exhaustion requirement (Washington) · Go Syfert
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exhaustion requirement in Washington

71 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1984–2026 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (21)

CaseFollowedCited
Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City of Mount Vernongreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 10 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2021
2 sentences

2018In Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City of Mount Vernon, 133 Wn.2d 861 (1997), the Supreme Court considered the exhaustion doctrine in the context of a LUPA petition that followed public hearings before a city council.

2015The exhaustion rule "is founded upon the belief that the judiciary should give proper deference to that body possessing expertise in areas outside the conventional expertise ofjudges." Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City ofMount Vernon, 133 Wn.2d 861,866 , 947 P.2d 1208 (1997).

410
Citizens for Mount Vernon v. Mount Vernongreen
wash · 1997 · cited in 8 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2017
2 sentences

2015The exhaustion rule "is founded upon the belief that the judiciary should give proper deference to that body possessing expertise in areas outside the conventional expertise ofjudges." Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City ofMount Vernon, 133 Wn.2d 861,866 , 947 P.2d 1208 (1997).

2013Id. ¶11 The exhaustion rule “is founded upon the belief that the judiciary should give proper deference to that body possessing expertise in areas outside the conventional expertise of judges.” Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City of Mount Vernon, 133 Wn.2d 861, 866 , 947 P.2d 1208 (1997) (citing S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73 , 677 P.2d 114 (1984)).

48
Chelan County v. Nykreimgreen
wash · 2002 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025
2 sentences

2025App. 2d at 458, see also Chelan County v. Nykreim, 146 Wn.2d 904, 937 , 52 P.3d 1 (2002). 9 Explaining why it chose to follow federal cases, the WUTC court noted that the Washington Supreme Court had cited to the D.C.

2014See also Knight, 173 Wn.2d at 336 (noting that LUPA's standing requirements, which include exhaustion of administrative remedies (RCW 36.70C.060(1 )(d), are jurisdictional) (citing Nykreim, 146 Wn.2d at 926 )).

34
Knight v. City of Yelmgreen
wash · 2011 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014See also Knight, 173 Wn.2d at 336 (noting that LUPA's standing requirements, which include exhaustion of administrative remedies (RCW 36.70C.060(1 )(d), are jurisdictional) (citing Nykreim, 146 Wn.2d at 926 )).

2014See also Knight, 173 Wn.2d at 336 (noting that LUPA’s standing requirements, which include exhaustion of administrative remedies (RCW 36- .70C.060(2)(d)), are jurisdictional (citing Nykreim, 146 Wn.2d at 926 )). ¶22 Accordingly, we hold that the superior court properly dismissed Durland’s petition in Durland I because there was no land use decision under LUPA and because Durland failed to exhaust his administrative remedies.

33
Zylstra v. Pivagreen
wash · 1975 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1985–1997
2 sentences

1997See Zylstra v. Piva, 85 Wash.2d 743, 745 , 539 P.2d 823 (1975).

1997See Zylstra v. Piva, 85 Wash.2d 743, 745 , 539 P.2d 823 (1975).

33
Estate of Friedman v. Pierce Countygreen
wash · 1989 · cited in 7 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1990–2021
2 sentences

2014App. 141, 154 , 298 P.3d 110 (“A court may relieve a petitioner of the exhaustion requirement if exhaustion would be futile”), review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1005 (2013); Estate of Friedman v. Pierce County, 112 Wn.2d 68, 74, 77 , 768 P.2d 462 (1989) (whether administrative remedies are futile is a question for the court and can be demonstrated by factual circumstances); see also RCW 34.05.534. 48 WAC 284-43-915(2), (3) (emphasis added).

2014App. 141, 154 , 298 P.3d 110 (“A court may relieve a petitioner of the exhaustion requirement if exhaustion would be futile”), review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1005 (2013); Estate of Friedman v. Pierce County, 112 Wn.2d 68, 74, 77 , 768 P.2d 462 (1989) (whether administrative remedies are futile is a question for the court and can be demonstrated by factual circumstances); see also RCW 34.05.534. 48 WAC 284-43-915(2), (3) (emphasis added).

27
West v. Stahleygreen
washctapp · 2010 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014RCW 36.70C.020(2); see also West v. Stahley, 155 Wn.

2014RCW 36.70C.020(2); see also West v. Stahley, 155 Wn.

22
Albert A. Larche v. Mark Simons, Judge Municipal Courtgreen
ca9 · 1995 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998Larche v. Simons, 53 F.3d 1068, 1071 (9th Cir. 1995).

1998Larche v. Simons, 53 F.3d 1068, 1071 (9th Cir.1995).

22
Phillip J. Harmon v. Charles Ryan, Wardengreen
ca9 · 1992 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
22
South Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass'n v. King Countygreen
wash · 1984 · cited in 16 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1985–2025
2 sentences

2013Id. ¶11 The exhaustion rule “is founded upon the belief that the judiciary should give proper deference to that body possessing expertise in areas outside the conventional expertise of judges.” Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City of Mount Vernon, 133 Wn.2d 861, 866 , 947 P.2d 1208 (1997) (citing S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73 , 677 P.2d 114 (1984)).

2013Id. ¶11 The exhaustion rule “is founded upon the belief that the judiciary should give proper deference to that body possessing expertise in areas outside the conventional expertise of judges.” Citizens for Mount Vernon v. City of Mount Vernon, 133 Wn.2d 861, 866 , 947 P.2d 1208 (1997) (citing S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73 , 677 P.2d 114 (1984)).

116
Beard v. King Countygreen
washctapp · 1995 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1996–2021
2 sentences

2021Rivin fails to demonstrate following the administrative process would have been futile. 22 Presbytery of Seattle, 114 Wn.2d at 338 . 23 Beard v. King County, 76 Wn.

1996See e.g., Beard v. King County, 76 Wn.

12
Chaney v. Fetterlygreen
washctapp · 2000 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Chaney concluded that as a result, the exhaustion rule does not apply “when a superior court and a quasi-judicial administrative agency have concurrent original jurisdiction.” Id. at 141.

2013Chaney concluded that, as a result, the exhaustion rule does not apply "when a superior court and a quasi-judicial administrative agency have concurrent original jurisdiction." Id. at 141 .

12
Phillips v. King Countygreen
washctapp · 1997 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1998–2012
2 sentences

2012Phillips v. King County, 87 Wn.

1998Phillips, 87 Wn.

12
Heck v. Humphreygreen
scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
Ward v. Board of Skagit County Commissionersgreen
washctapp · 1997 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
Dioxin/Organochlorine Center v. Department of Ecologygreen
wash · 1992 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
King County v. Washington State Boundary Review Boardgreen
wash · 1993 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
11
Coffey v. City of Walla Wallagreen
washctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Samuel's Furniture, Inc. v. Department of Ecologygreen
wash · 2002 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Brotherton v. Jefferson Countygreen
washctapp · 2011 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Wright v. Woodardgreen
wash · 1974 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (55)

CaseCitedYears
Orion Corporation v. State green
wash · 1985
2 sentences

2011Under Orion Corp. v. State, 103 *764 Wn.2d 441, 456-57, 693 P.2d 1369 (1985) (Orion I), the purpose of the exhaustion requirement is to (1) [e]nsure against premature interruption of the administrative process, (2) allow the agency to develop the necessary factual background on which to base a decision, (3) allow the exercise of agency expertise, (4) provide a more efficient process and allow the agency to correct its own mistake, and (5) insure that individuals are not encouraged to ignore administrative procedures by resort to the courts.

1995"The futility exception to the exhaustion doctrine is premised upon the rationale that courts will not require vain and useless acts.” Orion Corp. v. State, 103 Wn.2d 441, 458 , 693 P.2d 1369 (1985).

51988–2021
McKart v. United States green
scotus · 1969
2 sentences

2014S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass'n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73-74 , 677 P.2d 114 (1984) (citing McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 193-94 , 89 S. Ct. 1657 , 23 L.

2014S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass'n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73-74 , 677 P.2d 114 (1984) (citing McKart v. United States, 395 U.S. 185, 193-94 , 89 S. Ct. 1657 , 23 L.

41986–2014
Ackerley Communications, Inc. v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1979
2 sentences

2012This argument also fails. ¶35 The South Hollywood Hills court generally stated, “[I]f the party is challenging the constitutionality of the agency’s action or of the agency itself, the exhaustion requirement will be waived.” 101 Wn.2d at 74 (citing Ackerley Commc’ns, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 92 Wn.2d 905 , 602 P.2d 1177 (1979)).

2012This argument also fails. ¶35 The South Hollywood Hills court generally stated, “[I]f the party is challenging the constitutionality of the agency’s action or of the agency itself, the exhaustion requirement will be waived.” 101 Wn.2d at 74 (citing Ackerley Commc’ns, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 92 Wn.2d 905 , 602 P.2d 1177 (1979)).

41984–2012
Smith v. Bates Technical College green
wash · 2000
2 sentences

2010Smith v. Bates Technical Coll., 139 Wash.2d 793, 808 , 991 P.2d 1135 (2000); Retail Store Employees Union, Local 1001 v. Wash. Surveying & Rating Bureau, 87 Wash.2d 887, 907 , 558 P.2d 215 (1976).

2010Smith v. Bates Technical Coll., 139 Wn.2d 793, 808 , 991 P.2d 1135 (2000); Retail Store Emps.

42003–2010
Smith v. Bates Technical College green
wash · 2000
2 sentences

2010Smith v. Bates Technical Coll., 139 Wash.2d 793, 808 , 991 P.2d 1135 (2000); Retail Store Employees Union, Local 1001 v. Wash. Surveying & Rating Bureau, 87 Wash.2d 887, 907 , 558 P.2d 215 (1976).

2010Smith v. Bates Technical Coll., 139 Wn.2d 793, 808 , 991 P.2d 1135 (2000); Retail Store Emps.

42003–2010
Stafne v. Snohomish County green
wash · 2012
2 sentences

2025While there are limited exceptions to the exhaustion doctrine—futility, patently inadequate remedies, or irreparable harm—a “strong bias exists toward requiring parties to follow the statutorily prescribed administrative path before resorting to the courts.” Stafne, 174 Wn.2d at 34-35 .

2025In view of the significant policies favoring the exhaustion requirement, the 10 No. 86814-4-I/11 futility exception is “narrowly applied.” Id. at 34-35 .

32015–2025
Buechler v. Wenatchee Valley College green
washctapp · 2013
2 sentences

2014App. 141, 154 , 298 P.3d 110 (“A court may relieve a petitioner of the exhaustion requirement if exhaustion would be futile”), review denied, 178 Wn.2d 1005 (2013); Estate of Friedman v. Pierce County, 112 Wn.2d 68, 74, 77 , 768 P.2d 462 (1989) (whether administrative remedies are futile is a question for the court and can be demonstrated by factual circumstances); see also RCW 34.05.534. 48 WAC 284-43-915(2), (3) (emphasis added).

2014App. 141, 154 , 298 P.3d 110 ("A court may relieve a petitioner of the exhaustion requirement if exhaustion would be futile."), review denied. 178Wn.2d 1005 (2013); Estate of Friedman v. Pierce County. 112 Wn.2d 68, 74, 77 , 768 P.2d 462 (1989) (whether administrative remedies are futile is a question for the court and can be demonstrated by factual circumstances); see also RCW 34.05.534. 17 No. 69848-6-1/18 commissioner's own public statements of his limited authority, the statutes and regulations provide no mechanism for him to actively regulate a nonprofit insurer's excessive surplus.

32014–2025
State v. Tacoma-Pierce County Multiple Listing Service green
wash · 1980
2 sentences

2021Id. (quoting Dioxin/Organochlorine Ctr. v. Dep’t of Ecology, 119 Wn.2d 10 761, 777, 837 P.2d 1007 (1992)). 11 119 Wn.2d 761, 769, 770-80 , 837 P.2d 1007 (1992). 12 Id. at 777. 13 Id. at 777, 779-80. 14 95 Wn.2d 280, 284 , 622 P.2d 1190 (1980). 4 No. 81300-5-I/5 that regulate real estate licenses and services.15 Because neither agency had the authority to hear or grant relief on a Consumer Protection Act claim, the available administrative remedies were inadequate, excusing the exhaustion requirement.16 Rivin primarily sought money damages and attorney fees for the alleged contractual breaches.

2021Id. (quoting Dioxin/Organochlorine Ctr. v. Dep’t of Ecology, 119 Wn.2d 10 761, 777, 837 P.2d 1007 (1992)). 11 119 Wn.2d 761, 769, 770-80 , 837 P.2d 1007 (1992). 12 Id. at 777. 13 Id. at 777, 779-80. 14 95 Wn.2d 280, 284 , 622 P.2d 1190 (1980). 4 No. 81300-5-I/5 that regulate real estate licenses and services.15 Because neither agency had the authority to hear or grant relief on a Consumer Protection Act claim, the available administrative remedies were inadequate, excusing the exhaustion requirement.16 Rivin primarily sought money damages and attorney fees for the alleged contractual breaches.

31986–2021
Retail Store Employees Union, Local 1001 v. Washington Surveying & Rating Bureau green
wash · 1976
2 sentences

2010Smith v. Bates Technical Coll., 139 Wash.2d 793, 808 , 991 P.2d 1135 (2000); Retail Store Employees Union, Local 1001 v. Wash. Surveying & Rating Bureau, 87 Wash.2d 887, 907 , 558 P.2d 215 (1976).

2010Smith v. Bates Technical Coll., 139 Wash.2d 793, 808 , 991 P.2d 1135 (2000); Retail Store Employees Union, Local 1001 v. Wash. Surveying & Rating Bureau, 87 Wash.2d 887, 907 , 558 P.2d 215 (1976).

31987–2010
Payne v. Texas green
scotus · 1980
2 sentences

1987We also recognize that in Ackerley Communications, Inc. v. Seattle, 92 Wn.2d 905 , 602 P.2d 1177 (1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 804 (1980) our Supreme Court declined to apply this exception to the exhaustion rule where a party affirmatively sought declaratory or injunctive relief.

1985See, e.g., Zylstra v. Piva, 85 Wn.2d 743 , 539 P.2d 823 (1975) (exhaustion not required where appeal would be futile); Ackerley Communications, Inc. v. Seattle, 92 Wn.2d 905 , 602 P.2d 1177 (1979), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 804 , 66 L.

31984–1987
Cost Management Services, Inc. v. City of Lakewood green
wash · 2013
2 sentences

2025Servs., Inc. v. City of Lakewood, 178 Wn.2d 635, 642 , 310 P.3d 804 (2013) (One purpose underlying the exhaustion rule is to “insure against premature interruption of the administrative process.”).

2025Servs., Inc. v. City of Lakewood, 178 Wn.2d 635, 642 , 310 P.3d 804 (2013) (One purpose underlying the exhaustion rule is to “insure against premature interruption of the administrative process.”).

22017–2025
Durland v. San Juan County green
wash · 2014
2 sentences

2025Durland v. San Juan County, 182 Wn.2d 55, 68 , 340 P.3d 191 (2014) (quoting S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73-74 , 677 P.2d 114 -8- No. 87084-0-I/9 (1984).

2025Durland v. San Juan County, 182 Wn.2d 55, 68 , 340 P.3d 191 (2014) (quoting S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73-74 , 677 P.2d 114 -8- No. 87084-0-I/9 (1984).

22018–2025
Presbytery of Seattle v. King County green
wash · 1990
2 sentences

2021An administrative remedy is patently inadequate when the administrative agency lacks any authority to make or enforce a decision 5 Id. (citing S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73 , 677 P.2d 114 (1984)). 6 Orion Corp. v. State, 103 Wn.2d 441, 458 , 693 P.2d 1369 (1985). 7 RCW 34.05.534(3). 8 Presbytery of Seattle v. King County, 114 Wn.2d 320, 338 , 787 P.2d 907 (1990) (citing Estate of Friedman v. Pierce County, 112 Wn.2d 68, 74 , 768 P.2d 462 (1989)), abrogated on other grounds by Chong Yim v. City of Seattle, 194 Wn.2d 651 , 451 P.3d 675 (2019), abrogated by Yi

2021An administrative remedy is patently inadequate when the administrative agency lacks any authority to make or enforce a decision 5 Id. (citing S. Hollywood Hills Citizens Ass’n v. King County, 101 Wn.2d 68, 73 , 677 P.2d 114 (1984)). 6 Orion Corp. v. State, 103 Wn.2d 441, 458 , 693 P.2d 1369 (1985). 7 RCW 34.05.534(3). 8 Presbytery of Seattle v. King County, 114 Wn.2d 320, 338 , 787 P.2d 907 (1990) (citing Estate of Friedman v. Pierce County, 112 Wn.2d 68, 74 , 768 P.2d 462 (1989)), abrogated on other grounds by Chong Yim v. City of Seattle, 194 Wn.2d 651 , 451 P.3d 675 (2019), abrogated by Yi

22021–2021
Harrington v. Spokane County green
washctapp · 2005
2 sentences

2013Harrington v. Spokane County, 128 Wn.

2013Harrington v. Spokane County, 128 Wn.

22013–2013
Prisk v. City of Poulsbo green
washctapp · 1987
2 sentences

2005Prisk, 46 Wn.

2005Prisk, 46 Wash.App. at 798 , 732 P.2d 1013 .

22005–2005
Dils v. Department of Labor & Industries green
washctapp · 1988
2 sentences

2005Dils v. Dep’t of Labor & Indus., 51 Wn.

2005Dils v. Labor & Industries, 51 Wash.App. 216, 219 , 752 P.2d 1357 (1988).

22005–2005
Snedigar v. Hoddersen green
wash · 1990
2 sentences

2004App. at 822 (quoting Snedigar, 114 Wn.2d at 165 ).

2004Right-Price, 105 Wash.App. at 822 , 21 P.3d 1157 (quoting Snedigar, 114 Wash.2d at 165 , 786 P.2d 781 ).

22004–2004
Right-Price Recreation, L.L.C. v. Connells Prairie Community Council green
washctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2004To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, “the party seeking discovery must make a ‘reasonably explicit’ showing that every reasonable alternative source of information has been exhausted.” Right-Price, 105 Wn.

2004Right-Price, 105 Wash.App. at 822 , 21 P.3d 1157 (quoting Snedigar, 114 Wash.2d at 165 , 786 P.2d 781 ).

22004–2004
Gardner v. Pierce County Board of Commissioners green
washctapp · 1980
21997–1997
National Labor Relations Board v. Industrial Union of Marine & Shipbuilding Workers of America green
scotus · 1968
21986–1986
Chelan County v. Nykreim green
wash · 2002
12025–2025
Dart Industries, Inc. v. Commercial Union Insurance Co. green
cal · 2002
12021–2021
Simpson Tacoma Kraft Co. v. Department of Ecology green
· 1992
12021–2021
Thun v. City of Bonney Lake green
washctapp · 2011
12021–2021
Credit General Insurance v. Zewdu green
washctapp · 1996
12021–2021
Chong Yim v. City of Seattle green
wash · 2019
12021–2021
Citizens for Clean Air v. City of Spokane green
wash · 1990
12019–2019
City of Arlington v. Central Puget Sound Growth Management Hearings Board green
wash · 2008
12019–2019
City of Arlington v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd. green
wash · 2008
12019–2019
IGI Resources, Inc. v. City of Pasco neutral
washctapp · 2014
12017–2017
Smoke v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1997
12016–2016
Smoke v. City of Seattle green
wash · 1997
12016–2016
Marley v. Department of Labor & Industries green
wash · 1994
12015–2015
Weinberger v. Salfi green
scotus · 1975
12015–2015
Janet Belczyk Cunningham v. Railroad Retirement Board green
ca3 · 2004
12015–2015
State v. J.P. green
wash · 2003
12014–2014
State v. JP green
wash · 2003
12014–2014
Spokoiny v. Washington State Youth Soccer Ass'n green
washctapp · 2005
12014–2014
Durland v. San Juan County green
washctapp · 2013
12014–2014
Porter v. Nussle green
scotus · 2002
12013–2013

Statutes the citing opinions construe

USC § 42u.s.c.1983 (20) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 34.05.534 (16) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.060 (15) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.130 (11) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.020 (10) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.030 (9) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.010 (8) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.040 (6) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 34.05.010 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 34.05.510 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 64.40.020 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 64.40.030 (5)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 418 (1897–2026) CT 286 (1979–2026) TX 203 (1973–2026) IL 189 (1963–2026) NY 151 (1974–2026) IN 98 (1979–2026) PA 93 (1954–2026) WA 71 (1984–2026) IA 70 (1972–2026) MD 61 (1980–2023) MA 52 (1976–2026) NJ 51 (1962–2024) WI 44 (1974–2026) FL 43 (1976–2025) MI 38 (1968–2026) AZ 37 (1963–2023) OH 36 (1975–2025) GA 36 (1980–2026) CO 36 (1974–2026) KS 36 (1974–2026) OR 35 (1974–2026) ID 29 (1978–2026) NV 28 (1992–2025) DC 27 (1985–2017) NM 27 (1966–2025) RI 27 (1966–2026) AK 27 (1981–2025) UT 24 (1992–2024) MT 24 (1981–2025) MO 23 (1957–2021) VT 21 (1986–2025) HI 20 (1987–2025) LA 19 (1989–2024) NC 18 (1991–2022) OK 18 (1977–2018) WY 17 (1982–2025) AL 16 (1980–2012) TN 16 (1995–2025) MN 15 (1981–2012) ME 15 (1984–2024) MS 14 (1963–2026) NE 14 (1998–2019) SD 13 (1975–2018) SC 12 (1990–2024) AR 11 (1996–2020) VA 11 (1982–2026) WV 9 (1989–2023) NH 6 (1989–2014) KY 5 (1981–2026) ND 5 (1997–2024) VI 2 (1988–1995) DE 2 (1975–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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