay the publication expenses of a student Christian newspaper in accordance with itsgeneralpolicyoffundingstudent newspapers); Lamb’s Chapel, 508 US. 384 (1993) (holdingthat a school could allow after-hours access to its facilities to a religious group when the school had made its facilities generally available to a wide variety of public organizations); Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981) (holding that a university could allow a student religious group to use university facilities that were generally available for activi | 2 | 2 |
Town of Greece v. Gallowaygreen2 sentences2016Id. 6 The Commission has advised this office that it likewise "does not consider a judge's operation of a Court Chaplaincy Program to be an Establishment Clause issue." Brief from Ms. Seana Willing, Exec. 2015See Galloway, 134 S. Ct. at 1825 (Kennedy, J.) (concluding that a prayer at a town meeting did not involve coercion); see also id. at 1838 (Thomas, J., concurring) ("to the extent coercion is relevant to the Establishment Clause analysis, it is actual legal coercion that counts-not the subtle coercive pressures allegedly felt by respondents in this case"). | 1 | 2 |
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comergreen2 sentences2023See id. at 1997–98. 2023See id. at 1997–98. | 1 | 1 |
Zelman v. Simmons-Harrisgreen2 sentences2023See generally Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002). 2023See generally Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 536 U.S. 639 (2002). | 1 | 1 |
Flores v. Stategreen2 sentences2021An Establishment Clause analysis requires examination of three criteria: “First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion.” Flores v. State, 245 S.W.3d 432, 438 (Tex. Crim. 2021An Establishment Clause analysis requires examination of three criteria: “First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion.” Flores v. State, 245 S.W.3d 432, 438 (Tex. Crim. | 1 | 1 |
Lynch v. Donnellygreen2 sentences2016Establishment Clause doctrine," analyzing the display using an endorsement test, focusing on "institutional entanglement and on endorsement or disapproval of religion." Id. at 687-89 (O'Connor, J., concurring). 2016Such an inquiry requires that "[e]very government practice must be judged in its unique circumstances to determine whether it constitutes an endorsement or disapproval of religion." Id. at 694 . | 1 | 1 |
Jon G. Murray and Society of Separationists, Inc. v. City of Austin, Texas and Travis County, Texasgreen1 sentence2015I believe that aggregating the probabilities is appropriate in a case like this one, which does not involve a generalized grievance and implicates both Lyons and Hunt, because it more accurately reflects the reality, immediacy, and palpability of the threatened injury to the associational plaintiff and its membership. 11 Cf. Grand Rapids School Dist. v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 , 380 n. 5, 105 S.Ct. 3216 , 3220 n. 5, 87 L.Ed.2d 267 (1985) (citing “the numerous cases in which [the Supreme Court has] adjudicated Establishment Clause challenges by state taxpayers to programs for aiding nonpublic school | 1 | 1 |
State v. Corpus Christi People's Baptist Church, Inc.green2 sentences2007In State v. Corpus Christi People’s Baptist Church, Inc., 683 S.W.2d 692, 695 (Tex.1984), we held that an establishment clause challenge to a statute permitting state licensing and regulation of child-care facilities, as applied to church-operated facilities, was “misplaced.” We observed: The Establishment Clause cases address the issue of whether some form of government aid, either direct or indirect, to a religious institution violates the Establishment Clause. 2007In State v. Corpus Christi People's Baptist Church, Inc., 683 S.W.2d 692, 695 (Tex.1984), we held that an establishment clause challenge to a statute permitting state licensing and regulation of child-care facilities, as applied to church-operated facilities, was "misplaced." We observed: The Establishment Clause cases address the issue of whether some form of government aid, either direct or indirect, to a religious institution violates the Establishment Clause. | 1 | 1 |
New Jersey State Board of Higher Education v. Board of Directors of Shelton Collegegreen2 sentences2007State Bd. of Higher Educ. v. Bd. of Dirs. of Shelton College, 90 N.J. 470 , 448 A.2d 988, 997-998 (1982) (rejecting Establishment Clause challenge to a statute regulating post-secondary education, as there was no excessive entanglement between church and state). 2007State Bd. of Higher Educ. v. Bd. of Dirs. of Shelton College, 90 N.J. 470 , 448 A.2d 988, 997-998 (1982) (rejecting Establishment Clause challenge to a statute regulating post-secondary education, as there was no excessive entanglement between church and state). | 1 | 1 |
Robert Lee Beck, Md, Dmd v. Texas State Board Of Dental Examinersgreen1 sentence2006Constitutional Violation The first prong of any analysis of the availability of qualified immunity requires the establishment of the violation of a “clearly established right.” Beck, 204 F.3d at 638. [The due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment] is phrased as a limitation on the State’s power to act, not as a guarantee of certain minimal levels of safety and security. | 1 | 1 |
James W. Kerr v. Catherine J. Farrey and Lloyd Lindgreen2 sentences2001See, e.g., Ken v. Farrey, 95 F.3d 472, 476-80 (7th Cir.1996) (analyzing an Establishment Clause claim without applying Turner)', Muhammad v. City of N.Y. 2001See, e.g., Ken v. Farrey, 95 F.3d 472, 476-80 (7th Cir.1996) (analyzing an Establishment Clause claim without applying Turner)', Muhammad v. City of N.Y. | 1 | 1 |
| Scarpino v. Grosshiemgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Boyd v. Coughlingreen | 1 | 1 |
| Engel v. Vitalegreen | 1 | 1 |
Card v. Duggergreen2 sentences2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio 2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio | 1 | 1 |
Muhammad v. City of New York Dept. of Correctionsgreen2 sentences2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio 2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio | 1 | 1 |
| Jordan v. Gardnergreen | 1 | 1 |
Turner v. Safleygreen2 sentences2001See id. at 89 , 107 S.Ct. 2254 . 2001See id. at 89 , 107 S.Ct. 2254 . | 1 | 1 |
| Nardis Sportswear v. Simmonsgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Simpson v. Glenngreen | 1 | 1 |
| Porter v. Puryeargreen | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
Warburton v. Underwoodgreen2 sentences2001But see Warburton v. Underwood, 2 F.Supp.2d 306, 316 (W.D.N.Y. 1998) (applying Turner to an Establishment Clause claim); Boyd v. Coughlin, 914 F.Supp. 828, 831-32 (N.D.N.Y.1996)(same). 12 .Other courts have declined to apply Turner to other constitutional claims by inmates. 2001But see Warburton v. Underwood, 2 F.Supp.2d 306, 316 (W.D.N.Y. 1998) (applying Turner to an Establishment Clause claim); Boyd v. Coughlin, 914 F.Supp. 828, 831-32 (N.D.N.Y.1996)(same). 12 .Other courts have declined to apply Turner to other constitutional claims by inmates. | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Lemon v. Kurtzman
red
2 sentences2007Flores cites Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 , 91 S.Ct. 2105 , 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971) as the test for whether a statute survives an Establishment Clause challenge. 2007Flores cites Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 , 91 S.Ct. 2105 , 29 L.Ed.2d 745 (1971) as the test for whether a statute survives an Establishment Clause challenge. | 3 | 2007–2021 |
School District of Grand Rapids v. Ball
red
2 sentences2015I believe that aggregating the probabilities is appropriate in a case like this one, which does not involve a generalized grievance and implicates both Lyons and Hunt, because it more accurately reflects the reality, immediacy, and palpability of the threatened injury to the associational plaintiff and its membership. 11 Cf. Grand Rapids School Dist. v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 , 380 n. 5, 105 S.Ct. 3216 , 3220 n. 5, 87 L.Ed.2d 267 (1985) (citing “the numerous cases in which [the Supreme Court has] adjudicated Establishment Clause challenges by state taxpayers to programs for aiding nonpublic school 2015I believe that aggregating the probabilities is appropriate in a case like this one, which does not involve a generalized grievance and implicates both Lyons and Hunt, because it more accurately reflects the reality, immediacy, and palpability of the threatened injury to the associational plaintiff and its membership. 11 Cf. Grand Rapids School Dist. v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 , 380 n. 5, 105 S.Ct. 3216 , 3220 n. 5, 87 L.Ed.2d 267 (1985) (citing “the numerous cases in which [the Supreme Court has] adjudicated Establishment Clause challenges by state taxpayers to programs for aiding nonpublic school | 2 | 1987–2015 |
Widmar v. Vincent
green
2 sentences2004See, e.g. , Rosenberger , 515 U.S. 819 (holding that a university could pay the publication expenses of a student Christian newspaper in accordance with its general policy of funding student newspapers); Lamb's Chapel , 508 U.S. 384 (1993) (holding that a school could allow after-hours access to its facilities to a religious group when the school had made its facilities generally available to a wide variety of public organizations); Widmar v. Vincent , 454 U.S. 263 (1981) (holding that a university could allow a student religious group to use university facilities that were generally available 2004See, e.g., Rosenberger, 515 U.S. 819 (holding that a university could pay the publication expenses of a student Christian newspaper in accordance with itsgeneralpolicyoffundingstudent newspapers); Lamb’s Chapel, 508 US. 384 (1993) (holdingthat a school could allow after-hours access to its facilities to a religious group when the school had made its facilities generally available to a wide variety of public organizations); Widmar v. Vincent, 454 U.S. 263 (1981) (holding that a university could allow a student religious group to use university facilities that were generally available for activi | 2 | 2004–2004 |
Abington School Dist. v. Schempp
green
2 sentences2001Cf. Nyquist, 413 U.S. at 786, 93 S.Ct. 2955 (“The absence of any element of coercion ... is irrelevant to questions arising under the Establishment Clause.”); Abington, 374 U.S. at 223 , 83 S.Ct. 1560 (“[A] violation of the Free Exercise Clause is predicated on coercion while the Establishment Clause violation need not be so attended....”); *192 Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 430 , 82 S.Ct. 1261 , 8 L.Ed.2d 601 (1962) (“The Establishment Clause, unlike the Free Exercise Clause, does not depend upon any showing of direct governmental compulsion.... ”). 2001Cf. Nyquist, 413 U.S. at 786, 93 S.Ct. 2955 (“The absence of any element of coercion ... is irrelevant to questions arising under the Establishment Clause.”); Abington, 374 U.S. at 223 , 83 S.Ct. 1560 (“[A] violation of the Free Exercise Clause is predicated on coercion while the Establishment Clause violation need not be so attended....”); *192 Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421, 430 , 82 S.Ct. 1261 , 8 L.Ed.2d 601 (1962) (“The Establishment Clause, unlike the Free Exercise Clause, does not depend upon any showing of direct governmental compulsion.... ”). | 2 | 1977–2001 |
Mingus, Receiver v. Wadley
red
2 sentences1941Mingus v. Wadley, 115 Texas 551 , 285 S. W. 1084 . 2 The other items of damage alleged by the Tallwaters, namely, loss of household goods and loss of use of the rented premises, stand upon a different footing. 1941Mingus v. Wadley, 115 Texas 551 , 285 S. W. 1084 . 2 The other items of damage alleged by the Tallwaters, namely, loss of household goods and loss of use of the rented premises, stand upon a different footing. | 2 | 1941–1941 |
Bishop v. State
green
2 sentences1926P. The rule has been also well stated by Justice Roberts in Bishop v. State, 43 Texas, 390 , as follows: “When the evidence tends sufficiently to the establishment of a defense or mitigation of the offense charged as to reasonably require a charge as applicable, is a question of sound judgment, to be exercised by the district judge, in the first instance and afterwards by this court on appeal.” If its force is deemed to be very weak, trivial, light, and its application remote, the court is not required to give a charge upon it.” Elam v. State, 16 Tex. Crim. 1912Chief Justice Roberts, in Bishop v. State, 43 Texas, 390 , says: ‘When the evidence tends sufficiently to the establishment of a defense or mitigation of the offense charged as to reasonably require a charge as applicable, is a question of sound judgment, to be exercised by the district judge in the first instance, and afterwards by the Supreme Court on appeal. | 2 | 1912–1926 |
Masterson v. Diocese of Northwest Texas
green
2 sentences2018These commentaries have provided valuable guidance to us. (6) Summary Under the neutral principles methodology, we are required to apply neutral principles of law to issues such as land titles, trusts, and corporate formation, governance, and dissolution, even when religious entities are involved, Masterson, 422 S.W.3d at 606 , and “what happens to the property is not [an ecclesiastical matter], unless the congregation’s affairs have been ordered so that ecclesiastical decisions effectively determine the property issue.” Id. at 607 . 2018These commentaries have provided valuable guidance to us. (6) Summary Under the neutral principles methodology, we are required to apply neutral principles of law to issues such as land titles, trusts, and corporate formation, governance, and dissolution, even when religious entities are involved, Masterson, 422 S.W.3d at 606 , and “what happens to the property is not [an ecclesiastical matter], unless the congregation’s affairs have been ordered so that ecclesiastical decisions effectively determine the property issue.” Id. at 607 . | 1 | 2018–2018 |
Child Evangelism Fellowship Of New Jersey v. Stafford Township School District
green
2 sentences2016Dist., 386 F.3d 514 , 536 (3d Cir.2004) (holding school district "clearly engaged in a practice of viewpoint discrimination that cannot be justified as an effort to avoid an Establishment Clause violation”); Child Evangelism Fellowship of'Md., Inc. v. Montgomery Cnty. 2016Dist., 386 F.3d 514 , 536 (3d Cir.2004) (holding school district "clearly engaged in a practice of viewpoint discrimination that cannot be justified as an effort to avoid an Establishment Clause violation”); Child Evangelism Fellowship of'Md., Inc. v. Montgomery Cnty. | 1 | 2016–2016 |
Everson v. Board of Ed. of Ewing
green
2 sentences2015I believe that aggregating the probabilities is appropriate in a case like this one, which does not involve a generalized grievance and implicates both Lyons and Hunt, because it more accurately reflects the reality, immediacy, and palpability of the threatened injury to the associational plaintiff and its membership. 11 Cf. Grand Rapids School Dist. v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 , 380 n. 5, 105 S.Ct. 3216 , 3220 n. 5, 87 L.Ed.2d 267 (1985) (citing “the numerous cases in which [the Supreme Court has] adjudicated Establishment Clause challenges by state taxpayers to programs for aiding nonpublic school 2015I believe that aggregating the probabilities is appropriate in a case like this one, which does not involve a generalized grievance and implicates both Lyons and Hunt, because it more accurately reflects the reality, immediacy, and palpability of the threatened injury to the associational plaintiff and its membership. 11 Cf. Grand Rapids School Dist. v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 , 380 n. 5, 105 S.Ct. 3216 , 3220 n. 5, 87 L.Ed.2d 267 (1985) (citing “the numerous cases in which [the Supreme Court has] adjudicated Establishment Clause challenges by state taxpayers to programs for aiding nonpublic school | 1 | 2015–2015 |
Flast v. Cohen
green
2 sentences2015I believe that aggregating the probabilities is appropriate in a case like this one, which does not involve a generalized grievance and implicates both Lyons and Hunt, because it more accurately reflects the reality, immediacy, and palpability of the threatened injury to the associational plaintiff and its membership. 11 Cf. Grand Rapids School Dist. v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 , 380 n. 5, 105 S.Ct. 3216 , 3220 n. 5, 87 L.Ed.2d 267 (1985) (citing “the numerous cases in which [the Supreme Court has] adjudicated Establishment Clause challenges by state taxpayers to programs for aiding nonpublic school 2015I believe that aggregating the probabilities is appropriate in a case like this one, which does not involve a generalized grievance and implicates both Lyons and Hunt, because it more accurately reflects the reality, immediacy, and palpability of the threatened injury to the associational plaintiff and its membership. 11 Cf. Grand Rapids School Dist. v. Ball, 473 U.S. 373 , 380 n. 5, 105 S.Ct. 3216 , 3220 n. 5, 87 L.Ed.2d 267 (1985) (citing “the numerous cases in which [the Supreme Court has] adjudicated Establishment Clause challenges by state taxpayers to programs for aiding nonpublic school | 1 | 2015–2015 |
Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District
green
1 sentence2004See, e.g. , Rosenberger , 515 U.S. 819 (holding that a university could pay the publication expenses of a student Christian newspaper in accordance with its general policy of funding student newspapers); Lamb's Chapel , 508 U.S. 384 (1993) (holding that a school could allow after-hours access to its facilities to a religious group when the school had made its facilities generally available to a wide variety of public organizations); Widmar v. Vincent , 454 U.S. 263 (1981) (holding that a university could allow a student religious group to use university facilities that were generally available | 1 | 2004–2004 |
cluster 520688
green
2 sentences2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio 2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio | 1 | 2001–2001 |
| Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist green | 1 | 2001–2001 |
Muhammad v. City Of New York Department Of Corrections
green
2 sentences2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio 2001Dep’t of Corrs., 904 F.Supp. 161, 195-99 (S.D.N.Y.1995) (applying Turner to free-exercise and equal-protection claims, but not to an Establishment Clause claim), appeal dismissed as moot, 126 F.3d 119 (2d Cir.1997); Scarpino v. Grosshiem, 852 F.Supp. 798, 804 (S.D.Iowa 1994) (explicitly stating Turner does not apply to an Establishment Clause claim); Card v. Dugger, 709 F.Supp. 1098, 1103-10 (M.D.Fla.1988) (applying Turner to a free-exercise claim but not an Establishment Clause claim), aff'd, 871 F.2d 1023 (11th Cir.1989); see also Apanovitch, Note, Religion and Rehabilitation: The Requisitio | 1 | 2001–2001 |
| Kedroff v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral of the Russian Orthodox Church in North America green | 1 | 1986–1986 |
| Kreshik v. Saint Nicholas Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church of North America green | 1 | 1986–1986 |
| Bowles v. Bourdon green | 1 | 1981–1981 |
| Tilton v. Richardson green | 1 | 1975–1975 |
| McGowan v. Maryland green | 1 | 1972–1972 |
| Trinity & Brazos Valley Railway Co. v. Geary green | 1 | 1960–1960 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.