first prong test in New Jersey

95 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1985–2026 34 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (27)

Case	Followed	Cited
Strickland v. Washingtongreen scotus · 1984 · cited in 41 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1998–2026 2 sentences 2026Under the first prong of this test, the defendant must demonstrate that "counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 . 2026Under the first prong of this test, the defendant must demonstrate that "counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 .	6	41
State v. Fritzgreen nj · 1987 · cited in 10 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1998–2025 2 sentences 2025Under the first prong of this test, the defendant must demonstrate that "counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed the A-3007-22 8 defendant by the Sixth Amendment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 ; Fritz, 105 N.J. at 52 . 2025After hearing testimony from defendant and his plea counsel, the PCR court on remand held defendant had failed to establish plea counsel's performance was deficient under the first prong of the standard articulated by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and adopted under our State Constitution by the New Jersey Supreme Court in State v. Fritz, 105 N.J. 42, 58 (1987).	4	10
State v. James W. Robinson (070556)green nj · 2014 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2022 2 sentences 2022State v. Robinson, 217 N.J. 594, 604 (2014). 2017State v. Robinson, 217 N.J. 594, 603-04 (2014).	2	2
cluster 489293green ca3 · 1987 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000 2 sentences 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F. 2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed. 2d 392 (1987). 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F.2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed.2d 392 (1987).	2	2
Lehmann v. Toys 'R' US, Inc.green nj · 1993 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1996–2023 2 sentences 2023As earlier noted, in Lehmann we explicitly held that “[w]hen the harassing conduct is sexual . . . in nature,” the first prong of a claim for hostile-environment sexual harassment, which asks whether the harassing conduct occurred because of sex, or “would not have occurred but for” the person’s sex, “will automatically be satisfied.” 132 N.J. at 605 (emphasis added). 2023We made clear that “when a plaintiff alleges that she has been subjected to sexual touchings . . . she has established that the harassment occurred because of her sex.” Ibid.	1	3
In Re the Guardianship of K.H.O.green nj · 1999 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2010–2013 2 sentences 2013With regard to the first prong of the test, which addresses the child’s safety, the Division must prove harm that “threatens the child’s health and will likely have continuing deleterious effects on the child.” K.H.O., supra, 161 N.J. at 352, 736 A.2d 1246 . 2013With regard to the first prong of the test, which addresses the child’s safety, the Division must prove harm that “threatens the child’s health and will likely have continuing deleterious effects on the child.” K.H.O., supra, 161 N.J. at 352, 736 A.2d 1246 .	1	3
State v. Buckleygreen nj · 2013 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2025 2 sentences 2025"Under the first prong of that test, the statute predicates a finding of causation upon proof that 'the actual result' was 'within the risk of which the actor is aware.'" Ibid. (quoting N.J.S.A. 2C:2-3(c)). 2020See id. at 267-68 .	1	2
Gibbons v. Gibbonsgreen nj · 1981 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2022 2 sentences 2022Under the first prong of that test, there are three circumstances that will justify the retroactive application of a statute: (1) the Legislature provided for retroactivity expressly, either in the language of the statute itself or its legislative history, or implicitly, by requiring retroactive effect to "make the statute workable or to A-0196-20 5 give it the most sensible interpretation"; (2) "the statute is ameliorative or curative"; or (3) the parties' expectations warrant retroactive application. [J.V., 242 N.J. at 444 (quoting Gibbons v. Gibbons, 86 N.J. 515, 522-23 (1981)).] An amelior 2021Under the first prong of the test, we evaluate whether the Legislature provided for retroactivity expressly, either in the language of the statute itself or its legislative history, or implicitly, by requiring retroactive effect to "make the statute workable or to give it the most sensible interpretation." Gibbons, 86 N.J. at 522 .	1	2
State v. Castagnagreen nj · 2006 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2008–2018 2 sentences 2018The first prong of the test is satisfied by showing counsel's acts or omissions fell outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance considered in light of all 9 A-0956-16T3 the circumstances of the case." State v. Allegro, 193 N.J. 352, 366 (2008) (quoting State v. Castagna, 187 N.J. 293, 314 (2006)). "[T]here is 'a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.'" Castagna, 187 N.J. at 314 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 ). 2018The first prong of the test is satisfied by showing counsel's acts or omissions fell outside the wide range of professionally competent assistance considered in light of all 9 A-0956-16T3 the circumstances of the case." State v. Allegro, 193 N.J. 352, 366 (2008) (quoting State v. Castagna, 187 N.J. 293, 314 (2006)). "[T]here is 'a strong presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance.'" Castagna, 187 N.J. at 314 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689 ).	1	2
Moper Transp., Inc. v. Norbet Trucking Corp.green njsuperctappdiv · 2008 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008 2 sentences 2008Rowe, supra, 189 N.J. at 621 , 917 A.2d 767 ; Fu v. Fu, 160 N.J. 108, 118 , 733 A.2d 1133 (1999); Moper, supra, 399 N.J.Super. at 153, 943 A.2d 873 . 2008Rowe, supra, 189 N.J. at 621 , 917 A.2d 767 ; Fu v. Fu, 160 N.J. 108, 118 , 733 A.2d 1133 (1999); Moper, supra, 399 N.J.Super. at 153, 943 A.2d 873 .	1	2
State v. Nunez-Valdezgreen nj · 2009 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025 1 sentence 2025Where a PCR petition arises from a plea bargain, "a defendant must prove that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, [he or she] would not have pled guilty and would have insisted on going to trial." State v. Gaitan, 209 N.J. 339, 351 (2012) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Nuñez- Valdéz, 200 N.J. 129, 139 (2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).	1	1
In Re Contest of November 8, 2011 General Election of Office of New Jersey General Assembly, Fourth Legislative Districtgreen nj · 2012 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025 1 sentence 2025Where a PCR petition arises from a plea bargain, "a defendant must prove that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, [he or she] would not have pled guilty and would have insisted on going to trial." State v. Gaitan, 209 N.J. 339, 351 (2012) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Nuñez- Valdéz, 200 N.J. 129, 139 (2009)) (internal quotation marks omitted).	1	1
STEPHEN D. PERRY VS. NEW JERSEY STATE PAROLE BOARD (NEW JERSEY STATE PAROLE BOARD)green njsuperctappdiv · 2019 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 1 sentence 2022State Parole Bd., 459 N.J.	1	1
State v. Brentgreen nj · 1994 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 1 sentence 2021In his April 8, 2019 oral decision, the judge reviewed N.J.S.A. 2C:1- 8(e), stating, "The [c]ourt shall not charge the jury with respect to an included offense unless there is a rational basis for a verdict convicting the defendant of the included offense." He then stated that he "interpreted the statute as requiring satisfaction of a two-part test." Under the first prong of the test, "to charge a jury on an unindicted offense, the [c]ourt must conclude . . . that the offense is included in the charged offense." Under the second prong, "the [c]ourt must conclude . . . that the evidence at tria	1	1
State v. Taccettagreen nj · 2009 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020 1 sentence 2020In the context of ineffective assistance related to a plea, the second prong requires a defendant to "'show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.'" State v. Taccetta, 200 N.J. 183, 193 (2009) (citation omitted).	1	1
Woods-Pirozzi v. Nabisco Foodsgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1996 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019For example, in Woods-Pirozzi v. Nabisco Foods, 290 N.J.	1	1
Suppan v. Dadonnagreen ca3 · 2000 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019	1	1
James Hitesman v. Bridgeway, Inc. (072466)green nj · 2014 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019	1	1
State v. Allegrogreen nj · 2008 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018	1	1
State v. Sheikagreen njsuperctappdiv · 2001 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018	1	1
Terry v. Ohiogreen scotus · 1968 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015	1	1
Allied-Signal, Inc. Ex Rel. Bendix Corp. v. Director, Division of Taxationgreen scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011	1	1
Texas v. Browngreen scotus · 1983 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007	1	1
United States v. Samuel Lee Clarkgreen ca8 · 1994 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002	1	1
People v. Lessliegreen coloctapp · 1996 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002	1	1
Frank's Gmc Truck Center, Inc. v. General Motors Corporationgreen ca3 · 1988 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001	1	1
United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuitgreen ca3 · 1976 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (40)

Case	Cited	Years
Li Fu v. Hong Fu green nj · 1999 2 sentences 2008Rowe, supra, 189 N.J. at 621 , 917 A.2d 767 ; Fu v. Fu, 160 N.J. 108, 118 , 733 A.2d 1133 (1999); Moper, supra, 399 N.J.Super. at 153, 943 A.2d 873 . 2008Rowe, supra, 189 N.J. at 621 , 917 A.2d 767 ; Fu v. Fu, 160 N.J. 108, 118 , 733 A.2d 1133 (1999); Moper, supra, 399 N.J.Super. at 153, 943 A.2d 873 .	3	2007–2008
International Schools Services, Inc. v. West Windsor Township green njsuperctappdiv · 2005 2 sentences 2010Id. at 386, 388-89, 886 A.2d 204 . 2010Id. at 386, 388-89, 886 A. 2d 204 .	2	2010–2010
Rowe v. Hoffman-La Roche, Inc. green nj · 2007 2 sentences 2008Rowe, supra, 189 N.J. at 621 , 917 A.2d 767 ; Fu v. Fu, 160 N.J. 108, 118 , 733 A.2d 1133 (1999); Moper, supra, 399 N.J.Super. at 153, 943 A.2d 873 . 2008Rowe, supra, 189 N.J. at 621 , 917 A.2d 767 ; Fu v. Fu, 160 N.J. 108, 118 , 733 A.2d 1133 (1999); Moper, supra, 399 N.J.Super. at 153, 943 A.2d 873 .	2	2008–2008
Buckelew v. Grossbard green nj · 1981 2 sentences 2007The res ipsa loquitur doctrine establishes a " prima facie case by permitting the jury to infer negligence." Buckelew, supra, 87 N.J. at 526 , 435 A. 2d 1150 . 2007The res ipsa loquitur doctrine establishes a " prima facie case by permitting the jury to infer negligence." Buckelew, supra, 87 N.J. at 526 , 435 A. 2d 1150 .	2	1995–2007
State v. Fisher green nj · 1998 2 sentences 2002Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at 694 , 104 S.Ct. at 2068 , 80 L.Ed. 2d at 698 ; Fisher, supra, 156 N.J. at 500 , 721 A. 2d at 294 ; Fritz, supra, 105 N.J. at 52 , 519 A. 2d 336 . 2002Strickland, supra, 466 U.S. at 694 , 104 S.Ct. at 2068 , 80 L.Ed. 2d at 698 ; Fisher, supra, 156 N.J. at 500 , 721 A. 2d at 294 ; Fritz, supra, 105 N.J. at 52 , 519 A. 2d 336 .	2	2000–2002
Adkins v. Seaboard System Railroad green scotus · 1987 2 sentences 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F. 2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed. 2d 392 (1987). 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F.2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed.2d 392 (1987).	2	2000–2000
Hancich v. Gopoian green scotus · 1987 2 sentences 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F. 2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed. 2d 392 (1987). 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F.2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed.2d 392 (1987).	2	2000–2000
Ofshe v. United States green scotus · 1987 2 sentences 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F. 2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed. 2d 392 (1987). 2000Nieves v. Hess Oil Virgin Islands Corp., 819 F.2d 1237, 1247 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 963 , 108 S.Ct. 452 , 98 L.Ed.2d 392 (1987).	2	2000–2000
Silver v. Silver green njsuperctappdiv · 2006 1 sentence 2026The court "disregard[ed] all of [C.B.]'s testimony regarding the predicate acts" and determined C.B. failed to satisfy the first prong of the analysis under Silver v. Silver, 387 N.J.	1	2026–2026
State v. Marshall green nj · 1997 1 sentence 2025In other words, a defendant must show counsel's performance fell below "an objective standard of reasonableness." State v. Marshall, 148 N.J. 89 , 156- 57 (1997) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687 ).	1	2025–2025
State v. Smith green nj · 1959 1 sentence 2022Moreover, this affidavit fails the first prong of the test laid out in [State v. Smith, 29 N.J. 561 (1959)] as it is impeaching and contradictory.	1	2022–2022
Crawford v. Washington green scotus · 2004 1 sentence 2021Crawford identified “formulations of [the] core class of testimonial statements,” including “material such as affidavits . . . that the defendant was unable to cross-examine, or similar pretrial statements that declarants would reasonably expect to be used prosecutorially” or “at a later trial.” Id. at 51-52 .	1	2021–2021
Sarzillo v. Turner Construction Co. green nj · 1985 1 sentence 2021The second prong of the test set forth in N.J.S.A. 34:15-7 requires a court to determine whether the social or recreational activity “produce[d] a benefit to the employer beyond improvement in employee health and morale.” Sarzillo, 101 N.J. at 115 (quoting N.J.S.A. 34:15-7).	1	2021–2021
Carter v. Reynolds green nj · 2003 1 sentence 2020The first prong of the standard is centered on the relationship of the parties. 5 Ibid.	1	2020–2020
Board Of Trustees Of Trucking Employees Of North Jersey Welfare Fund, Inc.--Pension Fund v. Centra green ca3 · 1992	1	2019–2019
Delaware River Port Authority v. Fraternal Order of Police green ca3 · 2002	1	2019–2019
Dzwonar v. McDevitt green nj · 2003	1	2019–2019
Matter of DC green nj · 1996	1	2018–2018
State, Dept. of Environ. Protect. v. Ventron Corp. green nj · 1983	1	2017–2017
State v. Frankel green nj · 2004	1	2015–2015
MacDougall v. Weichert green nj · 1996	1	2013–2013
State v. Delibero green nj · 1997	1	2013–2013
Mehlman v. Mobil Oil Corp. green nj · 1998	1	2013–2013
State v. Garcia green njsuperctappdiv · 1999	1	2011–2011
ASARCO Inc. v. Idaho State Tax Commission green scotus · 1982	1	2011–2011
Container Corp. of America v. Franchise Tax Board green scotus · 1983	1	2011–2011
State v. Williams green nj · 2007	1	2010–2010
Twiss v. State, Dept. of Treasury green nj · 1991	1	2009–2009
Olkusz v. Brown green njsuperctappdiv · 2008	1	2009–2009
Bornstein v. Metropolitan Bottling Co., Inc. green nj · 1958	1	2007–2007
State v. Johnson green nj · 2002	1	2007–2007
Planned Parenthood v. Farmer green nj · 2000	1	2006–2006
Schneider v. American Hockey and Ice Skating Center green njsuperctappdiv · 2001	1	2005–2005
State v. DiFrisco green nj · 2002	1	2004–2004
State v. Cofield green nj · 1992	1	2002–2002
State v. Hempele green nj · 1990	1	2002–2002
Medford v. Duggan green njsuperctappdiv · 1999	1	2001–2001
Lesniak v. County of Bergen green nj · 1989	1	1998–1998
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission green scotus · 1980	1	1985–1985
Solem v. Stumes green scotus · 1984	1	1985–1985

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:43-7.2 (23) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-4 (16) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:12-1 (14) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:14-2 (10) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:11-3 (9) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-5 (9) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:44-1 (8) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:15-1 (7) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:24-4 (7) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-7 (7) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:2-3 (4) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:20-3 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 450 (1982–2026) OH 227 (1980–2026) CA 162 (1982–2026) IL 137 (1983–2026) NY 127 (1969–2026) GA 105 (1975–2026) WA 100 (1982–2026) NJ 95 (1985–2026) CT 93 (1981–2025) PA 91 (1975–2026) FL 71 (1981–2025) IA 65 (1983–2024) MI 57 (1977–2026) TN 49 (1991–2025) NM 48 (1988–2026) AL 46 (1985–2024) MA 41 (1982–2023) IN 41 (1988–2024) MO 38 (1984–2016) RI 36 (1987–2017) NC 35 (1984–2024) NH 35 (1988–2025) UT 35 (1983–2025) MS 31 (1992–2024) WI 31 (1978–2025) KS 30 (1978–2024) MT 29 (1985–2023) KY 28 (1993–2026) VA 26 (1986–2026) VT 26 (1988–2025) CO 25 (1973–2026) HI 23 (1981–2024) LA 21 (1991–2025) MD 18 (1988–2024) SD 18 (1976–2025) MN 16 (1977–2024) OR 16 (1996–2021) AZ 14 (1983–2020) ME 14 (1984–2023) DC 13 (1978–2025) ND 12 (1980–2024) NE 12 (1985–2018) SC 12 (1992–2015) AK 11 (1975–2023) OK 9 (1986–2021) WV 9 (1991–2018) ID 7 (1989–2020) WY 7 (1991–2025) NV 6 (1996–2021) AR 5 (2003–2024) DE 5 (2018–2025) VI 4 (2007–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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