presence hearing (Illinois) · Go Syfert
← Illinois issues

presence hearing in Illinois

120 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1899–2026 22 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (32)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Childrousgreen
illappct · 1990 · cited in 6 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2003–2021
2 sentences

2018App. 3d 38 , 53, 142 Ill.Dec. 511 , 552 N.E.2d 1252 (1990) ("When a statement is made in the presence and hearing of an accused, incriminating in character, and such a statement is not denied, contradicted or objected to by him, both the statement and the fact of his failure to deny it are admissible in a criminal trial as evidence of his acquiescence in its truth."). ¶ 17 The tacit admission rule provides, "When a statement that is incriminating in nature is made in the presence and hearing of an accused and such statement is not denied, contradicted, or objected to by him, both the statement

2018App. 3d 38 , 53, 142 Ill.Dec. 511 , 552 N.E.2d 1252 (1990) ("When a statement is made in the presence and hearing of an accused, incriminating in character, and such a statement is not denied, contradicted or objected to by him, both the statement and the fact of his failure to deny it are admissible in a criminal trial as evidence of his acquiescence in its truth."). ¶ 17 The tacit admission rule provides, "When a statement that is incriminating in nature is made in the presence and hearing of an accused and such statement is not denied, contradicted, or objected to by him, both the statement

36
People v. Sotogreen
illappct · 2003 · cited in 6 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2018–2021
2 sentences

2021We note that defendant’s testimony on direct examination was that the argument on the way home was “verbal,” whereas in the recorded call defendant said, “she’s hitting me,” and then on recross-examination he again said that Karina was hitting him in the car on the drive from Belvidere. ¶ 80 During the phone call, Person 2 told defendant that Karina “said that you were out on Friday night or that you beat her up on Friday.” Defendant responded by saying, “[U]hmhum.” Person 2 said, “[Y]eah bro,” and defendant responded, “[Y]ea well.” While defendant went on to describe Karina as the instigator,

2020We note that defendant’s testimony on direct examination was that the argument on the way home was “verbal,” whereas in the recorded call defendant said, “she’s hitting me,” and then on recross-examination he again said that Karina was hitting him in the car on the drive from Belvidere. ¶ 80 During the phone call, Person 2 told defendant that Karina “said that you were out on Friday night or that you beat her up on Friday.” Defendant responded by saying, “[U]hmhum.” Person 2 said, “[Y]eah bro,” and defendant responded, “[Y]ea well.” While defendant went on to describe Karina as the instigator,

36
Inman v. Howe Freightways, Inc.green
illappct · 2019 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2026
2 sentences

2026See Inman v. Howe Freightways, Inc., 2019 IL App (1st) 172459, ¶ 157 (noting that harmless error occurs when, despite the presence of an error, it appears no harm was done, and reversible error occurs when the error appears to have affected the outcome of the trial). ¶ 42 In summary, the professionals in this matter—including the court-appointed custody evaluator, the children’s therapists, the GAL, and the reunification counselor—all recommended restrictions on Sunit’s parenting time.

2026See Inman v. Howe Freightways, Inc., 2019 IL App (1st) 172459, ¶ 157 (noting that harmless error occurs when, despite the presence of an error, it appears no harm was done, and reversible error occurs when the error appears to have affected the outcome of the trial).

34
People v. Johnsongreen
ill · 2010 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017
2 sentences

2017See also Johnson, 237 Ill. 2d at 95 ("While the presence of Miranda warnings alone is not sufficient to purge the taint of illegality from a illegal arrest, it is a factor to be considered."). ¶ 120 In the case at bar, the trial court found that the police provided Miranda warnings.

2017See also Johnson, 237 Ill. 2d at 95 ("While the presence of Miranda warnings alone is not sufficient to purge the taint of illegality from a illegal arrest, it is a factor to be considered."). ¶ 120 In the case at bar, the trial court found that the police provided Miranda warnings.

33
Jackson v. Pelleranogreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2022
2 sentences

2022Harmless error occurs when, despite the presence of an error, “the reviewing court can see from the entire record that no harm has been done.” Jackson v. Pellerano, 210 Ill.

2019Harmless error occurs when, despite the presence of an error, it appears " 'no harm has been done.' " Jefferson v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center , 2018 IL App (1st) 162219 , ¶ 39, 420 Ill.Dec. 599 , 97 N.E.3d 173 (quoting Jackson v. Pellerano , 210 Ill.

23
People v. Wilbertongreen
illappct · 2004 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2004–2007
2 sentences

2007A. Presence of Miranda Warnings “Although police cannot dissipate the taint of an illegal arrest simply by giving Miranda warnings, the presence of the warnings prior to interrogation carries some weight.” Wilberton, 348 Ill.

2004“Although police cannot dissipate the taint of an illegal arrest simply by giving Miranda warnings, the presence of the warnings prior to interrogation carries some weight.” Wilberton, 348 Ill.

23
Brown v. Browngreen
ill · 1928 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1967–1983
2 sentences

1983Their only effect is to create the necessity of evidence to meet the prima facie case created thereby, and which, if no proof to the contrary is offered, will prevail.” (Helbig v. Citizens’ Insurance Co., 234 Ill. 251, 257 ; accord, Brown v. Brown, 329 Ill. 198 ; Johnson v. Pendergast, 308 Ill. 255 .) Stated differently, the presence of a presumption in a case only has the effect of shifting to the party against whom it operates the burden of going forward and introducing evidence to meet the presumption.

1976Their only effect is to create the necessity of evidence to meet the prima facie case created thereby, and which, if no proof to the contrary is offered, will prevail.’ (Helbig v. Citizens’ Insurance Co., 234 Ill. 251, 257 ; accord, Brown v. Brown, 329 Ill. 198 ; Johnson v. Prendergast, 308 Ill. 255 .) Stated differently, the presence of a presumption in a case only has the effect of shifting to the party against whom it operates the burden of going forward and introducing evidence to meet the presumption.

23
People v. Cartergreen
illappct · 2008 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See People v. Carter, 383 Ill.

2016See People v. Carter, 383 Ill.

22
People v. Howardgreen
ill · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002Despite the presence of an error at trial, a criminal conviction may still be affirmed where "the reviewing court is able to conclude, upon examination of the entire record, that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." People v. Howard , 147 Ill. 2d 103, 148 (1991).

2002Despite the presence of an error at trial, a criminal conviction may still be affirmed where “the reviewing court is able to conclude, upon examination of the entire record, that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v. Howard, 147 Ill. 2d 103, 148 (1991).

22
People v. Colongreen
illappct · 2018 · cited in 5 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2021
2 sentences

2021We note that defendant’s testimony on direct examination was that the argument on the way home was “verbal,” whereas in the recorded call defendant said, “she’s hitting me,” and then on recross-examination he again said that Karina was hitting him in the car on the drive from Belvidere. ¶ 80 During the phone call, Person 2 told defendant that Karina “said that you were out on Friday night or that you beat her up on Friday.” Defendant responded by saying, “[U]hmhum.” Person 2 said, “[Y]eah bro,” and defendant responded, “[Y]ea well.” While defendant went on to describe Karina as the instigator,

2020We note that defendant’s testimony on direct examination was that the argument on the way home was “verbal,” whereas in the recorded call defendant said, “she’s hitting me,” and then on recross-examination he again said that Karina was hitting him in the car on the drive from Belvidere. ¶ 80 During the phone call, Person 2 told defendant that Karina “said that you were out on Friday night or that you beat her up on Friday.” Defendant responded by saying, “[U]hmhum.” Person 2 said, “[Y]eah bro,” and defendant responded, “[Y]ea well.” While defendant went on to describe Karina as the instigator,

15
McElroy v. Forcegreen
ill · 1967 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1970–2018
2 sentences

1970As the Supreme Court said in McElroy v. Force, 38 Ill.2d 528, 533 , 232 N.E.2d 708, 710 , “State differently, the presence of a presumption in a case only has the effect of shifting to the party against whom it operates the burden of going forward and introducing evidence to meet the presumption.

1970As the Supreme Court said in McElroy v. Force, 38 Ill.2d 528, 533 , 232 N.E.2d 708, 710 , “State differently, the presence of a presumption in a case only has the effect of shifting to the party against whom it operates the burden of going forward and introducing evidence to meet the presumption.

13
Franciscan Sisters Health Care Corp. v. Deangreen
ill · 1983 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2018
2 sentences

2018If evidence is introduced which is contrary to the presumption, the presumption will cease to operate. [Citations.]' " (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Franciscan Sisters Health Care Corp. v. Dean , 95 Ill.2d 452 , 461-62, 69 Ill.Dec. 960 , 448 N.E.2d 872 (1983) (quoting McElroy v. Force , 38 Ill.2d 528 , 532-33, 232 N.E.2d 708 (1967) ). ¶ 27 Section 2-7(a) of the Act provides, in part, as follows: "Whenever a power is exercised, the agent shall act in good faith for the benefit of the principal using due care, competence, and diligence in accordance with the terms of the agency and shall b

2016"Stated differently, the presence of a presumption in a case only has the effect of shifting to the party against whom it operates the burden of going forward and introducing evidence to meet the presumption." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. at 462 .

13
Jefferson v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Centergreen
illappct · 2018 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Harmless error occurs when, despite the presence of an error, it appears " 'no harm has been done.' " Jefferson v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center , 2018 IL App (1st) 162219 , ¶ 39, 420 Ill.Dec. 599 , 97 N.E.3d 173 (quoting Jackson v. Pellerano , 210 Ill.

2019Harmless error occurs when, despite the presence of an error, it appears " 'no harm has been done.' " Jefferson v. Mercy Hospital & Medical Center , 2018 IL App (1st) 162219 , ¶ 39, 420 Ill.Dec. 599 , 97 N.E.3d 173 (quoting Jackson v. Pellerano , 210 Ill.

12
People v. Smithgreen
ill · 1980 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1990–2019
2 sentences

2019“The presence requirement of the robbery statute relates to the property taken,” which “must have been in the presence or control of the victim.” People v. Smith, 78 Ill. 2d 298, 303 (1980).

2019However, robbery is not “limited to the removal of the property from the *** immediate presence of the owner, possessor or custodian.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at -9- No. 1-18-0500 302.

12
People v. Jonesgreen
illappct · 1981 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
11
U.S. Bank v. Lindseygreen
illappct · 2009 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
People v. Johnsongreen
ill · 2000 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
11
In re Christine R.green
illappct · 2019 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
Salazar v. Islamic Republic of Irangreen
dcd · 2005 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Kemp Yarborough v. John P. Keane, Superintendent, Sing Sing Correctional Facilitygreen
ca2 · 1996 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
People v. Wardgreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
United States v. Cassandra Thomasgreen
ca5 · 2013 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
People v. Matagreen
illappct · 2000 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
11
Hagenbaugh v. Crabtreegreen
ill · 1864 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
People v. Sneedgreen
illappct · 1995 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
People v. Lopezgreen
illappct · 2012 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
People v. Piatkowskigreen
ill · 2007 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
Gillespie v. Edmiergreen
illappct · 2019 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
11
People v. Mullinsgreen
ill · 2011 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
United States v. Norman Laverne Wilcoxgreen
ca4 · 1975 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
People v. Thurowgreen
illappct · 2001 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
People v. Amosgreen
illappct · 1990 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (48)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Barbara H. green
ill · 1998
2 sentences

2006Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d at 494-95 , 702 N.E.2d at 561 .

2006Barbara H., 183 Ill. 2d at 494-95 , 702 N.E.2d at 561 .

42001–2006
People v. Morgan green
illappct · 1976
2 sentences

1992(People v. Morgan (1976), 44 Ill.

1988The appellate court stated: “It is an established principle of law that when a statement is made in the presence and hearing of an accused, incriminating in character, and such a statement is not denied, contradicted or objected to by him, both the statement and the fact of his failure to deny are admissible in a criminal trial, as evidence of his acquiescence in its truth.” Morgan, 44 Ill.

41984–1992
The People v. Braverman green
ill · 1930
2 sentences

1990(People v. Braverman (1930), 340 Ill. 525 .) The majority opines that because defendant removed only first-floor property and the victims were held on the second floor, the presence requirement was not met.

1980People v. Braverman (1930), 340 Ill. 525, 531 . [Citations.] » # The presence requirement of the robbery statute relates to the property taken; it must have been in the presence or control of the victim.

41931–1990
People v. Palumbo green
ill · 1955
2 sentences

2018The State notes that in Simpson , 68 Ill. 2d at 280 , 12 Ill.Dec. 234 , 369 N.E.2d 1248 , our supreme court said: "Communications in the presence and hearing of a third party are generally not considered to be confidential communications within that privilege. ( People v. Palumbo (1955), 5 Ill. 2d 409 , 414-15, 125 N.E.2d 518 .) It is likewise apparent that one in whose presence a communication between spouses is made may testify to that conversation, even though the witness overheard the conversation by eavesdropping.

2018The State notes that in Simpson , 68 Ill. 2d at 280 , 12 Ill.Dec. 234 , 369 N.E.2d 1248 , our supreme court said: "Communications in the presence and hearing of a third party are generally not considered to be confidential communications within that privilege. ( People v. Palumbo (1955), 5 Ill. 2d 409 , 414-15, 125 N.E.2d 518 .) It is likewise apparent that one in whose presence a communication between spouses is made may testify to that conversation, even though the witness overheard the conversation by eavesdropping.

31977–2018
People v. Jackson green
illappct · 2007
2 sentences

2017Jackson, 374 Ill.

2017Jackson, 374 Ill.

32017–2017
People v. Miller green
illappct · 1984
2 sentences

1995App. 3d 574 , 470 N.E.2d 1222 .) When an incriminating statement is made in the presence and hearing of the accused, and the accused fails to deny, contradict, or object to the statement, both the statement and the fact that the accused failed to deny the statement are admissible as evidence of his acquiescence in its truth.

1992App. 3d 574, 583 , 470 N.E.2d 1222 , as follows: “It is well established that when a statement, incriminating in character, is made in the presence and hearing of the accused, and such statement is not denied, contradicted, or objected to by him, both the statement and the fact of defendant’s failure to deny it are admissible as evidence of his acquiescence in its truth.

31988–1995
Johnson v. Pendergast green
ill · 1923
2 sentences

1983Their only effect is to create the necessity of evidence to meet the prima facie case created thereby, and which, if no proof to the contrary is offered, will prevail.” (Helbig v. Citizens’ Insurance Co., 234 Ill. 251, 257 ; accord, Brown v. Brown, 329 Ill. 198 ; Johnson v. Pendergast, 308 Ill. 255 .) Stated differently, the presence of a presumption in a case only has the effect of shifting to the party against whom it operates the burden of going forward and introducing evidence to meet the presumption.

1976Their only effect is to create the necessity of evidence to meet the prima facie case created thereby, and which, if no proof to the contrary is offered, will prevail.’ (Helbig v. Citizens’ Insurance Co., 234 Ill. 251, 257 ; accord, Brown v. Brown, 329 Ill. 198 ; Johnson v. Prendergast, 308 Ill. 255 .) Stated differently, the presence of a presumption in a case only has the effect of shifting to the party against whom it operates the burden of going forward and introducing evidence to meet the presumption.

31967–1983
King v. Westervelt green
ill · 1918
2 sentences

1977The acknowledgment is well within the guidelines of the cases cited above. • 6 We also would mention that there is no requirement that the testator by his own words request the attestation of the witnesses to his will. ( Dubach v. Jolly, 279 Ill. 530 , 117 N.E. 77 ; Craig v. Trotter, 252 Ill. 228 , 96 N.E. 1003 .) It is not essential that the testator himself request a witness to sign, but it is sufficient if one witness gives the information to another witness, or the instrument is spoken of by another as the testator's will and the witnesses are requested by such third person to sign, provid

1977The acknowledgment is well within the guidelines of the cases cited above. • 6 We also would mention that there is no requirement that the testator by his own words request the attestation of the witnesses to his will. ( Dubach v. Jolly, 279 Ill. 530 , 117 N.E. 77 ; Craig v. Trotter, 252 Ill. 228 , 96 N.E. 1003 .) It is not essential that the testator himself request a witness to sign, but it is sufficient if one witness gives the information to another witness, or the instrument is spoken of by another as the testator's will and the witnesses are requested by such third person to sign, provid

31943–1977
People v. Ruiz green
illappct · 2019
2 sentences

2022People v. Ruiz, 2019 IL App (1st) 152157, ¶ 35 .

2022However, D.J.’s statement as reported through Diane does not rise to the level of a recantation. ¶ 35 Defendant also characterizes the evidence as a “tacit admission” and asserts by analogy that “the failure by a defendant to deny an accusation can be considered an admission.” “Under the tacit admission rule, a defendant’s silence may be introduced as a tacit or implied admission of guilt if the defendant remains silent in the face of an accusation of criminal conduct. [Citation.] When an incriminating statement is made in the presence and hearing of an accused and the statement is not denied,

22022–2022
People v. Brasseaux green
illappct · 1993
2 sentences

2022Brasseaux, 254 Ill.

2006Brasseaux, 254 Ill.

22006–2022
People v. Donegan green
illappct · 2012
2 sentences

2019App. 3d at 1013 ; Donegan, 2012 IL App (1st) 102325, ¶ 67 ; Campbell, 332 Ill.

2018App. 3d at 1013 , 277 Ill.Dec. 604 , 796 N.E.2d 690 ; Donegan , 2012 IL App (1st) 102325 , ¶ 67, 362 Ill.Dec. 831 , 974 N.E.2d 352 ; Campbell , 332 Ill.

22018–2019
People v. Campbell green
illappct · 2002
2 sentences

2019App. 3d at 1013 ; Donegan, 2012 IL App (1st) 102325, ¶ 67 ; Campbell, 332 Ill.

2018App. 3d at 1013 , 277 Ill.Dec. 604 , 796 N.E.2d 690 ; Donegan , 2012 IL App (1st) 102325 , ¶ 67, 362 Ill.Dec. 831 , 974 N.E.2d 352 ; Campbell , 332 Ill.

22018–2019
People v. Simpson green
ill · 1977
2 sentences

2018The State notes that in Simpson , 68 Ill. 2d at 280 , 12 Ill.Dec. 234 , 369 N.E.2d 1248 , our supreme court said: "Communications in the presence and hearing of a third party are generally not considered to be confidential communications within that privilege. ( People v. Palumbo (1955), 5 Ill. 2d 409 , 414-15, 125 N.E.2d 518 .) It is likewise apparent that one in whose presence a communication between spouses is made may testify to that conversation, even though the witness overheard the conversation by eavesdropping.

2018The State notes that in Simpson , 68 Ill. 2d at 280 , 12 Ill.Dec. 234 , 369 N.E.2d 1248 , our supreme court said: "Communications in the presence and hearing of a third party are generally not considered to be confidential communications within that privilege. ( People v. Palumbo (1955), 5 Ill. 2d 409 , 414-15, 125 N.E.2d 518 .) It is likewise apparent that one in whose presence a communication between spouses is made may testify to that conversation, even though the witness overheard the conversation by eavesdropping.

21992–2018
People v. Luedemann green
illappct · 2005
2 sentences

2006The appellate court did not consider this relevant because it concluded that “[w]hile the presence of such factors may be highly indicative of the occurrence of a seizure, their absence says virtually nothing.” (Emphasis added.) 357 Ill.

2006The appellate court did not consider this relevant because it concluded that A[w]hile the presence of such factors may be highly indicative of the occurrence of a seizure, their absence says virtually nothing.@ (Emphasis added.) 357 Ill.

22006–2006
People v. Wright green
illappct · 1998
2 sentences

2004Wright, 294 Ill.

2004Wright, 294 Ill.App.3d at 614 , 229 Ill.Dec. 158 , 691 N.E.2d 94 .

22004–2004
David Valenzuela-Gonzalez v. United States District Court for the District of Arizona, United States of America, Real Party in Interest green
ca9 · 1990
2 sentences

2002As support, defendant relies on Valenzuela-Gonzalez v. United States District Court for the District of Arizona, 915 F.2d 1276 (9th Cir. 1990), in which the court held that Rules 10 and 43 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provides a defendant with a right of presence that is broader than the constitutional right.

2002Absent legislative authority, the Valenzuela-Gonzalez court did not feel “free to ignore the clear instructions of Rules 10 and 43.” Valenzuela-Gonzalez, 915 F.2d at 1281 .

22002–2002
Lindholm v. Holtz green
illappct · 1991
22001–2001
Air Safety, Inc. v. Teachers Realty Corp. green
ill · 1999
22000–2000
Knight v. Guzman green
illappct · 1997
21997–1997
Helbig v. Citizens' Insurance green
· 1908
21976–1983
Craig v. Trotter green
ill · 1911
21977–1977
Dubach v. Jolly neutral
ill · 1917
21977–1977
The PEOPLE v. Holiday green
ill · 1970
21972–1973
Nolan v. Weil-McLain green
ill · 2009
12025–2025
People v. Harris green
illappct · 2015
12025–2025
People v. McCoy green
illappct · 2014
12025–2025
Lopez Colunga v. Advocate Health & Hospitals Corp. green
illappct · 2023
12023–2023
People v. Hood green
ill · 2016
12021–2021
People v. Herron green
ill · 2005
12021–2021
People v. Alfonso green
illappct · 2016
12020–2020
People v. Dismuke green
illappct · 2005
12020–2020
People v. Atkinson green
ill · 1999
12019–2019
People v. Williams green
ill · 1996
12019–2019
People v. Clay green
illappct · 2008
12019–2019
Womick v. Jackson County Nursing Home green
ill · 1990
12012–2012
United States v. Lawrence Cunningham, United States of America v. Richard Dews, Jr. green
ca4 · 1970
12009–2009
Adler v. William Blair & Co. green
illappct · 1995
12004–2004
French v. Blackburn green
scotus · 1979
11997–1997
Takecare v. Loeser green
illappct · 1969
11994–1994
People v. Sanders green
ill · 1983
11992–1992

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 720 ILCS 5/9-1 (7) IL § 725 ILCS 5/122-1 (5) IL § 730 ILCS 5/5-8-1 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 168 (1889–2026) NY 126 (1858–2026) IL 120 (1899–2026) TX 110 (1909–2026) AL 86 (1845–2010) PA 83 (1896–2025) WA 56 (1901–2023) GA 56 (1900–2021) MO 52 (1867–2025) WY 47 (1936–2025) TN 41 (1948–2024) IN 38 (1872–2018) LA 36 (1915–2015) NC 32 (1881–2024) MI 32 (1911–2025) OH 31 (1881–2025) NJ 31 (1945–2026) KS 30 (1901–2026) KY 29 (1917–2025) MS 29 (1909–2022) NM 28 (1946–2022) FL 28 (1952–2026) CO 28 (1904–2024) CT 27 (1939–2025) MA 27 (1892–2026) VA 26 (1795–2023) OR 24 (1893–2025) MN 23 (1924–2018) OK 23 (1911–2015) AR 22 (1916–2024) DC 21 (1973–2019) WI 20 (1923–2024) ID 19 (1923–2022) MD 17 (1933–2014) IA 17 (1916–2023) VT 13 (1904–2026) RI 13 (1973–2014) MT 13 (1924–2024) ME 13 (1925–2019) AZ 11 (1920–2009) DE 11 (1981–2025) NE 10 (1905–2020) WV 8 (1981–2003) AK 7 (1972–2019) UT 7 (1985–2024) ND 6 (1971–2023) SD 6 (1913–2013) HI 5 (1977–2021) PR 4 (1918–1966) SC 4 (1936–2016) NH 3 (1951–1995) NV 2 (1987–2021)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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