presence hearing (Indiana) · Go Syfert
← Indiana issues

presence hearing in Indiana

38 Indiana opinions name it 2 courts 1872–2018 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Indiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
United States v. Wadegreen
scotus · 1967 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
2 sentences

2015Id. at 922-923 . [40] With respect to Kochersperger’s argument that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post- testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of defense counsel, this court observed that the Sixth Amendment “provides that an accused has a right to counsel ‘at any stage of the prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel’s absence might derogate from the accused’s right to a fair trial.’” Id. (quoting Jones v. State, 655 N.E.2d 49, 54 (Ind. 1995) (quoting United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218,

2015Id. at 922-923 . [40] With respect to Kochersperger’s argument that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post- testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of defense counsel, this court observed that the Sixth Amendment “provides that an accused has a right to counsel ‘at any stage of the prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel’s absence might derogate from the accused’s right to a fair trial.’” Id. (quoting Jones v. State, 655 N.E.2d 49, 54 (Ind. 1995) (quoting United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218,

11
Greenlee v. Stategreen
indctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015“Such a stage is considered a ‘critical stage,’ that is, any stage in a criminal proceeding where incrimination may occur or where the opportunity for effective defense must be seized or be foregone.” Id. (quoting Greenlee v. State, 477 N.E.2d 917, 920 (Ind. Ct. App. 1985)).

11
Jones v. Stategreen
ind · 1995 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
1 sentence

2015Id. at 922-923 . [40] With respect to Kochersperger’s argument that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post- testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of defense counsel, this court observed that the Sixth Amendment “provides that an accused has a right to counsel ‘at any stage of the prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel’s absence might derogate from the accused’s right to a fair trial.’” Id. (quoting Jones v. State, 655 N.E.2d 49, 54 (Ind. 1995) (quoting United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218,

11
Morrissey v. Brewergreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See Kelley, 446 F.3d at 692 . [7] As the majority notes, Morrissey holds that probationers or parolees facing revocation have a due process right "to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation). . . ." Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489 , 92 S.Ct. 2593 .

2006See Kelley, 446 F.3d at 692. 7 As the majority notes, Morrissey holds that probationers or parolees facing revocation have a due process right “to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation).... ” Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489, 92 S.Ct. 2593 .

11
United States v. Lamond D. Kelleygreen
ca7 · 2006 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
1 sentence

2006See Kelley, 446 F.3d at 692 . [7] As the majority notes, Morrissey holds that probationers or parolees facing revocation have a due process right "to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically finds good cause for not allowing confrontation). . . ." Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 489 , 92 S.Ct. 2593 .

11
State v. Millergreen
njsuperctappdiv · 1997 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Importantly, the difficulties asso-clated with learning the reason for the length of a continuance is the very reason for the IAD's "in the defendant's presence requirement." State v. Miller, 299 N.J.Super. 387, 398 , 691 A.2d 377 (1997) ("The purpose of the IAD's requirement that continuances be set in the defendant's presence is to ensure there is a record for appellate review") (emphasis added).

2005Importantly, the difficulties asso-clated with learning the reason for the length of a continuance is the very reason for the IAD's "in the defendant's presence requirement." State v. Miller, 299 N.J.Super. 387, 398 , 691 A.2d 377 (1997) ("The purpose of the IAD's requirement that continuances be set in the defendant's presence is to ensure there is a record for appellate review") (emphasis added).

11
United States v. David Earl Crozier (99-6561) Charles W. Burton (99-6567), United States of America v. Charles W. Burtongreen
ca6 · 2001 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005Our holding is that (1) the defendant's presence during the setting of a continuance is an independent IAD requirement, United States v. Crozier, 259 F.3d 503, 514 (6th Cir.2001) (the defendant's presence is a requirement of the IAD), and (2) Conn's inability to learn of the trial court's reason for the length of his continuance at the time of its issuance precludes an honest review of whether there was good cause to extend Conn's trial 102 days beyond his IAD deadline.

2005Our holding is that (1) the defendant's presence during the setting of a continuance is an independent IAD requirement, United States v. Crozier, 259 F.3d 503, 514 (6th Cir.2001) (the defendant's presence is a requirement of the IAD), and (2) Conn's inability to learn of the trial court's reason for the length of his continuance at the time of its issuance precludes an honest review of whether there was good cause to extend Conn's trial 102 days beyond his IAD deadline.

11
Taylor v. Stategreen
indctapp · 1980 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
1 sentence

2000See id. (holding that although an accused has a right to advice and assistance of counsel, he also has right to forego such representation); see also Owens, 176 Ind.App. at 3 , 373 N.E.2d at 915 n. 2 (noting that “defendant’s counsel would be required to sign the stipulation only when a defendant’s right to counsel has already attached and where the defendant has not waived such right to counsel”). 8 Kochersperger further contends that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post-testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of

11
Owens v. Stategreen
indctapp · 1978 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See id. (holding that although an accused has a right to advice and assistance of counsel, he also has right to forego such representation); see also Owens, 176 Ind.App. at 3 , 373 N.E.2d at 915 n. 2 (noting that “defendant’s counsel would be required to sign the stipulation only when a defendant’s right to counsel has already attached and where the defendant has not waived such right to counsel”). 8 Kochersperger further contends that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post-testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of

2000See id. (holding that although an accused has a right to advice and assistance of counsel, he also has right to forego such representation); see also Owens, 176 Ind.App. at 3 , 373 N.E.2d at 915 n. 2 (noting that “defendant’s counsel would be required to sign the stipulation only when a defendant’s right to counsel has already attached and where the defendant has not waived such right to counsel”). 8 Kochersperger further contends that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post-testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of

11
Lewis v. Stategreen
ind · 1983 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1995–1995
1 sentence

1995See Lewis v. State (1983), Ind., 451 N.E.2d 50, 55 .

11
Koske v. Townsend Engineering Co.green
indctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Indiana opinions naming this issue, 1988–1988
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Indiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (55)

CaseCitedYears
Pierce v. Goldsberry green
ind · 1871
2 sentences

1991Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Puett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State, ex rel. [De Long], 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 [ 21 N.E. 285 ], In 1 Rice on Evidence, p. 424, the author says: “The act or declaration of another person, and within the observation of a party, and his conduct in relation thereto, is relevant, if, under all the circumstances of the case, he would have been likely to have been affected by the act or the declaration.” 137 Ind. at 25 , 36 N.E. 361 .

1957Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Pruett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State ex rel., 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 .” Springer, by Next Friend v. Byram (1894), 137 Ind. 15, 25 , 36 N. E. 361 , 23 L.

41894–1991
Broyles v. State ex rel. DeLong green
ind · 1874
2 sentences

1991Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Puett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State, ex rel. [De Long], 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 [ 21 N.E. 285 ], In 1 Rice on Evidence, p. 424, the author says: “The act or declaration of another person, and within the observation of a party, and his conduct in relation thereto, is relevant, if, under all the circumstances of the case, he would have been likely to have been affected by the act or the declaration.” 137 Ind. at 25 , 36 N.E. 361 .

1957Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Pruett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State ex rel., 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 .” Springer, by Next Friend v. Byram (1894), 137 Ind. 15, 25 , 36 N. E. 361 , 23 L.

41894–1991
Puett v. Beard green
ind · 1882
2 sentences

1991Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Puett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State, ex rel. [De Long], 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 [ 21 N.E. 285 ], In 1 Rice on Evidence, p. 424, the author says: “The act or declaration of another person, and within the observation of a party, and his conduct in relation thereto, is relevant, if, under all the circumstances of the case, he would have been likely to have been affected by the act or the declaration.” 137 Ind. at 25 , 36 N.E. 361 .

1957Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Pruett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State ex rel., 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 .” Springer, by Next Friend v. Byram (1894), 137 Ind. 15, 25 , 36 N. E. 361 , 23 L.

41894–1991
Surber v. State green
ind · 1884
2 sentences

1991Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Puett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State, ex rel. [De Long], 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 [ 21 N.E. 285 ], In 1 Rice on Evidence, p. 424, the author says: “The act or declaration of another person, and within the observation of a party, and his conduct in relation thereto, is relevant, if, under all the circumstances of the case, he would have been likely to have been affected by the act or the declaration.” 137 Ind. at 25 , 36 N.E. 361 .

1957Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Pruett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State ex rel., 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 .” Springer, by Next Friend v. Byram (1894), 137 Ind. 15, 25 , 36 N. E. 361 , 23 L.

41894–1991
Conway v. State green
ind · 1889
2 sentences

1991Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Puett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State, ex rel. [De Long], 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 [ 21 N.E. 285 ], In 1 Rice on Evidence, p. 424, the author says: “The act or declaration of another person, and within the observation of a party, and his conduct in relation thereto, is relevant, if, under all the circumstances of the case, he would have been likely to have been affected by the act or the declaration.” 137 Ind. at 25 , 36 N.E. 361 .

1991Pierce v. Goldsberry, 35 Ind. 317 ; Puett v. Beard, 86 Ind. 104 ; Surber v. State, 99 Ind. 71 ; Broyles v. State, ex rel. [De Long], 47 Ind. 251 ; Conway v. State, 118 Ind. 482 [ 21 N.E. 285 ], In 1 Rice on Evidence, p. 424, the author says: “The act or declaration of another person, and within the observation of a party, and his conduct in relation thereto, is relevant, if, under all the circumstances of the case, he would have been likely to have been affected by the act or the declaration.” 137 Ind. at 25 , 36 N.E. 361 .

41894–1991
Springer v. Byram green
ind · 1894
2 sentences

1991In Springer v. Byram (1893) 137 Ind. 15 , 36 N.E. 361 , the concept was applied in a civil setting as follows: If statements are made in the presence and hearing of a person, affecting his rights, and under such circumstances as call for a reply, what he said, or if he failed to say anything, may be proven as in the nature of an admission.

1991In Springer v. Byram (1893) 137 Ind. 15 , 36 N.E. 361 , the concept was applied in a civil setting as follows: If statements are made in the presence and hearing of a person, affecting his rights, and under such circumstances as call for a reply, what he said, or if he failed to say anything, may be proven as in the nature of an admission.

31901–1991
In Re Adoption of M.L. J.H. v. J.L. and C.L. green
indctapp · 2012
2 sentences

2018M.L., 973 N.E.2d at 1223 .

2018M.L. , 973 N.E.2d at 1223 .

22018–2018
Kochersperger v. State green
indctapp · 2000
2 sentences

2015Id. at 922-923 . [40] With respect to Kochersperger’s argument that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post- testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of defense counsel, this court observed that the Sixth Amendment “provides that an accused has a right to counsel ‘at any stage of the prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel’s absence might derogate from the accused’s right to a fair trial.’” Id. (quoting Jones v. State, 655 N.E.2d 49, 54 (Ind. 1995) (quoting United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218,

2015Id. at 922-923 . [40] With respect to Kochersperger’s argument that his right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment was violated when the polygraph examination and post- testing interrogation were conducted without the presence of defense counsel, this court observed that the Sixth Amendment “provides that an accused has a right to counsel ‘at any stage of the prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel’s absence might derogate from the accused’s right to a fair trial.’” Id. (quoting Jones v. State, 655 N.E.2d 49, 54 (Ind. 1995) (quoting United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218,

22008–2015
Baldwin v. Inter City Contractors Service, Inc. green
indctapp · 1973
2 sentences

1981Faught v. State (1974), 162 Ind.App. 436 , 319 N.E.2d 843 ; Baldwin v. Inter City Contractors Service, Inc. (1973), 156 Ind.App. 497 , 297 N.E.2d 831 .

1981Faught v. State (1974), 162 Ind.App. 436 , 319 N.E.2d 843 ; Baldwin v. Inter City Contractors Service, Inc. (1973), 156 Ind.App. 497 , 297 N.E.2d 831 .

21974–1981
Diamond v. State green
ind · 1924
2 sentences

1974In Diamond the rule is stated thus: "Where a charge is made in the presence and hearing of a person accusing him of a crime, his silence, or failure to contradict or explain the statement, may be shown, as being in the nature of an admission of the truth of such statements, providing the circumstances are such as to afford him an opportunity to speak and such as would naturally call for some action or reply from persons similarly situated." (Id., 195 Ind. at 291 , 144 N.E. at 468 .) The "charge" quite clearly is hearsay.

1973The rule is stated in Diamond v. State (1924), 195 Ind. 285, 291 , 144 N.E. 466 : “Where a charge is made in the presence and hearing of a person accusing him of a crime his silence, or failure to contradict or explain the statement, may be shown, as being in the nature of an admission of the truth of such statements, providing the circumstances are such as to afford him an opportunity to speak and such as would naturally call for some action or reply from persons similarly situated.” We are not concerned with whether the hearsay to which Officer Cambridge may have testified to was admissible.

21973–1974
Commonwealth v. Wise neutral
mass · 1872
2 sentences

1901Supp. 578 ; Commonwealth v. Griffin, 110 Mass. 181 ; Hoy v. Morris, 13 Gray 519 ; Oliver v. Pate, 43 Ind. 132 ; Wharton Crim.

1894Cotton v. State, supra; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun, 7; Commonwealth v. Griffin, 110 Mass. 181 ; Hoy v. Morris, 13 Gray, 519 ; Oliver v. Pate, 43 Ind. 132 (142); Wharton Crim.

21894–1901
In re McCarthy's Will neutral
nysupct · 1889
2 sentences

1901In an able opinion by Dailey, J., after reviewing the authorities, it was said: “It is settled law that if parties sustaining confidential relations to each other hold their conversation in the presence and hearing of third persons, whether they be necessarily present as officers or indifferent bystanders, such third persons are not prohibited from testifying to what they heard.” Citing Cotton v. State, 87 Ala. 75 , 6 South. 396 ; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 , 27 N. W. 858 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun 7 , 8 N. Y.

1901In an able opinion by Dailey, J., after reviewing the authorities, it was said: “It is settled law that if parties sustaining confidential relations to each other hold their conversation in the presence and hearing of third persons, whether they be necessarily present as officers or indifferent bystanders, such third persons are not prohibited from testifying to what they heard.” Citing Cotton v. State, 87 Ala. 75 , 6 South. 396 ; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 , 27 N. W. 858 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun 7 , 8 N. Y.

21894–1901
Cotton v. State green
ala · 1888
2 sentences

1901In an able opinion by Dailey, J., after reviewing the authorities, it was said: “It is settled law that if parties sustaining confidential relations to each other hold their conversation in the presence and hearing of third persons, whether they be necessarily present as officers or indifferent bystanders, such third persons are not prohibited from testifying to what they heard.” Citing Cotton v. State, 87 Ala. 75 , 6 South. 396 ; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 , 27 N. W. 858 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun 7 , 8 N. Y.

1894Cotton v. State, supra; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun, 7; Commonwealth v. Griffin, 110 Mass. 181 ; Hoy v. Morris, 13 Gray, 519 ; Oliver v. Pate, 43 Ind. 132 (142); Wharton Crim.

21894–1901
House v. House neutral
mich · 1886
2 sentences

1901In an able opinion by Dailey, J., after reviewing the authorities, it was said: “It is settled law that if parties sustaining confidential relations to each other hold their conversation in the presence and hearing of third persons, whether they be necessarily present as officers or indifferent bystanders, such third persons are not prohibited from testifying to what they heard.” Citing Cotton v. State, 87 Ala. 75 , 6 South. 396 ; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 , 27 N. W. 858 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun 7 , 8 N. Y.

1901In an able opinion by Dailey, J., after reviewing the authorities, it was said: “It is settled law that if parties sustaining confidential relations to each other hold their conversation in the presence and hearing of third persons, whether they be necessarily present as officers or indifferent bystanders, such third persons are not prohibited from testifying to what they heard.” Citing Cotton v. State, 87 Ala. 75 , 6 South. 396 ; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 , 27 N. W. 858 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun 7 , 8 N. Y.

21894–1901
Oliver v. Pate green
ind · 1873
2 sentences

1901Supp. 578 ; Commonwealth v. Griffin, 110 Mass. 181 ; Hoy v. Morris, 13 Gray 519 ; Oliver v. Pate, 43 Ind. 132 ; Wharton Crim.

1894Cotton v. State, supra; House v. House, 61 Mich. 69 ; In re McCarthy, 55 Hun, 7; Commonwealth v. Griffin, 110 Mass. 181 ; Hoy v. Morris, 13 Gray, 519 ; Oliver v. Pate, 43 Ind. 132 (142); Wharton Crim.

21894–1901
Guard v. Risk green
ind · 1858
2 sentences

1876Shinloub v. Ammerman, 7 Ind. 347 ; Guard v. Risk, 11 Ind. 156 . 'We do not,think the words actionable per se, throughout the country generally.

1875This point is against the appellant. 2 G. & H. 110, sec. 86; and see Guard v. Risk, 11 Ind. 156 .

21875–1876
In re Adoption of D.M. Michael Mendez v. Brent L. Weaver green
indctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2018D.M., 82 N.E.3d at 359 . [16] In M.L., where the father challenged the trial court's conclusion that he was an unfit parent, we noted the presence of these factors.

12018–2018
Coolman v. State green
· 1904
2 sentences

2013After the jury had retired to deliberate on their verdict, in the absence of the defendant and his counsel, and out of the presence and hearing of the judge of the court, the foreman of the jury said to the bailiff, who had been called to the door of the room in which the jury were kept, “We can’t agree upon a verdict, and have agreed to disagree.” 163 Ind. at 509-510 , 72 N.E. at 570 .

2013After the jury had retired to deliberate on their verdict, in the absence of the defendant and his counsel, and out of the presence and hearing of the judge of the court, the foreman of the jury said to the bailiff, who had been called to the door of the room in which the jury were kept, “We can’t agree upon a verdict, and have agreed to disagree.” 163 Ind. at 509-510 , 72 N.E. at 570 .

12013–2013
Department of Public Welfare, State v. Couch green
ind · 1992
1 sentence

1995Id. at 168-169 .

11995–1995
Indiana Forge & MacHine Co. v. Northern Indiana Public Service Co. green
indctapp · 1979
1 sentence

1993Indiana Forge & Machine Co., Inc. v. Northern Indiana Public Service Co. (1979), Ind.App., 396 N.E.2d 910, 912 .

11993–1993
Jarrell v. Monsanto Co. green
indctapp · 1988
11991–1991
FMC Corp. v. Brown green
indctapp · 1988
11988–1988
Dedrick v. State green
ind · 1936
11987–1987
Moore v. State green
ind · 1982
11984–1984
Hollonquest v. State green
ind · 1982
11984–1984
Faught v. State green
indctapp · 1974
11981–1981
James v. State green
ind · 1980
11981–1981
General Cigar Co. Ex Rel. Home Insurance Co. v. Lancaster Leaf Tobacco Co. green
mdd · 1971
11979–1979
National Fire Insurance Co. of Hartford v. Burton neutral
indctapp · 1929
11974–1974
Burrus v. Silhavy green
indctapp · 1973
11974–1974
Key v. State green
ind · 1956
11962–1962
Fluty v. State green
ind · 1947
11962–1962
Kintner v. State ex rel. Ripperdan neutral
ind · 1873
11952–1952
Kramer v. Northwestern Elevator Co. neutral
minn · 1904
11930–1930
People v. Lurie green
ill · 1917
11930–1930
People v. Lindley neutral
ill · 1918
11930–1930
Brunker v. Cummins neutral
ind · 1892
11930–1930
Madden v. State green
ind · 1897
11929–1929
Harris v. State green
ind · 1900
11926–1926
Foudray v. Foudray green
indctapp · 1909
11923–1923

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IN § Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 168 (1889–2026) NY 126 (1858–2026) IL 120 (1899–2026) TX 110 (1909–2026) AL 86 (1845–2010) PA 83 (1896–2025) WA 56 (1901–2023) GA 56 (1900–2021) MO 52 (1867–2025) WY 47 (1936–2025) TN 41 (1948–2024) IN 38 (1872–2018) LA 36 (1915–2015) NC 32 (1881–2024) MI 32 (1911–2025) OH 31 (1881–2025) NJ 31 (1945–2026) KS 30 (1901–2026) KY 29 (1917–2025) MS 29 (1909–2022) NM 28 (1946–2022) FL 28 (1952–2026) CO 28 (1904–2024) CT 27 (1939–2025) MA 27 (1892–2026) VA 26 (1795–2023) OR 24 (1893–2025) MN 23 (1924–2018) OK 23 (1911–2015) AR 22 (1916–2024) DC 21 (1973–2019) WI 20 (1923–2024) ID 19 (1923–2022) MD 17 (1933–2014) IA 17 (1916–2023) VT 13 (1904–2026) RI 13 (1973–2014) MT 13 (1924–2024) ME 13 (1925–2019) AZ 11 (1920–2009) DE 11 (1981–2025) NE 10 (1905–2020) WV 8 (1981–2003) AK 7 (1972–2019) UT 7 (1985–2024) ND 6 (1971–2023) SD 6 (1913–2013) HI 5 (1977–2021) PR 4 (1918–1966) SC 4 (1936–2016) NH 3 (1951–1995) NV 2 (1987–2021)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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