plain language rule in Maine

18 Maine opinions name it 2 courts 1997–2024 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maine courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (15)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Papazonigreen vt · 1993 · cited in 2 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2014–2020 2 sentences 2020See, e.g., State v. Papazoni, 159 Vt. 578 , 622 A.2d 501 , 503 n.1 (Vt. 1993) ('' [L]ike all other rules of statutory construction, [the plain language rule] is no more than an aid in our efforts to determine legislative intent."). 2 Among these is the principle that we must interpret the plain language by taking into accotmt the subject matter and purposes of the statute, and the consequences of a particular interpretation. 2020See, e.g., State v. Papazoni, 159 Vt. 578 , 622 A.2d 501 , 503 n.1 (Vt. 1993) ('' [L]ike all other rules of statutory construction, [the plain language rule] is no more than an aid in our efforts to determine legislative intent."). 2 Among these is the principle that we must interpret the plain language by taking into accotmt the subject matter and purposes of the statute, and the consequences of a particular interpretation.	2	2
James M. Dickau v. Vermont Mutual Insurance Co.green me · 2014 · cited in 6 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2016–2024 2 sentences 2018See Dickau , 2014 ME 158 , ¶ 22, 107 A.3d 621 (explaining that, when conducting a plain language analysis, we "examine the entirety of the statute, giving due weight to design, structure, and purpose as well as to aggregate language." (quotation marks omitted) ). [¶ 24] Because the statute unambiguously requires the bargaining unit-here, the Association-to serve written notice referencing its request to bargain over matters requiring the appropriation of money, the next question is whether the MLRB erred in finding that no such notice had been given. 2018See Dickau , 2014 ME 158 , ¶ 22, 107 A.3d 621 (explaining that, when conducting a plain language analysis, we "examine the entirety of the statute, giving due weight to design, structure, and purpose as well as to aggregate language." (quotation marks omitted) ). [¶ 24] Because the statute unambiguously requires the bargaining unit-here, the Association-to serve written notice referencing its request to bargain over matters requiring the appropriation of money, the next question is whether the MLRB erred in finding that no such notice had been given.	1	6
Michael F. Bailey v. City of Lewistongreen me · 2017 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 1 sentence 2021See Bailey, 2017 ME 160 , ¶ 9, 168 A.3d 762 .	1	1
Bailey v. City of Lewistongreen me · 2017 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 1 sentence 2021See Bailey, 2017 ME 160 , ¶ 9, 168 A.3d 762 .	1	1
Frank v. Assessors of Skowhegangreen me · 1974 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 1 sentence 2001See Frank v. Assessors of Skowhegan, 329 A.2d 167 , 169 n. 3 (Me.1974) (stating that “[b]efore any order of reference without agreement may issue, showing must be made some exceptional condition warrants reference”). [¶ 13] Lukas contends that all issues on appeal should have been referred because it is logistically difficult to try the issues in Probate Court over several nonconsecutive days.	1	1
Hedberg v. Wallingfordgreen me · 1977 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 1 sentence 2001Ballard, Builder, Inc. v. City of Westbrook, 502 A.2d 476 , 479 n. 4 (Me.1985); Hedberg v. Wallingford, 379 A.2d 126, 128 (Me.1977). 2 The plain language of the rule establishes that absent an agreement of the parties, a motion for appointment of a referee is only granted in exceptional circumstances.	1	1
State v. Cardosigreen me · 1985 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998 2 sentences 1998P. 32(d) provides that “A motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or of nolo contendere may be made only before sentence is imposed.” We have held that under the plain language of the rule, a motion to withdraw made after sentencing should be dismissed by the trial court without reaching the merits. 2 See State v. Cardosi, 498 A.2d 599, 600-01 (Me.1985). 1998If the court had granted the untimely motion, its action would have been “ineffective,” State v. Loftus, 631 A.2d 903, 904 (Me.1993), and “a nullity,” Cardosi, 498 A.2d at 601 .	1	1
State v. Loftusgreen me · 1993 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998 1 sentence 1998If the court had granted the untimely motion, its action would have been “ineffective,” State v. Loftus, 631 A.2d 903, 904 (Me.1993), and “a nullity,” Cardosi, 498 A.2d at 601 .	1	1
United States of America, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant v. Trident Seafoods Corporation, Defendant-Appellant-Cross-Appelleegreen ca9 · 1996 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1
Dual v. Clelandgreen dcd · 1978 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1
Waters v. Heublein, Inc.green cand · 1979 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1
Gary P. Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Companygreen ca5 · 1986 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1
Mallory v. Eyrichgreen ca6 · 1991 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1
Adams v. Wolffgreen nvd · 1986 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1
Ezelle v. Bauer Corp.green mssd · 1994 · cited in 1 Maine opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Maine. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (7)

Case	Cited	Years
Shirley Gauthier v. Jacqueline E. Gerrish green me · 2015 2 sentences 2018Gauthier v. Gerrish, 2015 ME 60 , ~ 9, 116 A.3d 461 . 2018Gauthier v. Gerrish, 2015 ME 60 , ~ 9, 116 A.3d 461 .	3	2016–2018
Pat Doe v. Christopher Hills-Pettitt green me · 2020 2 sentences 2021Doe v. Hills-Pettitt, 2020 ME 140, ¶ 5 , 243 A.3d 461 . 2021Doe v. Hills-Pettitt, 2020 ME 140, ¶ 5 , 243 A.3d 461 .	1	2021–2021
Chadwick-BaRoss, Inc. v. City of Westbrook neutral me · 2016 2 sentences 2021As part of the plain-language analysis, “we consider the [specific] language in the context of the whole statutory scheme,” Chadwick-BaRoss, Inc. v. City of Westbrook, 2016 ME 62, ¶ 11 , 137 A.3d 1020 (alteration omitted) (quotation marks omitted), and “examine the entirety of the statute, giving due weight to design, structure, and purpose as well as to aggregate language,” Dickau v. Vt. 2021As part of the plain-language analysis, “we consider the [specific] language in the context of the whole statutory scheme,” Chadwick-BaRoss, Inc. v. City of Westbrook, 2016 ME 62, ¶ 11 , 137 A.3d 1020 (alteration omitted) (quotation marks omitted), and “examine the entirety of the statute, giving due weight to design, structure, and purpose as well as to aggregate language,” Dickau v. Vt.	1	2021–2021
Bridgeman v. S.D. Warren Co. green me · 2005 2 sentences 2011Id. 2011In Bridgeman , we also decided a companion case in which the employee, Mitchell, had filed a petition for award for work injuries suffered in 2000, and seeking incapacity benefits beginning May 15, 2001. 2005 ME 38 ¶ 4 , 872 A.2d at 962 .	1	2011–2011
George D. Ballard, Builder, Inc. v. City of Westbrook green me · 1985 1 sentence 2001Ballard, Builder, Inc. v. City of Westbrook, 502 A.2d 476 , 479 n. 4 (Me.1985); Hedberg v. Wallingford, 379 A.2d 126, 128 (Me.1977). 2 The plain language of the rule establishes that absent an agreement of the parties, a motion for appointment of a referee is only granted in exceptional circumstances.	1	2001–2001
Greene County Bank v. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. green scotus · 1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1997–1997
John Labatt Ltd. v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc. green scotus · 1997 2 sentences 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273, 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss.1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip. 1997United States v. Trident Seafoods Corp., 92 F.3d 855, 859 (9th Cir.1996), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 117 S.Ct. 944 , 136 L.Ed.2d 833 (1997); Mallory v. Eyrich, 922 F.2d 1273 , 1278 (6th Cir.1991); Johnston v. Penrod Drilling Co., 803 F.2d 867, 869 (5th Cir.1986); Ezelle v. Bauer Corp., 154 F.R.D. 149, 152 (S.D.Miss. 1994); Adams v. Wolff, 110 F.R.D. 291, 293 (D.Nev.1986); Waters v. Heublein, Inc., 485 F.Supp. 110, 113 (N.D.Cal.1979); Dual v. Cleland, 79 F.R.D. 696, 697 (D.D.C.1978); Darragh Poultry & Livestock Equip.	1	1997–1997

Where else courts name it

TX 152 (1989–2025) IL 149 (1893–2026) UT 136 (1993–2026) WA 125 (1996–2026) FL 114 (1970–2026) CA 72 (1943–2026) MN 68 (1964–2025) OH 62 (1988–2026) MI 56 (1981–2025) NM 53 (1998–2025) AZ 52 (1985–2025) PA 52 (1974–2026) MD 41 (1982–2025) HI 38 (1994–2026) NJ 30 (1991–2026) AL 29 (1997–2018) MO 26 (1961–2024) CO 24 (1992–2026) IA 24 (1978–2026) IN 19 (1979–2024) ME 18 (1997–2024) ID 15 (2008–2024) MA 15 (1990–2023) WI 14 (1979–2025) KY 13 (2001–2024) NY 13 (1991–2026) VT 13 (1993–2025) GA 12 (1991–2023) AR 12 (1994–2026) TN 12 (1991–2022) NV 12 (2012–2022) NC 10 (1992–2024) MS 10 (1999–2018) WY 10 (1976–2025) AK 10 (1980–2023) DC 9 (1982–2019) NH 8 (1978–2025) ND 8 (1911–2016) VA 7 (2005–2010) CT 7 (1982–2022) RI 5 (1985–2014) KS 4 (2011–2019) MT 4 (2007–2020) SD 4 (1992–1997) SC 4 (1992–2019) GU 3 (2021–2026) VI 3 (2001–2015) LA 3 (2006–2013) NE 3 (2005–2006) DE 3 (2018–2021) WV 3 (2014–2024) OR 3 (2000–2022) OK 2 (1945–2000)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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