related claim (Florida) · Go Syfert
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related claim in Florida

48 Florida opinions name it 3 courts 1957–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Florida courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (34)

CaseFollowedCited
Stogniew v. McQueengreen
fla · 1995 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2016–2018
2 sentences

2018To be in privity with a party to an earlier lawsuit, "one must have an interest in the action such that she will be bound by the final judgment as if she were a party." Pearce v. Sandler, 219 So. 3d 961, 965 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017); see also Stogniew v. McQueen, 656 So. 2d 917, 920 (Fla. 1995) (applying the same test in the context of the related doctrine of collateral estoppel).

2016The related doctrine of collateral estoppel, also known as' estoppel by judgment or issue preclusion, “bars ‘the parties from litigating in the second suit issues— that is to say points and questions — common to both causes of action and which were actually adjudicated in the prior litigation.’ ” Cook v. State, 921 So.2d 631, 634 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (quoting Stogniew v. McQueen, 656 So.2d 917, 919 (Fla.1995)).

22
Washington v. Glucksberggreen
scotus · 1997 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011Third, as a related principle of judicial restraint, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that a substantive due process analysis "must begin with a careful description of the asserted right, for `[t]he doctrine of judicial selfrestraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.'" Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302 , 113 S.Ct. 1439 , 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (quoting Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 , 112 S.Ct. 1061 , 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992)); see also Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 721 , 117 S.Ct. 2258 ("[W]e have requi

2011Third, as a related principle of judicial restraint, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that a substantive due process analysis "must begin with a careful description of the asserted right, for `[t]he doctrine of judicial selfrestraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.'" Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302 , 113 S.Ct. 1439 , 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (quoting Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 , 112 S.Ct. 1061 , 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992)); see also Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 721 , 117 S.Ct. 2258 ("[W]e have requi

22
Raymond James & Associates, Inc. v. Godshallgreen
fladistctapp · 2003 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2013
2 sentences

2013Raymond James Assocs., Inc. v. Godshall, 851 So.2d 879 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (dismissing appeal where money judgment included reservation of jurisdiction to determine additional damages).

2010Compare Raymond James & Assocs., Inc. v. Godshall, 851 So.2d 879, 880-81 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (dismissing as premature an order that authorized execution but reserved jurisdiction to rule on a related claim of whether the plaintiff was entitled to further damages, and distinguishing McGum as concerning only prejudgment interest), with Lombardo v. Haige, 971 So.2d 1037, 1040 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) ("[W]e cannot fathom how one can wait to appeal an order upon which execution can enter.”), and Del Castillo v. Ralor Pharmacy, Inc., 512 So.2d 315, 319 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987) (holding that because a final jud

12
Faircloth v. Hillgreen
fla · 1956 · cited in 2 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1957–2010
2 sentences

2010In one case cited by Banco, this Court relied upon and quoted the Supreme Court of Florida’s holding in Faircloth v. Hill, 85 So.2d 870, 872 (Fla.1956): While each separate act involved in the drama might not in and of itself establish gross negligence, nevertheless, the entire course of conduct of the automobile driver under all of the circumstances and in the light of all the related factors taken collectively might well establish the existence of gross negligence-(emphasis added).

1957We feel that the rule has been well stated by the Supreme Court of this state in Faircloth v. Hill, Fla.1956, 85 So.2d 870 , 872: “We have held that all of the circumstances of each case entering into the particular happening must be considered in order to determine whether liability exists. * * * While each separate act involved in the drama might not in and of itself establish gross negligence, nevertheless, the entire course of conduct of the automobile driver under all of the circumstances and in the light of all of the related factors taken collectively might well establish the existence

12
Hurst v. Floridagreen
scotus · 2016 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021We recognize that, since Combs and Davis, Florida’s capital sentencing scheme has changed in light of the mandate of Hurst v. Florida, 577 U.S. 92, 102-03 (2016), that the Sixth Amendment requires a jury to unanimously find beyond a reasonable doubt the fact that renders the defendant eligible for imposition of the death - 23 - sentence—i.e., the existence of a statutory aggravating circumstance, State v. Poole, 297 So. 3d 487 , 501-03 (Fla. 2020); see § 921.141(2)(a)-(b), Fla. Stat. (2018).

11
Toney Deron Davis v. State of Floridagreen
fla · 2014 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021See also id. (rejecting the related claim that the prosecutor “improperly disparaged the role of the jury” in violation of Caldwell by referencing the jury’s “recommendation” as “advisory” and stating that “the final [sentencing] decision rests with [the trial court]”).

11
Pearce III v. Sandlergreen
fladistctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018To be in privity with a party to an earlier lawsuit, "one must have an interest in the action such that she will be bound by the final judgment as if she were a party." Pearce v. Sandler, 219 So. 3d 961, 965 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017); see also Stogniew v. McQueen, 656 So. 2d 917, 920 (Fla. 1995) (applying the same test in the context of the related doctrine of collateral estoppel).

11
Cook v. Stategreen
fladistctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016The related doctrine of collateral estoppel, also known as' estoppel by judgment or issue preclusion, “bars ‘the parties from litigating in the second suit issues— that is to say points and questions — common to both causes of action and which were actually adjudicated in the prior litigation.’ ” Cook v. State, 921 So.2d 631, 634 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005) (quoting Stogniew v. McQueen, 656 So.2d 917, 919 (Fla.1995)).

11
Ferrell v. Stategreen
fla · 2010 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). - 14 - Simmons v. State, 105 So. 3d 475, 487 (Fla. 2012) (quoting Ferrell v. State, 29 So. 3d 959, 969 (Fla. 2010) (quoting Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So. 2d 927, 932 (Fla. 1986) (citations omitted))).

11
Maxwell v. Wainwrightgreen
fla · 1986 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). - 14 - Simmons v. State, 105 So. 3d 475, 487 (Fla. 2012) (quoting Ferrell v. State, 29 So. 3d 959, 969 (Fla. 2010) (quoting Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So. 2d 927, 932 (Fla. 1986) (citations omitted))).

11
Simmons v. Stategreen
fla · 2012 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
1 sentence

2014Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). - 14 - Simmons v. State, 105 So. 3d 475, 487 (Fla. 2012) (quoting Ferrell v. State, 29 So. 3d 959, 969 (Fla. 2010) (quoting Maxwell v. Wainwright, 490 So. 2d 927, 932 (Fla. 1986) (citations omitted))).

11
Doorbal v. Stategreen
fla · 2008 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012However, we have repeatedly rejected Snelgrove's argument that a firm IQ cut-off score of 70 or below is unconstitutional, see, e.g., Franqui v. State, 59 So.3d 82, 92-94 (Fla.2011), and Snelgrove failed to preserve for appeal his equal protection argument, see Doorbal, 983 So.2d at 492 ("For an issue to be preserved for appeal, it must be presented to the lower court, and the specific legal argument or ground to be argued on appeal must be part of that presentation.”).

11
Franqui v. Stategreen
fla · 2011 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
1 sentence

2012However, we have repeatedly rejected Snelgrove's argument that a firm IQ cut-off score of 70 or below is unconstitutional, see, e.g., Franqui v. State, 59 So.3d 82, 92-94 (Fla.2011), and Snelgrove failed to preserve for appeal his equal protection argument, see Doorbal, 983 So.2d at 492 ("For an issue to be preserved for appeal, it must be presented to the lower court, and the specific legal argument or ground to be argued on appeal must be part of that presentation.”).

11
Madden v. Killingergreen
fladistctapp · 1957 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Madden v. Killinger, 97 So.2d 205, 206 (Fla. 3d DCA 1957).

11
Lombardo v. Haigegreen
fladistctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Compare Raymond James & Assocs., Inc. v. Godshall, 851 So.2d 879, 880-81 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (dismissing as premature an order that authorized execution but reserved jurisdiction to rule on a related claim of whether the plaintiff was entitled to further damages, and distinguishing McGum as concerning only prejudgment interest), with Lombardo v. Haige, 971 So.2d 1037, 1040 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) ("[W]e cannot fathom how one can wait to appeal an order upon which execution can enter.”), and Del Castillo v. Ralor Pharmacy, Inc., 512 So.2d 315, 319 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987) (holding that because a final jud

11
Del Castillo v. Ralor Pharmacy, Inc.green
fladistctapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
1 sentence

2010Compare Raymond James & Assocs., Inc. v. Godshall, 851 So.2d 879, 880-81 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003) (dismissing as premature an order that authorized execution but reserved jurisdiction to rule on a related claim of whether the plaintiff was entitled to further damages, and distinguishing McGum as concerning only prejudgment interest), with Lombardo v. Haige, 971 So.2d 1037, 1040 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) ("[W]e cannot fathom how one can wait to appeal an order upon which execution can enter.”), and Del Castillo v. Ralor Pharmacy, Inc., 512 So.2d 315, 319 (Fla. 3d DCA 1987) (holding that because a final jud

11
Unruh v. Stategreen
fla · 1996 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006Courts should "avoid readings that would render part of a statute meaningless." Unruh v. State, 669 So.2d 242, 245 (Fla.1996) (quoting Forsythe, 604 So.2d at 456 ).

11
Barnes v. the Kellogg Co.green
fladistctapp · 2003 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Forsythe v. Longboat Key Beach Erosiongreen
fla · 1992 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Brown-Bey v. Early, District Attorney, Second Judicial District, Coloradogreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Barber v. Ohio Universitygreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Doorbal v. Stategreen
fla · 2003 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Arizona v. Youngbloodgreen
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
King v. Stategreen
fla · 2002 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Duest v. Stategreen
fla · 2003 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
11
Caufield v. Cantelegreen
fla · 2002 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
11
In re Summersgreen
scotus · 1999 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11
Fla. Soc. of Ophthalmology v. State, Bd. of Optometrygreen
fladistctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Iglehart v. Phillipsgreen
fla · 1980 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Intern. Jai-Alai Players Ass'n v. Pari-Mutuel Com'ngreen
fladistctapp · 1990 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Padgett v. Dept. of Health & Rehab. Servicesgreen
fla · 1991 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11
Smith v. O'Briengreen
fla · 1918 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992
11
Schottenstein v. Schottensteingreen
fladistctapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
Cook v. Stategreen
md · 1978 · cited in 1 Florida opinions naming this issue, 1980–1980
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Florida. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (38)

CaseCitedYears
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2014Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). 6 .

2014Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). 6 .

32005–2014
Brown v. State green
fla · 1983
2 sentences

2018But a related principle applies under the supreme court’s decision in Brown, which addressed the following certified question: “Does ownership and joint occupancy of a premises where illegal drugs are discovered in plain view, in the presence of the owner, constitute sufficient evidence to support a conviction for constructive possession as to the owner or as to a lessee under the same circumstances?” 428 So. 2d at 251 .

2018But a related principle applies under the supreme court’s decision in Brown, which addressed the following certified question: “Does ownership and joint occupancy of a premises where illegal drugs are discovered in plain view, in the presence of the owner, constitute sufficient evidence to support a conviction for constructive possession as to the owner or as to a lessee under the same circumstances?” 428 So. 2d at 251 .

22018–2018
Deparvine v. State green
fla · 2008
2 sentences

2014Id.

2014Id.

22014–2014
Reno v. Flores green
scotus · 1993
2 sentences

2011Third, as a related principle of judicial restraint, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that a substantive due process analysis "must begin with a careful description of the asserted right, for `[t]he doctrine of judicial selfrestraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.'" Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302 , 113 S.Ct. 1439 , 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (quoting Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 , 112 S.Ct. 1061 , 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992)); see also Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 721 , 117 S.Ct. 2258 ("[W]e have requi

2011Third, as a related principle of judicial restraint, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that a substantive due process analysis "must begin with a careful description of the asserted right, for `[t]he doctrine of judicial selfrestraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.'" Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302 , 113 S.Ct. 1439 , 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (quoting Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 , 112 S.Ct. 1061 , 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992)); see also Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 721 , 117 S.Ct. 2258 ("[W]e have requi

22011–2011
Collins v. City of Harker Heights green
scotus · 1992
2 sentences

2011Third, as a related principle of judicial restraint, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that a substantive due process analysis "must begin with a careful description of the asserted right, for `[t]he doctrine of judicial selfrestraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.'" Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302 , 113 S.Ct. 1439 , 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (quoting Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 , 112 S.Ct. 1061 , 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992)); see also Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 721 , 117 S.Ct. 2258 ("[W]e have requi

2011Third, as a related principle of judicial restraint, the United States Supreme Court has repeatedly cautioned that a substantive due process analysis "must begin with a careful description of the asserted right, for `[t]he doctrine of judicial selfrestraint requires us to exercise the utmost care whenever we are asked to break new ground in this field.'" Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 302 , 113 S.Ct. 1439 , 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993) (quoting Collins v. Harker Heights, 503 U.S. 115, 125 , 112 S.Ct. 1061 , 117 L.Ed.2d 261 (1992)); see also Glucksberg, 521 U.S. at 721 , 117 S.Ct. 2258 ("[W]e have requi

22011–2011
Kush v. Lloyd green
fla · 1992
2 sentences

2007Kush v. Lloyd, 616 So.2d 415 , 417 n. 2 (Fla.1992). [6] Through his mother, Luis is claiming damages for loss of future earning capacity, past and future mental pain and suffering, and past and future medical expenses. [7] Rh immune globulin is given to Rh-negative women after pregnancies in which they carried Rh-positive babies to prevent the mother's immune system from reacting to the Rh-positive blood of any subsequent child.

2007Kush v. Lloyd, 616 So.2d 415 , 417 n. 2 (Fla.1992). .

22007–2007
Stano v. Singletary green
fla · 1997
2 sentences

1999See Lopez v. Singletary, 719 So.2d 287 (Fla.1998) (order); Remeta v. Singletary, 717 So.2d 536 (Fla.1998) (order); Buenoano v. State, *236 717 So.2d 529 (Fla.1998) (order); Stano v. Singletary, 692 So.2d 180 (Fla.1997); Jones, 701 So.2d at 80 .

1999See Lopez v. Singletary, 719 So.2d 287 (Fla.1998) (order), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 119 S.Ct. 892 , 142 L.Ed.2d 790 (1999); Remeta v. Singletary, 717 So.2d 536 (Fla.1998) (order); Buenoano v. State, 717 So.2d 529 (Fla. 1998) (order); Stano v. Singletary, 692 So.2d 180 (Fla.1997); Jones, 701 So.2d at 80 .

21999–1999
Jones v. State green
fla · 1997
2 sentences

1999See Lopez v. Singletary, 719 So.2d 287 (Fla.1998) (order); Remeta v. Singletary, 717 So.2d 536 (Fla.1998) (order); Buenoano v. State, *236 717 So.2d 529 (Fla.1998) (order); Stano v. Singletary, 692 So.2d 180 (Fla.1997); Jones, 701 So.2d at 80 .

1999See Lopez v. Singletary, 719 So.2d 287 (Fla.1998) (order), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 119 S.Ct. 892 , 142 L.Ed.2d 790 (1999); Remeta v. Singletary, 717 So.2d 536 (Fla.1998) (order); Buenoano v. State, 717 So.2d 529 (Fla. 1998) (order); Stano v. Singletary, 692 So.2d 180 (Fla.1997); Jones, 701 So.2d at 80 .

21999–1999
Florida Power and Light Co. v. Price green
fla · 1964
2 sentences

1989Florida Power & Light Co. v. Price, 170 So.2d 293 (Fla.1964); Lingold v. Transmerica Ins.

1989Florida Power & Light Co. v. Price, 170 So.2d 293 (Fla. 1964); Lingold v. Transmerica Ins.

21989–1989
Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore green
scotus · 1979
2 sentences

1983Justice Stewart's opinion in Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 326-31 , 99 S.Ct. 645, 649-51 , 58 L.Ed.2d 552 (1979), gives us an overall picture: Collateral estoppel, like the related doctrine of res judicata, has the dual purpose of protecting litigants from the burden of relitigating an identical issue with the same party or his privy and of promoting judicial economy by preventing needless litigation.

1983Justice Stewart's opinion in Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 326-31 , 99 S.Ct. 645, 649-51 , 58 L.Ed.2d 552 (1979), gives us an overall picture: Collateral estoppel, like the related doctrine of res judicata, has the dual purpose of protecting litigants from the burden of relitigating an identical issue with the same party or his privy and of promoting judicial economy by preventing needless litigation.

21980–1983
Commonwealth Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n v. Tubero green
fla · 1990
1 sentence

2025In Commonwealth, the Florida Supreme Court held that it was extreme for a trial court to dismiss the plaintiff’s complaint based on a discovery violation after (1) the plaintiff failed to respond to discovery served by the defense two months after the complaint was filed, (2) the plaintiff did not request additional time, (3) the plaintiff’s counsel moved to withdraw before the responses came due, (4) the record contained no indication that the plaintiff’s counsel notified the plaintiff of the motion to withdraw or the related hearing, (5) the defendant submitted a proposed order granting a mo

12025–2025
State v. Mancuso green
fla · 1995
1 sentence

2015In Mancuso, 652 So.2d at 370 , we addressed a related claim that section 316.027 contained a requirement of actual knowledge that an injury had occurred.

12015–2015
Burns v. DaimlerChrysler Corp. green
fladistctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2007Burns, 914 So.2d at 453 .

12007–2007
Hauss v. Waxman green
fladistctapp · 2005
12006–2006
Wiggins v. Smith, Warden green
scotus · 2003
12005–2005
Massiah v. United States green
scotus · 1964
12005–2005
Patrick v. Cockrell, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Division green
scotus · 2003
12004–2004
Nash v. Blumex U. S. A., Inc green
scotus · 2003
12004–2004
Flagship Real Estate Corp. v. FLAGSHIP BK. green
fladistctapp · 1979
11994–1994
Richardson v. State green
fla · 1971
11994–1994
In Re TW green
fla · 1989
11993–1993
Southland Life Ins. Co. v. Abelove green
fladistctapp · 1990
11992–1992
United States v. Henry green
scotus · 1980
11992–1992
Morgareidge v. Howey green
fla · 1918
11992–1992
Meek v. State green
fla · 1986
11990–1990
State v. Davis green
fladistctapp · 1982
11984–1984
TORTOISE ISLAND COMMUNITIES INC. v. Roberts green
fladistctapp · 1981
11984–1984
Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Illinois Foundation green
scotus · 1971
11983–1983
People v. Williams green
ill · 1975
11980–1980
Beebe v. Richardson green
fla · 1945
11979–1979
Carraway v. Revell green
fla · 1959
11968–1968
McNulty v. Hurley green
fla · 1957
11959–1959
Bessie Cannon v. State of Florida green
fla · 1926
11959–1959
City of Boca Raton v. Mattef green
fla · 1956
11959–1959
Byers v. Gunn green
fla · 1955
11959–1959
Farrey v. Bettendorf green
fla · 1957
11959–1959
Cadore v. Karp green
fla · 1957
11958–1958
Cormier v. Williams green
fla · 1941
11957–1957

Statutes the citing opinions construe

FL § 921.141 (8)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 186 (1953–2026) NY 85 (1939–2026) TX 72 (1982–2025) PA 61 (1959–2026) IL 49 (1974–2026) FL 48 (1957–2025) IA 43 (1964–2021) WA 40 (1959–2026) GA 36 (1900–2026) NJ 34 (1959–2026) CT 33 (1968–2022) MI 24 (1963–2026) MA 23 (1985–2026) VA 22 (1989–2023) NM 19 (1985–2025) MD 18 (1977–2026) DC 18 (1990–2023) TN 17 (1992–2017) OR 16 (1979–2024) MO 16 (1976–2018) IN 16 (1971–2017) MS 15 (1957–2025) WI 15 (1976–2024) ME 14 (1979–2019) UT 12 (1979–2022) OK 12 (1934–2005) VT 12 (1989–2025) AK 11 (1972–2025) CO 11 (1985–2024) AZ 11 (1997–2023) MN 10 (1941–2015) WY 10 (1975–2020) HI 9 (1990–2025) NC 9 (1975–2019) DE 8 (1994–2024) KS 7 (1936–2018) KY 6 (1961–2022) AL 6 (1986–2025) OH 6 (1984–2017) LA 6 (1958–2012) ID 5 (1980–2023) AR 4 (1961–2008) NH 4 (1980–2014) RI 4 (1996–2011) WV 4 (1979–2017) ND 4 (1979–2020) NE 3 (1957–2005) NV 2 (2008–2018) MT 2 (2000–2010)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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