fair cross-section requirement in North Carolina

8 North Carolina opinions name it 1 courts 1980–1988 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by North Carolina courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (7)

Case	Followed	Cited
Lockhart v. McCreegreen scotus · 1986 · cited in 3 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1986–1988 2 sentences 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987). 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987).	2	3
State v. Averygreen nc · 1980 · cited in 3 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1981–1985 2 sentences 1981In order for defendant to establish the necessary prima facie violation of the sixth amendment's fair cross-section requirement, this Court in Avery , relying on Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 , 99 S.Ct. 664 , 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979), said that the defendant must show: (1) that the group alleged to be excluded is a distinctive group; (2) that the representation of the group within the venire is not fair and reasonable with respect to the number of such persons in the community; (3) that the underrepresentation is due to systematic exclusion in the jury selection process. 299 N.C. at 134 , 261 S 1981In order for defendant to establish the necessary prima facie violation of the sixth amendment's fair cross-section requirement, this Court in Avery , relying on Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 , 99 S.Ct. 664 , 58 L.Ed.2d 579 (1979), said that the defendant must show: (1) that the group alleged to be excluded is a distinctive group; (2) that the representation of the group within the venire is not fair and reasonable with respect to the number of such persons in the community; (3) that the underrepresentation is due to systematic exclusion in the jury selection process. 299 N.C. at 134 , 261 S	1	3
State v. Evangelistagreen nc · 1987 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987). 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987).	1	1
State v. Jacksongreen nc · 1986 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988 2 sentences 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987). 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987).	1	1
United States v. William Robert Whitfieldgreen ca4 · 1983 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F. 2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F. 2d 1313 (8th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F. 2d 1493 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F. 2d 1212 (11th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 82 L.Ed. 2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F. Supp. 103 (N.D. 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1
Duane Earl Pope v. United Statesgreen ca8 · 1967 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1986–1986 2 sentences 1986Pope v. United States, 372 F. 2d 710, 725 (CA8 1967) (Blackmun, J.) (“The point at which an accused is entitled to a fair cross-section of the community is when the names are put in the box from which the panels are drawn”), vacated on other grounds, 392 U.S. 651 (1968). 1986Pope v. United States, 372 F.2d 710, 725 (CA8 1967) (Blackmun, J.) ("The point at which an accused is entitled to a fair cross-section of the community is when the names are put in the box from which the panels are drawn"), vacated on other grounds, 392 U.S. 651 [ 88 S.Ct. 2145 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1317 ] (1968).	1	1
Swain v. Alabamared scotus · 1965 · cited in 1 North Carolina opinions naming this issue, 1983–1983	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in North Carolina. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (34)

Case	Cited	Years
Duren v. Missouri green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 1985In Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979), the Court held that to establish a prima facie violation of the fair cross-section requirement, the defendant must show: “(1) that the group alleged to be excluded is a distinctive group; (2) that the representation of the group within the venire is not fair and reasonable with respect to the number of such persons in the community; and (3) that the underrepresentation is due to systematic exclusion in the jury selection process.” Id. at 364 . 1985In Duren v. Missouri, 439 U.S. 357 (1979), the Court held that to establish a prima facie violation of the fair cross-section requirement, the defendant must show: “(1) that the group alleged to be excluded is a distinctive group; (2) that the representation of the group within the venire is not fair and reasonable with respect to the number of such persons in the community; and (3) that the underrepresentation is due to systematic exclusion in the jury selection process.” Id. at 364 .	3	1980–1985
State v. Belton green nc · 1986 2 sentences 1988As in State v. Belton, 318 N.C. 141 , 347 S.E.2d 755 , however, we need not decide today whether to employ, under either the sixth amendment or article I, section 24 of the Constitution of North Carolina, the fair cross-section analysis used by the Second Circuit in McCray . 1988As in State v. Belton, 318 N.C. 141 , 347 S.E.2d 755 , however, we need not decide today whether to employ, under either the sixth amendment or article I, section 24 of the Constitution of North Carolina, the fair cross-section analysis used by the Second Circuit in McCray .	1	1988–1988
Allen v. United States green scotus · 1987 2 sentences 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987). 1988“We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large.” Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 90 L.Ed. 2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E. 2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 94 L.Ed. 2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E. 2d 375, 385 (1987).	1	1988–1988
Hines v. Alabama green scotus · 1987 1 sentence 1988"We have never invoked the fair cross-section principle to invalidate the use of either for-cause or peremptory challenges to prospective jurors, or to require petit juries, as opposed to jury panels or venires, to reflect the composition of the community at large." Lockhart v. McCree, 476 U.S. 162, 173 , 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147-48 (1986), quoted in State v. Jackson, 317 N.C. 1, 21 , 343 S.E.2d 814, 826 (1986), vacated on other grounds, 479 U.S. 1077 , 107 S.Ct. 1271 , 94 L.Ed.2d 133 (1987); see also State v. Evangelista, 319 N.C. 152, 166 , 353 S.E.2d 375, 385 (1987).	1	1988–1988
State v. Eason green la · 1985 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Doepel v. United States green dc · 1981 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
State v. Williams green lactapp · 1984 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
State v. Raymond green ri · 1982 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Pope v. United States green scotus · 1968 2 sentences 1986Pope v. United States, 372 F.2d 710, 725 (CA8 1967) (Blackmun, J.) ("The point at which an accused is entitled to a fair cross-section of the community is when the names are put in the box from which the panels are drawn"), vacated on other grounds, 392 U.S. 651 [ 88 S.Ct. 2145 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1317 ] (1968). 1986Pope v. United States, 372 F.2d 710, 725 (CA8 1967) (Blackmun, J.) ("The point at which an accused is entitled to a fair cross-section of the community is when the names are put in the box from which the panels are drawn"), vacated on other grounds, 392 U.S. 651 [ 88 S.Ct. 2145 , 20 L.Ed.2d 1317 ] (1968).	1	1986–1986
Powell v. Texas green scotus · 1968	1	1986–1986
State v. Wiley green ariz · 1985	1	1986–1986
Eddie Lee Weathersby v. Paul L. Morris green ca9 · 1983	1	1986–1986
United States v. C.L. Childress green ca8 · 1984 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F. 2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F. 2d 1313 (8th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F. 2d 1493 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F. 2d 1212 (11th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 82 L.Ed. 2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F. Supp. 103 (N.D. 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Henry Willis, III v. Walter B. Zant, Warden, Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Center green ca11 · 1983 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F. 2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F. 2d 1313 (8th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F. 2d 1493 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F. 2d 1212 (11th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 82 L.Ed. 2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F. Supp. 103 (N.D. 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Byers v. United States green scotus · 1984	1	1986–1986
Clayton v. Texas green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F. 2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F. 2d 1313 (8th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F. 2d 1493 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F. 2d 1212 (11th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 82 L.Ed. 2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F. Supp. 103 (N.D. 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Patterson v. Koehler green scotus · 1984	1	1986–1986
Childress v. United States green scotus · 1984	1	1986–1986
Nevius v. State green nev · 1985 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
United States Ex Rel. Allen v. Hardy green ilnd · 1984 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F. 2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F. 2d 1313 (8th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F. 2d 1493 (9th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 79 L.Ed. 2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F. 2d 1212 (11th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 82 L.Ed. 2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F. Supp. 103 (N.D. 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
People v. Williams green ill · 1983	1	1986–1986
Taylor v. Louisiana green scotus · 1975 2 sentences 1986Lockhart v. McCree, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147 (1986) (citations omitted); Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 , 95 S.Ct. 692 , 42 L.Ed.2d 690 (1975). 1986Lockhart v. McCree, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 106 S.Ct. 1758, 1764 , 90 L.Ed.2d 137, 147 (1986) (citations omitted); Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 , 95 S.Ct. 692 , 42 L.Ed.2d 690 (1975).	1	1986–1986
Spaziano v. Florida green scotus · 1982 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Williams v. Illinois; Dixon v. Illinois; Yates v. Illinois green scotus · 1984 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Holt v. United States green scotus · 1981 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Legendre v. United States green scotus · 1981 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Commissioner v. Estate of Van Horne green scotus · 1984 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Cross v. General Motors Corp. green scotus · 1984 1 sentence 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. *772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Wayment v. Regan green scotus · 1984	1	1986–1986
Hoopa Valley Tribe of Indians v. Short green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Novel v. Louisiana Exposition green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
Blackwell v. State green ga · 1981 2 sentences 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni 1986See, e.g., United States v. Whitfield, 715 F.2d 145 (4th Cir. 1983); United States v. Childress, 715 F.2d 1313 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 772 1063, 104 S.Ct. 744 , 79 L.Ed.2d 202 (1984); Weathersby v. Morris, 708 F.2d 1493 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1046 , 104 S.Ct. 719 , 79 L.Ed.2d 181 (1984); Willis v. Zant, 720 F.2d 1212 (11th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1256 , 104 S.Ct. 3546 , 82 L.Ed.2d 849 (1984); Allen v. Hardy, 586 F.Supp. 103 (N.D.Ill.1984); State v. Wiley, 144 Ariz. 525 , 698 P.2d 1244 (1985); Doepel v. United States, 434 A.2d 449 (D.C.App.), cert. deni	1	1986–1986
State v. Price green nc · 1980	1	1983–1983
State v. Cornell green · 1972	1	1983–1983

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-2000 (5) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443 (4) NC § N.C. Gen. Stat. § 9-2 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

AL 79 (1982–2026) CA 75 (1976–2025) MI 49 (1982–2025) IL 43 (1981–2025) IA 42 (1989–2025) OH 41 (1982–2025) TX 41 (1987–2026) MO 39 (1978–2023) MS 33 (1988–2023) TN 31 (1980–2024) NV 29 (1986–2022) IN 26 (1979–2026) CT 25 (1979–2021) LA 17 (1980–2024) NY 17 (1976–2015) OK 14 (1987–2011) GA 14 (1975–2023) FL 14 (1977–2025) WA 14 (1987–2024) AR 13 (1989–2023) CO 13 (1984–2016) KY 12 (1978–2019) NM 12 (1981–2014) MA 11 (1980–2025) AZ 11 (1980–2025) RI 11 (1979–2021) PA 11 (1981–2022) NE 10 (1985–2022) DC 9 (1980–2025) NJ 9 (1978–2026) NC 8 (1980–1988) KS 8 (1979–2021) VA 7 (1979–2023) DE 7 (1976–2000) SC 6 (1997–2026) MN 6 (1994–2025) MD 6 (1986–2021) UT 5 (1986–1993) WV 5 (1981–2023) ND 5 (1993–2011) WI 5 (1980–2025) OR 4 (1996–2010) SD 3 (1978–2025) HI 3 (1998–2023) ME 3 (1981–2019) ID 3 (1984–1990) NH 3 (1981–2003) VT 3 (1976–1991)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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