interpretation rule (Florida) · Go Syfert
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interpretation rule in Florida

81 Florida opinions name it 3 courts 1959–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Florida courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (42)

CaseFollowedCited
Broin v. Philip Morris Companies, Inc.green
fladistctapp · 1994 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1998–2014
2 sentences

2014“Florida’s Class Action rule, Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.220, is based on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, and this court may look to federal cases as persuasive authority in the interpretation of rule 1.220.” Concerned Class Members v. Sailfish Point, Inc., 704 So.2d 200, 201 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (citing Broin v. Philip Morris Co., 641 So.2d 888, 889 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994), rev. denied, 654 So.2d 919 (Fla.1995)).

2001Concerned Class Members v. Sailfish Point, Inc., 704 So.2d 200 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998); Broin v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 641 So.2d 888 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994).

23
City of Homestead v. Johnsongreen
fla · 2000 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2013–2019
2 sentences

2019“An ambiguous term in a contract is to be construed against the drafter.” City of Homestead v. Johnson, 760 So. 2d 80, 84 (Fla. 2000).

2013“An ambiguous term in a contract is to be construed against the drafter.” City of Homestead v. Johnson, 760 So.2d 80, 84 (Fla.2000).

22
Meeks v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 1981 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1981–1981
2 sentences

1981See Meeks v. State, 400 So.2d 465 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981).

1981See Meeks v. State, 400 So.2d 465 (Fla. 5th DCA 1981).

22
Tascano v. Stategreen
fla · 1980 · cited in 4 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1981–1982
2 sentences

1982However, we noted that "all others who have preserved this point on appeal, receive the benefit of this interpretation of the rule." 393 So.2d at 541 .

1982Tascano's holding was prospective, but we stated that "[Tascano], as well as all others who have preserved this point on appeal, receive the benefit of this interpretation of the rule." Id. at 541 (emphasis supplied).

14
Brown v. Stategreen
fla · 1998 · cited in 3 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2018–2020
2 sentences

2018F. The majority’s interpretation of the rule will lead to an absurd result Common sense and logic militate against the majority’s interpretation of the rule. “[T]he rules of construction applicable to statutes also apply to the construction of rules.” Brown, 715 So. 2d at 243 .

2018F. The majority’s interpretation of the rule will lead to an absurd result Common sense and logic militate against the majority’s interpretation of the rule. “[T]he rules of construction applicable to statutes also apply to the construction of rules.” Brown, 715 So. 2d at 243 .

13
Keck v. Eminisorgreen
fla · 2012 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2017–2018
2 sentences

2018The majority’s interpretation of the rule will lead to an absurd result In Keck, 104 So. 3d at 366 , the Florida Supreme Court held that “an order denying summary judgment based on a claim of individual immunity under section 768.28(9)(a) is subject to interlocutory review where the issue turns on a question of law.” (emphasis added).

2017In 2012, the Florida Supreme Court was presented with a certified question of great public importance in Keck v. Eminisor, 104 So. 3d 359, 360 (Fla. 2012), which it rephrased as follows: Should review of the denial of a motion for summary judgment based on a claim of individual immunity under section 768.28(9)(a), Florida Statutes, await the entry of a final judgment in the trial court to the extent that the order turns on an issue of law? (emphasis added).

12
Concerned Class Members v. SAILFISH POINTgreen
fladistctapp · 1998 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2014
2 sentences

2014“Florida’s Class Action rule, Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.220, is based on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23, and this court may look to federal cases as persuasive authority in the interpretation of rule 1.220.” Concerned Class Members v. Sailfish Point, Inc., 704 So.2d 200, 201 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998) (citing Broin v. Philip Morris Co., 641 So.2d 888, 889 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994), rev. denied, 654 So.2d 919 (Fla.1995)).

2001Concerned Class Members v. Sailfish Point, Inc., 704 So.2d 200 (Fla. 4th DCA 1998); Broin v. Philip Morris Cos., Inc., 641 So.2d 888 (Fla. 3d DCA 1994).

12
Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co.green
scotus · 1944 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025As Justice Scalia explained, Rule 60(b) “merely reflects and confirms the courts’ own inherent and discretionary power, ‘firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of our Republic,’ to set aside a judgment whose enforcement would work inequity.” Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211 , 233–34 (1995) (quoting Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 244 (1944)).

11
Ariza v. Cycmanickgreen
fladistctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Hawkins v. State, 264 So. 3d 1003 , 1004–07 (Fla. 4th DCA 2019) (quashing trial court’s order denying the defendant’s motion for discharge and directing trial court to conduct a Rule 3.191(j) inquiry even though the recapture window had already expired). -4- Massey v. Graziano, 564 So. 2d 287 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990), and Ariza v. Cycmanick, 548 So. 2d 304 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989), do not compel a different conclusion.

11
Deep Sea Atl. N.V. v. Mical Seafood, Inc.green
fladistctapp · 2019 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Hawkins v. State, 264 So. 3d 1003 , 1004–07 (Fla. 4th DCA 2019) (quashing trial court’s order denying the defendant’s motion for discharge and directing trial court to conduct a Rule 3.191(j) inquiry even though the recapture window had already expired). -4- Massey v. Graziano, 564 So. 2d 287 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990), and Ariza v. Cycmanick, 548 So. 2d 304 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989), do not compel a different conclusion.

11
Massey v. Grazianogreen
fladistctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020See Hawkins v. State, 264 So. 3d 1003 , 1004–07 (Fla. 4th DCA 2019) (quashing trial court’s order denying the defendant’s motion for discharge and directing trial court to conduct a Rule 3.191(j) inquiry even though the recapture window had already expired). -4- Massey v. Graziano, 564 So. 2d 287 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990), and Ariza v. Cycmanick, 548 So. 2d 304 (Fla. 5th DCA 1989), do not compel a different conclusion.

11
Donna Koppel v. Laura Ochoagreen
fla · 2018 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019See Koppel v. Ochoa, 243 So. 3d 886, 891 (Fla. 2018) (quoting Saia, 930 So. 2d at 599 ).

11
Russ v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Globe v. State, 877 So.2d 663, 673 (Fla.2004); Russ v. State, 832 So.2d 901, 910 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002).

11
Saia Motor Freight Line, Inc. v. Reidgreen
fla · 2006 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019See Koppel v. Ochoa, 243 So. 3d 886, 891 (Fla. 2018) (quoting Saia, 930 So. 2d at 599 ).

11
Globe v. Stategreen
fla · 2004 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Globe v. State, 877 So.2d 663, 673 (Fla.2004); Russ v. State, 832 So.2d 901, 910 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002).

11
Roberts v. Glenngreen
fla · 2014 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Relevant to the current case, the supreme court in Caduceus noted that “[t]he justice of this interpretation of rule 1.190(c) becomes even more apparent when considering the purpose served by statutes of limitations.” 137 So. 3d at 992 .

2019Statutes of limitation “are designed to protect defendants from unusually long delays in the filing of lawsuits and to prevent prejudice to defendants from the unexpected enforcement of stale claims.” Id. (emphasis added); accord HSBC Bank USA, Nat’l Ass’n v. Karzen, 157 So. 3d 1089, 1091 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (citing Caduceus, 137 So. 3d at 992 ).

11
HSBC Bank USA, National Ass'n v. Karzengreen
fladistctapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
1 sentence

2019Statutes of limitation “are designed to protect defendants from unusually long delays in the filing of lawsuits and to prevent prejudice to defendants from the unexpected enforcement of stale claims.” Id. (emphasis added); accord HSBC Bank USA, Nat’l Ass’n v. Karzen, 157 So. 3d 1089, 1091 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015) (citing Caduceus, 137 So. 3d at 992 ).

11
M.M. v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 2016 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018See M.M. v. State, 187 So. 3d 300, 304 (Fla. 5th DCA 2016).

11
Burgess v. BUCKHEAD BEEF FLORIDAgreen
fladistctapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
1 sentence

2017See § 90.402, Fla. Stat. (“All relevant evidence is admissible, except as provided by law.”); § 440.015, Fla. Stat. (“It is the specific intent of the Legislature that workers’ compensation cases shall be decided on their merits.”); Burgess, 15 So.3d at 27 (“Here, the JCC’s exclusion of testimony from properly disclosed witnesses, based on a per se application of his interpretation of the administrative rules, is ... in direct conflict with the specific legislative intent of the Florida Workers’ Compensation Law.”).

11
Estate of Meus ex rel. Meus v. GEO Group, Inc.green
fladistctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Arsali v. Chase Home Finance, LLCgreen
fladistctapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Florida Gas Co. v. American Employers' Insurancegreen
fladistctapp · 1969 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
Kilpatrick v. Stategreen
fla · 1979 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
Florida Hosp. v. AHCAgreen
fladistctapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Castillo-Plaza v. Greengreen
fladistctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Ward v. Duggergreen
fladistctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Jackson v. Stategreen
fla · 2008 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Snipes v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Bush v. Stategreen
fla · 1984 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
11
Willette v. Air Productsgreen
fladistctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Mills v. Stategreen
fla · 1996 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
Parkway Bank v. FORT MYERS ARMATURE WORKgreen
fladistctapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
Ray v. Stategreen
fla · 1981 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
NATIONAL HEALTHCORP v. Closegreen
fladistctapp · 2001 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Unicare Health Facilities, Inc. v. Mortgreen
fla · 1989 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
Capital City Country Club v. Tuckergreen
fla · 1993 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Chiles v. Phelpsgreen
fla · 1998 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
State v. Gale Distributors, Inc.green
fla · 1977 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Dept. of Children and Families v. Mormangreen
fladistctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Powell v. River Ranch Property Owners Ass'ngreen
fladistctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Florida. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (38)

CaseCitedYears
City of Freeport v. Beach Community Bank green
fladistctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2018In Beach Community Bank v. City of Freeport, Florida, 150 So. 3d 1111 (Fla. 2014), the Florida Supreme Court accepted jurisdiction to review the First District Court of Appeal’s decision in City of Freeport v. Beach Community Bank, 108 So. 3d 684 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013).

2018In Beach Community Bank v. City of Freeport, Florida, 150 So. 3d 1111 (Fla. 2014), the Florida Supreme Court accepted jurisdiction to review the First District Court of Appeal’s decision in City of Freeport v. Beach Community Bank, 108 So. 3d 684 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013).

42018–2018
Beach Community Bank v. City of Freeport, Florida green
fla · 2014
2 sentences

2018In Beach Community Bank v. City of Freeport, Florida, 150 So. 3d 1111 (Fla. 2014), the Florida Supreme Court accepted jurisdiction to review the First District Court of Appeal’s decision in City of Freeport v. Beach Community Bank, 108 So. 3d 684 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013).

2018In Beach Community Bank v. City of Freeport, Florida, 150 So. 3d 1111 (Fla. 2014), the Florida Supreme Court accepted jurisdiction to review the First District Court of Appeal’s decision in City of Freeport v. Beach Community Bank, 108 So. 3d 684 (Fla. 1st DCA 2013).

32018–2018
Citizens Property Insurance Corp. v. Sosa green
fladistctapp · 2016
2 sentences

2018I’m just letting [the plaintiff] proceed and it’s denied, period.” Although I disagree with the majority’s interpretation of rule 9.130(a)(3)(C)(xi) and its reliance on Citizens Property Insurance Corp. v. Sosa, 215 So. 3d 90 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016), I recognize that we are bound by this Court’s precedent in Pozos and Calonge.

2018In reaching this interpretation the majority: (1) relies on this Court’s opinion in Citizens Property Insurance Corp. v. Sosa, 215 So. 3d 90 (Fla. 3d DCA 2016), wherein this Court found it had no jurisdiction to address Citizens’ interlocutory appeal because the record unequivocally reflected that the trial court did not even reach the issue of sovereign immunity; (2) avoids addressing the language found in two Florida Supreme Court cases that conflict with the majority’s interpretation of the rule; and (3) relies on case law involving workers’ compensation immunity, which, as will be discusse

22018–2018
Crownover v. Shannon green
fla · 1964
2 sentences

1983While the absence of a comma would lend itself to the interpretation that the clause was merely descriptive of the word "appeals," the use of the comma sets off the clause and emphasizes that "such appeals may be taken as a matter of right." Lastly, we have difficulty with the contention that while case law interprets the predecessor to this section of the constitution as conferring a right of appeal in civil cases, Crownover v. Shannon, 170 So.2d 299 (Fla. 1964), the identical language means something else in criminal cases.

1983While the absence of a comma would lend itself to the interpretation that the clause was merely descriptive of the word “appeals,” the use of the comma sets off the clause and emphasizes that “such appeals may be taken as a matter of right.” Lastly, we have difficulty with the contention that while case law interprets the predecessor to this section of the constitution as conferring a right of appeal in civil cases, Crownover v. Shannon, 170 So.2d 299 (Fla.1964), the identical language means something else in criminal cases.

21983–1983
Nielsen v. City of Sarasota green
fla · 1960
2 sentences

1982This interpretation of the rule gains additional support from the Committee Note to Rule 9.331 which states: “The ground, maintenance of uniformity in the court’s decisions, is the equivalent of decisional conflict as developed by Supreme Court precedent in the exercise of its conflict cer-tiorari jurisdiction.” 9 ’ 10 Of the many statements attempting to define “decisional conflict” in order to activate the discretionary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, perhaps the most articulate comes from Nielson v. City of Sarasota, 117 So.2d 731 (Fla.1960), where it is stated: While conceivably there m

1982This interpretation of the rule gains additional support from the Committee Note to Rule 9.331 which states: "The ground, maintenance of uniformity in the court's decisions, is the equivalent of decisional conflict as developed by Supreme Court *915 precedent in the exercise of its conflict certiorari jurisdiction." [9] , [10] Of the many statements attempting to define "decisional conflict" in order to activate the discretionary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, perhaps the most articulate comes from Nielson v. City of Sarasota, 117 So.2d 731 (Fla. 1960), where it is stated: While conceivabl

21982–1982
Clar v. Dade County neutral
fladistctapp · 1959
2 sentences

1972In re: Aron’s Estate, Fla.App.1960, 118 So.2d 546 ; Clar v. Dade County, Fla.App.1960, 116 So.2d 34 ; Dade County v. Philbrick, Fla.1964, 162 So.2d 266 .

1960As pointed out in Davies v. Davies, Fla.App. 1959, 113 So.2d 250 , and the subsequent case of Clar v. Dade County, Fla.App. 1959, 116 So.2d 34 , we will adhere to a strict interpretation of the rule for certification of questions to the appellate court.

21960–1972
Davies v. Davies neutral
fladistctapp · 1959
2 sentences

1960As pointed out in Davies v. Davies, Fla.App. 1959, 113 So.2d 250 , and the subsequent case of Clar v. Dade County, Fla.App. 1959, 116 So.2d 34 , we will adhere to a strict interpretation of the rule for certification of questions to the appellate court.

1959Pursuant to Rule 4.6, Florida Appellate Rules, 31 Fla. Stat., F.S.A., the circuit court has certified to this court the following question, which it feels is determinative of the cause and is without controlling precedent in this state: "May the right of action for wrongful death conferred by the statute (§ 768.02, Fla. Stat., F.S.A.) upon a minor child of the deceased, be waived or assigned to the Administrator?" As was pointed out by this court in Davies v. Davies, Fla.App. 1959, 113 So.2d 250 , the Supreme Court of Florida has consistently given a strict interpretation to the rule for certi

21959–1960
Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc. green
scotus · 1995
1 sentence

2025As Justice Scalia explained, Rule 60(b) “merely reflects and confirms the courts’ own inherent and discretionary power, ‘firmly established in English practice long before the foundation of our Republic,’ to set aside a judgment whose enforcement would work inequity.” Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc., 514 U.S. 211 , 233–34 (1995) (quoting Hazel-Atlas Glass Co. v. Hartford-Empire Co., 322 U.S. 238, 244 (1944)).

12025–2025
Crocker Inv. v. STATESMAN L. INS. green
fladistctapp · 1987
1 sentence

2025Co., 515 So. 2d 1305 , 1307 n.2 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987); see also Vitiello v. State, 281 So. 3d 554 , 560 n.8 (Fla. 5th DCA 2019) (“When a Florida rule is based on a similar federal rule, we may look to federal cases as persuasive authority in the interpretation of the rule.”). 7 Those cases confirm that Rule 60(b) is the modern embodiment of old common law equitable remedies.

12025–2025
Jeff-Ray Corp. v. Jacobson green
fladistctapp · 1990
2 sentences

2022In my view, the majority’s interpretation of the rule conflicts with Jeff–Ray Corp. v. Jacobson, 566 So. 2d 885 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990), which held that the failure to attach an assignment “would support dismissal of the action based on failure to comply with Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.130.” Id. at 886 .

2022In my view, the majority’s interpretation of the rule conflicts with Jeff–Ray Corp. v. Jacobson, 566 So. 2d 885 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990), which held that the failure to attach an assignment “would support dismissal of the action based on failure to comply with Florida Rule of Civil Procedure 1.130.” Id. at 886 .

12022–2022
Susanne L. Kuhajda v. Borden Dairy Company of Alabama, LLC. green
fla · 2016
1 sentence

2018Nor do we believe that relaxed compliance with rule 2.516 is authorized by Kuhajda v. Borden Dairy Co. of Alabama, 202 So. 3d 391 (Fla. 2016).

12018–2018
State v. Naveira green
fla · 2004
12017–2017
Minor v. State green
fladistctapp · 2011
12013–2013
Brown v. State green
fladistctapp · 1977
12012–2012
State v. Evans green
fla · 2000
12010–2010
Scott v. State green
fla · 2002
12002–2002
Trotter v. State green
fla · 1990
11998–1998
Pershing Indus., Inc. v. DEPT. OF BANKING AND FINANCE green
fladistctapp · 1991
11996–1996
Car Stop Unlimited v. Salmon green
fladistctapp · 1981
11996–1996
CORALLUZZO BY AND THROUGH CORALLUZZO v. Fass green
fladistctapp · 1983
11995–1995
Coralluzzo by and Through Coralluzzo v. Fass green
fla · 1984
11995–1995
United Services Automobile Ass'n v. Elitzky green
pa · 1986
11994–1994
McKinney v. State green
fla · 1991
11993–1993
State ex rel. Greenberg v. Florida State Board of Dentistry green
fladistctapp · 1974
11992–1992
Meridian v. DHRS green
fladistctapp · 1989
11991–1991
McCaskill v. McMillan neutral
fladistctapp · 1990
11991–1991
Goedmakers v. Goedmakers green
fla · 1988
11990–1990
Myers v. State green
fladistctapp · 1986
11990–1990
OKEECHOBEE INS. AGENCY v. Barnett Bank green
fladistctapp · 1983
11987–1987
Jones v. State green
fla · 1985
11987–1987
United States v. Harold Haimowitz, Dan Scarborough, George L. Onett green
ca11 · 1984
11987–1987
State v. CC green
fla · 1985
11987–1987
State v. GP neutral
fla · 1985
11987–1987
Haimowitz v. United States green
scotus · 1984
11987–1987
Ferguson v. Walters green
scotus · 1984
11987–1987
Marrs v. State green
fladistctapp · 1982
11986–1986
Steffens v. STATE, LUGO green
fladistctapp · 1977
11986–1986
Commercial Carrier Corp. v. Indian River Cty. green
fla · 1979
11986–1986

Statutes the citing opinions construe

FL § 768.28 (6) FL § 120.57 (3) FL § 627.351 (3) FL § 921.141 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 117 (1913–2025) IL 109 (1877–2026) CA 93 (1912–2026) UT 83 (1988–2026) FL 81 (1959–2025) MI 68 (1949–2025) OR 67 (1893–2026) PA 65 (1897–2025) NY 48 (1896–2022) CO 45 (1952–2026) OH 45 (1926–2025) IA 37 (1941–2024) MN 37 (1967–2026) WI 35 (1923–2024) AR 35 (1929–2025) WA 34 (1918–2019) MD 34 (1943–2023) MO 32 (1899–2020) AZ 31 (1946–2024) CT 29 (1955–2023) NJ 28 (1869–2020) HI 28 (1978–2022) MA 28 (1863–2026) IN 26 (1941–2023) WV 25 (1913–2024) MS 22 (1895–2023) LA 21 (1937–2019) NC 20 (1912–2020) AL 19 (1885–2008) NM 18 (1939–2019) GA 16 (1909–2024) MT 16 (1890–2023) TN 15 (1942–2022) ND 15 (1974–2023) DC 14 (1975–2024) VT 14 (1915–2023) AK 12 (1975–2018) RI 10 (1968–2018) SD 10 (1897–2015) VA 10 (1962–2026) ID 10 (1975–2024) KS 10 (1904–2023) NH 7 (1978–2021) OK 7 (1919–2011) DE 7 (1920–2015) WY 7 (1933–2009) NE 7 (1922–2013) NV 6 (1971–2018) KY 5 (1917–2009) ME 5 (1958–2020) SC 4 (1936–2009) PR 4 (1930–1967)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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