collateral bar (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
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collateral bar in Connecticut

12 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1997–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Wrightgreen
conn · 2005 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2009–2025
2 sentences

2025See, e.g., State v. Wright, 273 Conn. 418, 424, 426 , 870 A.2d 1039 (2005). ‘‘[A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. . . . [A] party has a duty to obey a court order however errone- ous the action of the court may be . . . . [T]here is no privilege to disobey a court’s order because the alleged contemnor believes that it is invalid. . . . [T]his doc- trine, which is commonly known as the collateral bar rule, is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly

2025See, e.g., State v. Wright, 273 Conn. 418, 424, 426 , 870 A.2d 1039 (2005). ‘‘[A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. . . . [A] party has a duty to obey a court order however errone- ous the action of the court may be . . . . [T]here is no privilege to disobey a court’s order because the alleged contemnor believes that it is invalid. . . . [T]his doc- trine, which is commonly known as the collateral bar rule, is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly

13
Cologne v. Westfarms Associatesgreen
conn · 1985 · cited in 3 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2005–2016
2 sentences

2009The court also finds *501 that the defendant has not met his burden to demonstrate that the collateral attack on the order in this proceeding is appropriate pursuant to [State v. Wright, 273 Conn. 418, 426 , 870 A.2d 1039 (2005)].” The collateral bar' rule, initially applied in the context of a contempt proceeding, holds that “a contempt proceeding does not open to reconsideration the legal or factual basis of the order alleged to have been disobeyed”; (internal quotation marks omitted) Cologne v. Westfarms Associates, 197 Conn. 141, 148 , 496 A.2d 476 (1985); and that “there is no privilege t

2009The court also finds *501 that the defendant has not met his burden to demonstrate that the collateral attack on the order in this proceeding is appropriate pursuant to [State v. Wright, 273 Conn. 418, 426 , 870 A.2d 1039 (2005)].” The collateral bar' rule, initially applied in the context of a contempt proceeding, holds that “a contempt proceeding does not open to reconsideration the legal or factual basis of the order alleged to have been disobeyed”; (internal quotation marks omitted) Cologne v. Westfarms Associates, 197 Conn. 141, 148 , 496 A.2d 476 (1985); and that “there is no privilege t

13
Mendillo v. Tinley, Renehan & Dost, LLPgreen
conn · 2018 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Notably, in Valvo, we character- ized the plaintiff’s collateral challenge as moot and ‘‘nonjusticiable because no practical relief [was] avail- able . . . .’’ Id., 548 ; see also Mendillo v. Tinley, Renehan & Dost, LLP, 329 Conn. 515, 527 , 187 A.3d 1154 (2018) (‘‘we agree with the defendants that the . . . case is nonjusticiable because no practical relief is available to the plaintiff insofar as the allegations in the declaratory judgment complaint demonstrate that it is nothing more than a collateral attack on the protec- tive order imposed by the trial court [in a different case]’’).

2023Notably, in Valvo, we character- ized the plaintiff’s collateral challenge as moot and ‘‘nonjusticiable because no practical relief [was] avail- able . . . .’’ Id., 548 ; see also Mendillo v. Tinley, Renehan & Dost, LLP, 329 Conn. 515, 527 , 187 A.3d 1154 (2018) (‘‘we agree with the defendants that the . . . case is nonjusticiable because no practical relief is available to the plaintiff insofar as the allegations in the declaratory judgment complaint demonstrate that it is nothing more than a collateral attack on the protec- tive order imposed by the trial court [in a different case]’’).

11
Hirtle v. Hirtlegreen
conn · 1991 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Hirtle v. Hirtle, supra, 217 Conn. at 403 , 586 A.2d 578 ("On this meager record, the defendant has failed to overcome the presumption that [the trial court] was reading from a written document when he described the terms of the modified support order to which the parties had agreed.

2016See Hirtle v. Hirtle, supra, 217 Conn. at 403 , 586 A.2d 578 ("On this meager record, the defendant has failed to overcome the presumption that [the trial court] was reading from a written document when he described the terms of the modified support order to which the parties had agreed.

11
Morris v. Irwingreen
connappct · 1985 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Although it is axiomatic that parties cannot confer jurisdiction on a court by consent; see, e.g., Keller v. Beckenstein, supra, 305 Conn. at 531 , 46 A.3d 102 ; Morris v. Irwin, supra, 4 Conn.App. at 435 , 494 A.2d 626 ; the defendant's assent to the modification undercuts her contention that the modification was a miscarriage of justice deserving of disruption on collateral review. 22 This is particularly so, given that Judge Resha's ratification of the parties' agreement to modify the original judgment of dissolution was not so far afield from the Superior Court's plenary jurisdiction over

2016Although it is axiomatic that parties cannot confer jurisdiction on a court by consent; see, e.g., Keller v. Beckenstein, supra, 305 Conn. at 531 , 46 A.3d 102 ; Morris v. Irwin, supra, 4 Conn.App. at 435 , 494 A.2d 626 ; the defendant's assent to the modification undercuts her contention that the modification was a miscarriage of justice deserving of disruption on collateral review. 22 This is particularly so, given that Judge Resha's ratification of the parties' agreement to modify the original judgment of dissolution was not so far afield from the Superior Court's plenary jurisdiction over

11
Brennan v. Manlapazgreen
connappct · 1989 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See id., at 71 , 560 A.2d 988 ("In this case, the original trial court's award of the principal of the trusts was only one part of a financial award that included alimony, child support, medical insurance, beneficiary interests in life insurance policies and attorney's fees.

11
Joyce O. Hodge v. Stedmann Hodgegreen
ca3 · 1980 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Hodge v. Hodge, 621 F.2d 590 , 592-93 (3d Cir.1980) (relying on presumption of finality under § 15 of sixth tentative draft of Restatement [Second] of Judgments to reject collateral attack on territorial court of general jurisdiction's statutorily unauthorized award of real estate pursuant to dissolution settlement because parties agreed to judgment and failed to contest jurisdiction at that time); Vogel v. Vogel, supra, 178 Conn. at 363 , 422 A.2d 271 (rejecting collateral challenge because, inter alia, husband "not only was fully aware of the consequences of the decrees and had the oppor

2016See Hodge v. Hodge, 621 F.2d 590 , 592–93 (3d Cir. 1980) (relying on presumption of finality under § 15 of sixth tentative draft of Restatement [Second] of Judgments to reject collateral attack on territorial court of general jurisdiction’s statutorily unauthorized award of real estate pursuant to dissolu- tion settlement because parties agreed to judgment and failed to contest jurisdiction at that time); Vogel v. Vogel, supra, 178 Conn. 363 (rejecting collateral challenge because, inter alia, husband ‘‘not only was fully aware of the consequences of the decrees and had the opportu- nity to fu

11
United States v. Yassem Fares, Also Known as Yasser Faresgreen
ca2 · 1992 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007Mere assertions and generalized proffers on information and belief are insufficient.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) United States v. Fares, 978 F.2d 52, 59 (2d Cir. 1992). “[T]o engage in a collateral inquiry respecting prosecutorial motive, there must be more than mere suspicion or surmise.

11
Walker v. City of Birminghamgreen
scotus · 1967 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See, e.g., Walker v. Birmingham, 388 U.S. 307, 312, 315 , 87 S. Ct. 1824 , 18 L.

2005See, e.g., Walker v. Birmingham, 388 U.S. 307, 312, 315 , 87 S. Ct. 1824 , 18 L.

11
Vecchio v. Sewer Authoritygreen
conn · 1979 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002See Vecchio v. Sewer Authority, 176 Conn. 497, 500 , 408 A.2d 254 (1979); Vaill v. Sewer Commission, 168 Conn. 514, 518-19 , 362 A.2d 885 (1975).

2002See Vecchio v. Sewer Authority, 176 Conn. 497, 500 , 408 A.2d 254 (1979); Vaill v. Sewer Commission, 168 Conn. 514, 518-19 , 362 A.2d 885 (1975).

11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (18)

CaseCitedYears
New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen green
scotus · 2022
2 sentences

2025He argues that, because ‘‘the legal authority necessary to challenge the constitu- tionality of a protective [order] did not exist at the time of his arrest, [his] criminal case is the appropriate forum to resolve his challenge.’’ The second amendment authorities that postdate the defendant’s protective orders are the United States Supreme Court’s recent decisions in New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 , 142 S. Ct. 2111 , 213 L.

2025He argues that, because ‘‘the legal authority necessary to challenge the constitu- tionality of a protective [order] did not exist at the time of his arrest, [his] criminal case is the appropriate forum to resolve his challenge.’’ The second amendment authorities that postdate the defendant’s protective orders are the United States Supreme Court’s recent decisions in New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. Bruen, 597 U.S. 1 , 142 S. Ct. 2111 , 213 L.

12025–2025
Grimm v. Grimm green
conn · 2005
2 sentences

2025In this opinion the other justices concurred. 7 To the extent that the defendant claims that the criminal statutes them- selves are unconstitutional, this claim is inadequately briefed. ‘‘Claims that are inadequately briefed generally are considered abandoned.’’ Grimm v. Grimm, 276 Conn. 377, 393 , 886 A.2d 391 (2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1148 , 126 S. Ct. 2296 , 164 L.

2025In this opinion the other justices concurred. 7 To the extent that the defendant claims that the criminal statutes them- selves are unconstitutional, this claim is inadequately briefed. ‘‘Claims that are inadequately briefed generally are considered abandoned.’’ Grimm v. Grimm, 276 Conn. 377, 393 , 886 A.2d 391 (2005), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1148 , 126 S. Ct. 2296 , 164 L.

12025–2025
Baker v. Marion County Office of Family & Children green
ind · 2004
1 sentence

2017The resolution of a civil juvenile proceeding focuses on the best interests of the child, not on guilt or innocence as in a criminal proceeding." Baker v. Office of Family & Children , 810 N.E.2d 1035 , 1039 (Ind. 2004).

12017–2017
In re Shamika F. green
conn · 2001
2 sentences

2016Insofar as the jurisdictional deficiency must be apparent from the face of the record for purposes of a collateral challenge, and we indulge every presumption in favor of subject matter jurisdiction; see, e.g., Investment Associates v. Summit Associates, Inc., supra, 309 Conn. at 858 , 74 A.3d 1192 ; In re Shamika F., supra, 256 Conn. at 406 -407 , 773 A.2d 347 ; even assuming that § 46b-66 (a) is jurisdictional in nature, we read Judge Resha's canvass of the defendant to comport with that provision.

2016Insofar as the jurisdictional deficiency must be apparent from the face of the record for purposes of a collateral challenge, and we indulge every presumption in favor of subject matter jurisdiction; see, e.g., Investment Associates v. Summit Associates, Inc., supra, 309 Conn. at 858 , 74 A.3d 1192 ; In re Shamika F., supra, 256 Conn. at 406 -407 , 773 A.2d 347 ; even assuming that § 46b-66 (a) is jurisdictional in nature, we read Judge Resha's canvass of the defendant to comport with that provision.

12016–2016
Daly v. Daly green
connappct · 1989
2 sentences

2016In Daly v. Daly, supra, 19 Conn.App. at 70 -72 , 561 A.2d 951 the Appellate Court relied on the mosaic theory to reject a collateral challenge to the nineteen year old original judgment of dissolution, only part of which-ordering distribution of the principal of a trust-was claimed to be jurisdictionally defective as beyond the court's authority.

2016In Daly v. Daly, supra, 19 Conn.App. at 70 -72 , 561 A.2d 951 the Appellate Court relied on the mosaic theory to reject a collateral challenge to the nineteen year old original judgment of dissolution, only part of which-ordering distribution of the principal of a trust-was claimed to be jurisdictionally defective as beyond the court's authority.

12016–2016
State v. Diaz green
connappct · 2004
1 sentence

2016See Hodge v. Hodge, 621 F.2d 590 , 592–93 (3d Cir. 1980) (relying on presumption of finality under § 15 of sixth tentative draft of Restatement [Second] of Judgments to reject collateral attack on territorial court of general jurisdiction’s statutorily unauthorized award of real estate pursuant to dissolu- tion settlement because parties agreed to judgment and failed to contest jurisdiction at that time); Vogel v. Vogel, supra, 178 Conn. 363 (rejecting collateral challenge because, inter alia, husband ‘‘not only was fully aware of the consequences of the decrees and had the opportu- nity to fu

12016–2016
URBAN REDEV. COM'N OF STAMFORD v. Katsetos green
connappct · 2004
2 sentences

2016See Hodge v. Hodge, 621 F.2d 590 , 592-93 (3d Cir.1980) (relying on presumption of finality under § 15 of sixth tentative draft of Restatement [Second] of Judgments to reject collateral attack on territorial court of general jurisdiction's statutorily unauthorized award of real estate pursuant to dissolution settlement because parties agreed to judgment and failed to contest jurisdiction at that time); Vogel v. Vogel, supra, 178 Conn. at 363 , 422 A.2d 271 (rejecting collateral challenge because, inter alia, husband "not only was fully aware of the consequences of the decrees and had the oppor

2016See Hodge v. Hodge, 621 F.2d 590 , 592-93 (3d Cir.1980) (relying on presumption of finality under § 15 of sixth tentative draft of Restatement [Second] of Judgments to reject collateral attack on territorial court of general jurisdiction's statutorily unauthorized award of real estate pursuant to dissolution settlement because parties agreed to judgment and failed to contest jurisdiction at that time); Vogel v. Vogel, supra, 178 Conn. at 363 , 422 A.2d 271 (rejecting collateral challenge because, inter alia, husband "not only was fully aware of the consequences of the decrees and had the oppor

12016–2016
Monroe v. Monroe green
conn · 1979
2 sentences

2016The modified judgment of postmajority support has therefore not been shown to be jurisdictionally defective."); Monroe v. Monroe, supra, 177 Conn. at 184-85 , 413 A.2d 819 (The court rejected a collateral challenge to the jurisdiction of a judge trial referee because "[t]he absence from the case file of a signed order is by no means conclusive evidence on the face of the record that the Superior Court judge never heard or acted upon the motion to refer the case.

2016The modified judgment of postmajority support has therefore not been shown to be jurisdictionally defective."); Monroe v. Monroe, supra, 177 Conn. at 184-85 , 413 A.2d 819 (The court rejected a collateral challenge to the jurisdiction of a judge trial referee because "[t]he absence from the case file of a signed order is by no means conclusive evidence on the face of the record that the Superior Court judge never heard or acted upon the motion to refer the case.

12016–2016
Vogel v. Vogel green
conn · 1979
2 sentences

2016See Hodge v. Hodge, 621 F.2d 590 , 592-93 (3d Cir.1980) (relying on presumption of finality under § 15 of sixth tentative draft of Restatement [Second] of Judgments to reject collateral attack on territorial court of general jurisdiction's statutorily unauthorized award of real estate pursuant to dissolution settlement because parties agreed to judgment and failed to contest jurisdiction at that time); Vogel v. Vogel, supra, 178 Conn. at 363 , 422 A.2d 271 (rejecting collateral challenge because, inter alia, husband "not only was fully aware of the consequences of the decrees and had the oppor

2016See Hodge v. Hodge, 621 F.2d 590 , 592-93 (3d Cir.1980) (relying on presumption of finality under § 15 of sixth tentative draft of Restatement [Second] of Judgments to reject collateral attack on territorial court of general jurisdiction's statutorily unauthorized award of real estate pursuant to dissolution settlement because parties agreed to judgment and failed to contest jurisdiction at that time); Vogel v. Vogel, supra, 178 Conn. at 363 , 422 A.2d 271 (rejecting collateral challenge because, inter alia, husband "not only was fully aware of the consequences of the decrees and had the oppor

12016–2016
Birnie v. Electric Boat Corp. green
conn · 2008
1 sentence

2012Id., at 395, 402 , 953 A.2d 28 .

12012–2012
State v. Winter green
connappct · 2009
2 sentences

2011The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which . . . the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order. [A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the duty to obey a court order however erroneous [the party ma

2011The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which . . . the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order. [A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the duty to obey a court order however erroneous [the party ma

12011–2011
Chase Home Finance, LLC v. Fequiere green
conn · 2010
2 sentences

2011The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which . . . the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order. [A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the duty to obey a court order however erroneous [the party ma

2011The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which . . . the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order. [A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the duty to obey a court order however erroneous [the party ma

12011–2011
State v. Winter green
conn · 2010
2 sentences

2011The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which . . . the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order. [A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the duty to obey a court order however erroneous [the party ma

2011The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which . . . the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order. [A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the duty to obey a court order however erroneous [the party ma

12011–2011
Zoll v. Zoll green
connappct · 2009
2 sentences

2009The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which, as in this case, the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule “is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order.” State v. Wright, supra, 273 Conn. 426 . “[A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the dut

2009The collateral bar rule has been extended to apply to situations in which, as in this case, the defendant seeks to attack the validity of a court order in a criminal proceeding, and the rule “is justified on the ground that it advances important societal interests in an orderly system of government, respect for the judicial process and the rule of law, and the preservation of civil order.” State v. Wright, supra, 273 Conn. 426 . “[A]n order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction must be obeyed by the parties until it is reversed by orderly and proper proceedings. ... [A] party has the dut

12009–2009
In Re Roger Novak green
ca11 · 1991
1 sentence

2005Third, the order must not require an irretrievable surrender of constitutional guarantees.” (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) In re Novak, supra, 932 F.2d 1401 .

12005–2005
Cohn v. City & Town of Hartford green
conn · 1944
2 sentences

2002In Cohn v. Hartford, 130 Conn. 699, 703 , 37 A.2d 237 (1944), we recognized, with respect to property tax assessments, that, under the common law, “where there was misfeasance or nonfeasance by the taxing authorities or the assessment was arbitrary or so excessive or discriminatory as in itself to show a disregard of duty,” relief could be given in equity in the absence of statutory authority.

2002In Cohn v. Hartford, 130 Conn. 699, 703 , 37 A.2d 237 (1944), we recognized, with respect to property tax assessments, that, under the common law, “where there was misfeasance or nonfeasance by the taxing authorities or the assessment was arbitrary or so excessive or discriminatory as in itself to show a disregard of duty,” relief could be given in equity in the absence of statutory authority.

12002–2002
Vaill v. Sewer Commission green
conn · 1975
2 sentences

2002See Vecchio v. Sewer Authority, 176 Conn. 497, 500 , 408 A.2d 254 (1979); Vaill v. Sewer Commission, 168 Conn. 514, 518-19 , 362 A.2d 885 (1975).

2002See Vecchio v. Sewer Authority, 176 Conn. 497, 500 , 408 A.2d 254 (1979); Vaill v. Sewer Commission, 168 Conn. 514, 518-19 , 362 A.2d 885 (1975).

12002–2002
United States v. Mendoza-Lopez green
scotus · 1987
2 sentences

1997United CT Page 8853 States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828 , 95 L.Ed.2d 772 , 107 S.Ct. 2148 (1987).

1997United CT Page 8853 States v. Mendoza-Lopez, 481 U.S. 828 , 95 L.Ed.2d 772 , 107 S.Ct. 2148 (1987).

11997–1997

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-38c (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 51-199 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-223 (4) CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 54-63g (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 107 (1909–2026) WA 90 (1927–2026) OH 66 (1973–2026) TX 63 (1899–2026) CA 53 (1908–2024) NY 44 (1866–2026) FL 38 (1983–2019) VT 36 (1971–2026) IL 33 (1924–2026) MD 25 (1982–2022) IN 23 (1887–2020) OR 22 (1888–2025) MI 21 (1927–2024) AR 19 (1992–2026) MA 13 (1991–2026) MO 13 (1900–2024) GA 13 (1968–2024) CT 12 (1997–2025) KS 12 (1969–2024) AL 11 (1899–2001) WI 10 (1928–2026) CO 10 (1984–2022) NJ 9 (1901–2026) NM 9 (1993–2020) IA 7 (1901–2018) SD 6 (2006–2014) TN 6 (2002–2009) DC 6 (1979–2024) NH 6 (1988–2015) UT 5 (2004–2019) NE 5 (1979–2006) MT 4 (2008–2015) ME 4 (2010–2018) NC 4 (1887–2003) ID 4 (1983–2024) MN 4 (1988–2014) KY 4 (1898–2023) VA 3 (2001–2008) AZ 3 (2011–2024) MS 3 (1922–2011) RI 3 (1998–2007) OK 2 (1978–1981) DE 2 (2021–2021) NV 2 (1995–2013) AK 2 (1967–1988)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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