has recognized test (California) · Go Syfert
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has recognized test in California

15 California opinions name it 2 courts 1887–2016 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by California courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (6)

CaseFollowedCited
M. P. Moller, Inc. v. Wilsongreen
cal · 1936 · cited in 5 California opinions naming this issue, 1938–1978
2 sentences

1978P. Moller, Inc. v. Wilson (1936) 8 Cal.2d 31, 37 [ 63 P.2d 818 ], “This court has recognized the test of intention to make the article a permanent addition to the-realty as manifested by the physical facts, and has accepted the character of the annexation and the use for which the article is designed as subsidiary elements employed for the purpose of testing the intention ofpermanency. ” (Italics added.) When viewed in light of the foregoing principles, the trial court’s conclusion that the cranes in dispute were installed with the intention of permanency and therefore became a part of the rea

1978P. Moller, Inc. v. Wilson (1936) 8 Cal.2d 31, 37 [ 63 P.2d 818 ], “This court has recognized the test of intention to make the article a permanent addition to the-realty as manifested by the physical facts, and has accepted the character of the annexation and the use for which the article is designed as subsidiary elements employed for the purpose of testing the intention ofpermanency. ” (Italics added.) When viewed in light of the foregoing principles, the trial court’s conclusion that the cranes in dispute were installed with the intention of permanency and therefore became a part of the rea

35
In Re Sheena K.green
cal · 2007 · cited in 2 California opinions naming this issue, 2014–2016
2 sentences

2016(People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 234-235 .) The court has recognized an exception to forfeiture in cases where the imposition of an 3 unconstitutional probation condition is "correctable without referring to factual findings in the record or remanding for further findings . . . ." (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 887 .) Since there are no factual findings, or even discussion of the challenged conditions in the record, we believe we are bound to follow In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th 875 , and find the challenge to the residence and employment approval has not been forfeited.

2016(People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 234-235 .) The court has recognized an exception to forfeiture in cases where the imposition of an 3 unconstitutional probation condition is "correctable without referring to factual findings in the record or remanding for further findings . . . ." (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 887 .) Since there are no factual findings, or even discussion of the challenged conditions in the record, we believe we are bound to follow In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th 875 , and find the challenge to the residence and employment approval has not been forfeited.

12
Grupp v. Margolisgreen
calctapp · 1957 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1962–1962
2 sentences

1962This court has recognized the test of intention to make the article a permanent addition to the realty as manifested by the physical facts, and has accepted the character of the annexation and the use for which the article is designed as subsidiary elements employed for the purpose of testing the intention of permanency.” See also Grupp v. Margolis, 153 Cal.App.2d 500, 503 [ 314 P.2d 820 ].

1962This court has recognized the test of intention to make the article a permanent addition to the realty as manifested by the physical facts, and has accepted the character of the annexation and the use for which the article is designed as subsidiary elements employed for the purpose of testing the intention of permanency.” See also Grupp v. Margolis, 153 Cal.App.2d 500, 503 [ 314 P.2d 820 ].

11
City & County of San Francisco v. Boydgreen
cal · 1943 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1946–1946
2 sentences

1946Under the terms of the policy contracts, the insurers have undertaken to pay any judgment rendered in favor of either the plaintiff or the cross-complainant; they, therefore, have a pecuniary interest in effecting a balance between the litigants and so conducting the litigation that neither party recovers against the other. *799 This court has recognized the rule “that in litigation involving only private parties and rights, payment of all counsel fees by one party to the litigation may give that party ‘such control over both the preparation and argument of the cause, as to make the suit . . .

1946Under the terms of the policy contracts, the insurers have undertaken to pay any judgment rendered in favor of either the plaintiff or the cross-complainant; they, therefore, have a pecuniary interest in effecting a balance between the litigants and so conducting the litigation that neither party recovers against the other. *799 This court has recognized the rule “that in litigation involving only private parties and rights, payment of all counsel fees by one party to the litigation may give that party ‘such control over both the preparation and argument of the cause, as to make the suit . . .

11
Byrne v. Byrnegreen
cal · 1892 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1946–1946
2 sentences

1946(United States v. Johnson, 319 U.S. 302 [ 63 S.Ct. 1075 , 87 L.Ed. 1413 ].) These decisions are in accordance with the fundamental principle that one may not be both the plaintiff and the defendant in an action (Stevens v. Superior Court, 155 Cal. 148, 150 [ 99 P. 512 ]; Byrne v. Byrne, 94 Cal. 576, 579 [ 29 P. 1115 , 30 P. 196 ]; see; 11B Cal.Jur. 322; 20 Cal.Jur. 485), and it is difficult to see why, in the litigation between Borad and O ’Morrow, the insurance companies would not come within that prohibition if they were allowed to defend each of their insureds against the claim of the other

1946(United States v. Johnson, 319 U.S. 302 [ 63 S.Ct. 1075 , 87 L.Ed. 1413 ].) These decisions are in accordance with the fundamental principle that one may not be both the plaintiff and the defendant in an action (Stevens v. Superior Court, 155 Cal. 148, 150 [ 99 P. 512 ]; Byrne v. Byrne, 94 Cal. 576, 579 [ 29 P. 1115 , 30 P. 196 ]; see; 11B Cal.Jur. 322; 20 Cal.Jur. 485), and it is difficult to see why, in the litigation between Borad and O ’Morrow, the insurance companies would not come within that prohibition if they were allowed to defend each of their insureds against the claim of the other

11
Stevens v. Superior Court of Placergreen
cal · 1909 · cited in 1 California opinions naming this issue, 1946–1946
2 sentences

1946(United States v. Johnson, 319 U.S. 302 [ 63 S.Ct. 1075 , 87 L.Ed. 1413 ].) These decisions are in accordance with the fundamental principle that one may not be both the plaintiff and the defendant in an action (Stevens v. Superior Court, 155 Cal. 148, 150 [ 99 P. 512 ]; Byrne v. Byrne, 94 Cal. 576, 579 [ 29 P. 1115 , 30 P. 196 ]; see; 11B Cal.Jur. 322; 20 Cal.Jur. 485), and it is difficult to see why, in the litigation between Borad and O ’Morrow, the insurance companies would not come within that prohibition if they were allowed to defend each of their insureds against the claim of the other

1946(United States v. Johnson, 319 U.S. 302 [ 63 S.Ct. 1075 , 87 L.Ed. 1413 ].) These decisions are in accordance with the fundamental principle that one may not be both the plaintiff and the defendant in an action (Stevens v. Superior Court, 155 Cal. 148, 150 [ 99 P. 512 ]; Byrne v. Byrne, 94 Cal. 576, 579 [ 29 P. 1115 , 30 P. 196 ]; see; 11B Cal.Jur. 322; 20 Cal.Jur. 485), and it is difficult to see why, in the litigation between Borad and O ’Morrow, the insurance companies would not come within that prohibition if they were allowed to defend each of their insureds against the claim of the other

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in California. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (20)

CaseCitedYears
City of Los Angeles v. Klinker green
cal · 1933
2 sentences

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

31938–1957
People v. Welch green
cal · 1993
2 sentences

2016(People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 234-235 .) The court has recognized an exception to forfeiture in cases where the imposition of an 3 unconstitutional probation condition is "correctable without referring to factual findings in the record or remanding for further findings . . . ." (In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th at p. 887 .) Since there are no factual findings, or even discussion of the challenged conditions in the record, we believe we are bound to follow In re Sheena K., supra, 40 Cal.4th 875 , and find the challenge to the residence and employment approval has not been forfeited.

2014(People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 233-234 ; In re Abdirahman S. (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 963, 970-971 .) However, the court has recognized an exception to the rule of forfeiture of challenges to probation conditions.

22014–2016
Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co. green
cal · 1889
2 sentences

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

21936–1957
Gosliner v. Briones green
cal · 1921
2 sentences

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

21936–1957
People v. Abdirahman S. green
calctapp · 1997
1 sentence

2014(People v. Welch (1993) 5 Cal.4th 228, 233-234 ; In re Abdirahman S. (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 963, 970-971 .) However, the court has recognized an exception to the rule of forfeiture of challenges to probation conditions.

12014–2014
Mark N. v. Superior Court of L.A. Cty. green
calctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2014This court has recognized an exception when “18 months had elapsed and no reunification plan had been developed for the parent . . . .” (In re Dino E. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1768, 1778 ; cf. In re Daniel G. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1215-1216 ; In re Mark N., supra, 60 Cal.App.4th 996, 1016 .) 3 Father acknowledges that to find a substantial probability of return within 18 months at a 12-month review hearing, “the court shall be required to find all of the following: [¶] (A) That the parent or legal guardian has consistently and regularly contacted and visited with the child. [¶] (B) That the

2014This court has recognized an exception when “18 months had elapsed and no reunification plan had been developed for the parent . . . .” (In re Dino E. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1768, 1778 ; cf. In re Daniel G. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1215-1216 ; In re Mark N., supra, 60 Cal.App.4th 996, 1016 .) 3 Father acknowledges that to find a substantial probability of return within 18 months at a 12-month review hearing, “the court shall be required to find all of the following: [¶] (A) That the parent or legal guardian has consistently and regularly contacted and visited with the child. [¶] (B) That the

12014–2014
In Re Daniel G. green
calctapp · 1994
1 sentence

2014This court has recognized an exception when “18 months had elapsed and no reunification plan had been developed for the parent . . . .” (In re Dino E. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1768, 1778 ; cf. In re Daniel G. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1215-1216 ; In re Mark N., supra, 60 Cal.App.4th 996, 1016 .) 3 Father acknowledges that to find a substantial probability of return within 18 months at a 12-month review hearing, “the court shall be required to find all of the following: [¶] (A) That the parent or legal guardian has consistently and regularly contacted and visited with the child. [¶] (B) That the

12014–2014
In Re Dino E. green
calctapp · 1992
1 sentence

2014This court has recognized an exception when “18 months had elapsed and no reunification plan had been developed for the parent . . . .” (In re Dino E. (1992) 6 Cal.App.4th 1768, 1778 ; cf. In re Daniel G. (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 1205, 1215-1216 ; In re Mark N., supra, 60 Cal.App.4th 996, 1016 .) 3 Father acknowledges that to find a substantial probability of return within 18 months at a 12-month review hearing, “the court shall be required to find all of the following: [¶] (A) That the parent or legal guardian has consistently and regularly contacted and visited with the child. [¶] (B) That the

12014–2014
Pajaro Valley Bank v. County of Santa Cruz green
calctapp · 1962
2 sentences

1964Plaintiff cites Pajaro Valley *112 Bank v. County of Santa Cruz, 207 Cal.App.2d 621 [ 24 Cal.Rptr. 639 ], in which the court held that safe deposit boxes placed in a vault in a national bank were personal property and not assessable.

1964Plaintiff cites Pajaro Valley *112 Bank v. County of Santa Cruz, 207 Cal.App.2d 621 [ 24 Cal.Rptr. 639 ], in which the court held that safe deposit boxes placed in a vault in a national bank were personal property and not assessable.

11964–1964
Daniger v. Hunter green
calctapp · 1952
2 sentences

1962Daniger v. Hunter, 114 Cal.App.2d 796 [ 251 P.2d 353 ], an action to foreclose a mechanic’s lien, involved sink units consisting of a gas stove, a sink and a refrigerator, the three fitting together as one unit.

1962Daniger v. Hunter, 114 Cal.App.2d 796 [ 251 P.2d 353 ], an action to foreclose a mechanic’s lien, involved sink units consisting of a gas stove, a sink and a refrigerator, the three fitting together as one unit.

11962–1962
Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co. green
cal · 1920
2 sentences

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

1957(City of Los Angeles v. Klinker, 219 Cal. 198 [ 25 P.2d 826 , 90 A.L.R 148] ; Gosliner v. Briones, 187 Cal. 557 [ 204 P. 19 ] ; Oakland Bank of Savings v. California Pressed Brick Co., 183 Cal. 295 [ 191 P. 524 ]; Lavenson v. Standard Soap Co., 80 Cal. 245 [ 22 P. 184 , 13 Am.St.Rep. 147 ].) Thus whether an article is or was physically affixed to the buildings is only one of the criteria in determining whether there was an intention to make it a permanent accession to the real property. ’ ” (Southern Calif.

11957–1957
James v. Myers green
colo · 1928
2 sentences

1955Upon the authority of People v. Estorga, 206 Cal. 81 [ 273 P. 575 ], and People v. Hickman, 204 Cal. 470 [ 268 P. 909 , 270 P. 1117 ], this court has qualified the right and requires an "affirmative showing" of bias or prejudice.

1955Upon the authority of People v. Estorga, 206 Cal. 81 [ 273 P. 575 ], and People v. Hickman, 204 Cal. 470 [ 268 P. 909 . 270 P. 1117 ], this court has qualified the right and requires an ‘1 affirmative showing” of bias or prejudice.

11955–1955
People v. Estorga green
cal · 1928
2 sentences

1955Upon the authority of People v. Estorga, 206 Cal. 81 [ 273 P. 575 ], and People v. Hickman, 204 Cal. 470 [ 268 P. 909 , 270 P. 1117 ], this court has qualified the right and requires an "affirmative showing" of bias or prejudice.

1955Upon the authority of People v. Estorga, 206 Cal. 81 [ 273 P. 575 ], and People v. Hickman, 204 Cal. 470 [ 268 P. 909 , 270 P. 1117 ], this court has qualified the right and requires an "affirmative showing" of bias or prejudice.

11955–1955
People v. Hickman green
cal · 1928
2 sentences

1955Upon the authority of People v. Estorga, 206 Cal. 81 [ 273 P. 575 ], and People v. Hickman, 204 Cal. 470 [ 268 P. 909 , 270 P. 1117 ], this court has qualified the right and requires an "affirmative showing" of bias or prejudice.

1955Upon the authority of People v. Estorga, 206 Cal. 81 [ 273 P. 575 ], and People v. Hickman, 204 Cal. 470 [ 268 P. 909 , 270 P. 1117 ], this court has qualified the right and requires an "affirmative showing" of bias or prejudice.

11955–1955
United States v. Johnson green
scotus · 1943
2 sentences

1946(United States v. Johnson, 319 U.S. 302 [ 63 S.Ct. 1075 , 87 L.Ed. 1413 ].) These decisions are in accordance with the fundamental principle that one may not be both the plaintiff and the defendant in an action (Stevens v. Superior Court, 155 Cal. 148, 150 [ 99 P. 512 ]; Byrne v. Byrne, 94 Cal. 576, 579 [ 29 P. 1115 , 30 P. 196 ]; see; 11B Cal.Jur. 322; 20 Cal.Jur. 485), and it is difficult to see why, in the litigation between Borad and O ’Morrow, the insurance companies would not come within that prohibition if they were allowed to defend each of their insureds against the claim of the other

1946(United States v. Johnson, 319 U.S. 302 [ 63 S.Ct. 1075 , 87 L.Ed. 1413 ].) These decisions are in accordance with the fundamental principle that one may not be both the plaintiff and the defendant in an action (Stevens v. Superior Court, 155 Cal. 148, 150 [ 99 P. 512 ]; Byrne v. Byrne, 94 Cal. 576, 579 [ 29 P. 1115 , 30 P. 196 ]; see; 11B Cal.Jur. 322; 20 Cal.Jur. 485), and it is difficult to see why, in the litigation between Borad and O ’Morrow, the insurance companies would not come within that prohibition if they were allowed to defend each of their insureds against the claim of the other

11946–1946
Tyler v. Mayre neutral
cal · 1892
1 sentence

1946(United States v. Johnson, 319 U.S. 302 [ 63 S.Ct. 1075 , 87 L.Ed. 1413 ].) These decisions are in accordance with the fundamental principle that one may not be both the plaintiff and the defendant in an action (Stevens v. Superior Court, 155 Cal. 148, 150 [ 99 P. 512 ]; Byrne v. Byrne, 94 Cal. 576, 579 [ 29 P. 1115 , 30 P. 196 ]; see; 11B Cal.Jur. 322; 20 Cal.Jur. 485), and it is difficult to see why, in the litigation between Borad and O ’Morrow, the insurance companies would not come within that prohibition if they were allowed to defend each of their insureds against the claim of the other

11946–1946
McNally v. Connolly neutral
cal · 1886
2 sentences

1941The eases of McNally v. Connolly, 70 Cal. 3 [ 11 Pac 320 ], and1 Ban Francisco Breweries v. Schurtz, 104 Cal. 4 -20 [ 38 Pac. 92 ], upon which the respondent relies, are not in conflict with what we have previously said regarding the binding effect upon the parties to an agreement and upon third persons with notice thereof, that title to personal property subsequently placed on the land is reserved to a proposed purchaser of the realty.

1941The eases of McNally v. Connolly, 70 Cal. 3 [ 11 Pac 320 ], and1 Ban Francisco Breweries v. Schurtz, 104 Cal. 4 -20 [ 38 Pac. 92 ], upon which the respondent relies, are not in conflict with what we have previously said regarding the binding effect upon the parties to an agreement and upon third persons with notice thereof, that title to personal property subsequently placed on the land is reserved to a proposed purchaser of the realty.

11941–1941
San Francisco Breweries v. Schurtz green
cal · 1894
1 sentence

1941The eases of McNally v. Connolly, 70 Cal. 3 [ 11 Pac 320 ], and1 Ban Francisco Breweries v. Schurtz, 104 Cal. 4 -20 [ 38 Pac. 92 ], upon which the respondent relies, are not in conflict with what we have previously said regarding the binding effect upon the parties to an agreement and upon third persons with notice thereof, that title to personal property subsequently placed on the land is reserved to a proposed purchaser of the realty.

11941–1941
Los Angeles Gas & Electric Co. v. County of Los Angeles green
cal · 1912
1 sentence

1921(Los Angeles Gas & Electric Co. v. County of Los Angeles, 162 Cal. 164 , [9 A. L.

11921–1921
People v. Smith neutral
cal · 1863
1 sentence

1887Most of them are referred to in the first pages of the second volume of Russell on Crimes, 8th Am. ed., and in East’s Pleas of the Crown, under the head of “Larceny and Robbery.” A case precisely like the one at bar has not arisen in this state to our knowledge; but this court has recognized the rule as above stated in People v. Stone, 16 Cal. 370 ; People v. Jersey, 18 Cal. 338 ; People v. Smith, 23 Cal. 280 ; and in other cases.

11887–1887

Where else courts name it

AL 39 (1909–2024) MS 33 (1912–2019) LA 31 (1938–2020) KS 26 (1888–2012) MT 22 (1905–2023) MD 22 (1960–2025) IL 21 (1907–2016) WY 21 (1943–2026) MI 20 (1898–2022) SC 19 (1906–2021) PA 17 (1966–2026) TX 15 (1952–2016) CA 15 (1887–2016) AR 15 (1924–2021) NC 14 (1914–2021) ID 14 (1910–2018) OH 14 (1964–2026) IN 14 (1879–2016) WA 13 (1912–2020) NE 12 (1896–2005) CT 11 (1905–2022) OK 11 (1928–2022) FL 11 (1903–2003) GA 11 (1883–2015) OR 10 (1937–2021) TN 10 (1921–2024) RI 9 (1983–2011) UT 8 (1932–2019) HI 8 (1926–2025) IA 8 (1887–2022) KY 8 (1916–2017) WI 8 (1888–1981) SD 8 (1915–2013) ND 8 (1924–2021) NV 7 (1952–2019) VT 7 (1930–2022) VA 6 (1961–2023) MN 6 (1898–2015) MO 5 (2010–2025) MA 5 (1891–2018) DE 4 (1965–2023) DC 4 (1981–2012) NY 4 (1986–2009) NJ 4 (1988–2015) NM 3 (1962–2021) WV 3 (1948–1987) NH 2 (1985–1988) AZ 2 (1944–2022) CO 2 (1996–2014) ME 2 (1932–1984)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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