presence hearing (Connecticut) · Go Syfert
← Connecticut issues

presence hearing in Connecticut

27 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1939–2025 1 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (10)

CaseFollowedCited
Worth Construction Co. v. Department of Public Worksgreen
connappct · 2012 · cited in 2 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2019–2025
2 sentences

2025See Fort Trumbull Conservancy v. New Lon- don, supra, 265 Conn. 432 . ‘‘It is well established that [w]aiver is a question of fact.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Worth Con- struction Co. v. Dept. of Public Works, 139 Conn. App. 65, 68 , 54 A.3d 627 (2012). ‘‘[W]aiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege. . . . [T]o determine the presence of waiver, there must be evidence of intelligent and intentional action by the petitioner of the right claimed to be waived. . . .

2019"It is well established that waiver is the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Worth Construction Co. v. Dept. of Public Works , 139 Conn. App. 65 , 70, 54 A.3d 627 (2012). "[T]o determine the presence of waiver, there must be evidence of intelligent and intentional action by the [plaintiff] of the right claimed to be waived. ...

12
McIntosh v. Sullivangreen
connappct · 2003 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005The commissioner claims that, because the plaintiff specifically alleged that there were no warning signs present at the accident site; see McIntosh v. Sullivan, 77 Conn. App. 641 , 642 n.3, 825 A.2d 207 (2003); the Appellate Court improperly considered the presence of warning signs and barriers along the highway in concluding that rockslides are a likely occurrence.

2005The commissioner claims that, because the plaintiff specifically alleged that there were no warning signs present at the accident site; see McIntosh v. Sullivan, 77 Conn. App. 641 , 642 n.3, 825 A.2d 207 (2003); the Appellate Court improperly considered the presence of warning signs and barriers along the highway in concluding that rockslides are a likely occurrence.

11
Barclays Bank of New York v. Ivlergreen
conn · 1989 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

11
State v. Torricegreen
conn · 1989 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

11
Williams v. Chameidesgreen
conn · 1992 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

11
State v. Estradagreen
conn · 1992 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
1 sentence

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

11
State v. Torricegreen
connappct · 1989 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

11
State v. Estradagreen
connappct · 1992 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

1998See State v. Estrada, 26 Conn. App. 641, 652 , 603 A.2d 1179 , cert. denied, 221 Conn. 923 , 608 A.2d 688 (1992) (court must first address question of whether “statement was sufficiently accusatory in import to call naturally for a response from the defendant”); State v. Torrice, 20 Conn. App. 75, 90 , 564 A.2d 330 , cert. denied, 213 Conn. 809 , 568 A.2d 794 (1989) (“ ‘rule in Connecticut is that when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part’ ”).

11
Johnson v. Louisianagreen
scotus · 1972 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987
11
State v. Kempgreen
conn · 1939 · cited in 1 Connecticut opinions naming this issue, 1966–1966
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (35)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Leecan green
conn · 1986
2 sentences

2012Although evidence of silence in the face of an accusation may be admissible under the ancient maxim that silence gives consent the inference of assent may be made only when no other explanation is consistent with silence.” 6 (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 522-23 , 504 A.2d 480 (1986).

2012Although evidence of silence in the face of an accusation may be admissible under the ancient maxim that silence gives consent the inference of assent may be made only when no other explanation is consistent with silence.” 6 (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 522-23 , 504 A.2d 480 (1986).

31989–2012
Stevens v. Fulcomer green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

2001As we said in Leecan , ”[w]hen a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 522 .

1989State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 522 , 504 A.2d 480 , cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1184 , 106 S. Ct. 2922 , 91 L.

31989–2001
State v. Yochelman green
conn · 1927
2 sentences

1986“When a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part.” State v. Cook, supra, 76 ; State v. Yochelman, 107 Conn. 148, 152 , 139 A. 632 (1927).

1986“When a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his part.” State v. Cook, supra, 76 ; State v. Yochelman, 107 Conn. 148, 152 , 139 A. 632 (1927).

31977–1993
McKenna v. Woods green
connappct · 1990
2 sentences

1996Although it is true, as the ATR noted, that the contract required all modifications to be in writing, that does not end the inquiry, for "despite the presence of such a clause in a contract, a modification by subsequent parol agreement will be given effect." McKenna v. Woods, 21 Conn. App. 528 , 533 , 574 A.2d 836 (1990).

1996Although it is true, as the ATR noted, that the contract required all modifications to be in writing, that does not end the inquiry, for "despite the presence of such a clause in a contract, a modification by subsequent parol agreement will be given effect." McKenna v. Woods, 21 Conn. App. 528 , 533 , 574 A.2d 836 (1990).

21996–2014
Russo v. Hartigan green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

1989State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 522 , 504 A.2d 480 , cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1184 , 106 S. Ct. 2922 , 91 L.

1989State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 522 , 504 A.2d 480 , cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1184 , 106 S. Ct. 2922 , 91 L.

21989–1989
Maggitt v. United States green
scotus · 1986
2 sentences

1989State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 522 , 504 A.2d 480 , cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1184 , 106 S. Ct. 2922 , 91 L.

1989State v. Leecan, 198 Conn. 517, 522 , 504 A.2d 480 , cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1184 , 106 S. Ct. 2922 , 91 L.

21989–1989
In re Jonathan M. green
conn · 1997
2 sentences

2008In re Jonathan M., 46 Conn. App. 545, 551-52 , 700 A.2d 1370 , cert. denied, 243 Conn. 930 , 701 A.2d 661 (1997).

2008In re Jonathan M., 46 Conn.App. 545, 551-52 , 700 A.2d 1370 , cert. denied, 243 Conn. 930 , 701 A.2d 661 (1997).

12008–2008
Hall v. Bilow Builders, Inc. green
conn · 1997
2 sentences

2008In re Jonathan M., 46 Conn. App. 545, 551-52 , 700 A.2d 1370 , cert. denied, 243 Conn. 930 , 701 A.2d 661 (1997).

2008In re Jonathan M., 46 Conn.App. 545, 551-52 , 700 A.2d 1370 , cert. denied, 243 Conn. 930 , 701 A.2d 661 (1997).

12008–2008
In re Jonathan M. green
connappct · 1997
2 sentences

2008In re Jonathan M., 46 Conn. App. 545, 551-52 , 700 A.2d 1370 , cert. denied, 243 Conn. 930 , 701 A.2d 661 (1997).

2008In re Jonathan M., 46 Conn. App. 545, 551-52 , 700 A.2d 1370 , cert. denied, 243 Conn. 930 , 701 A.2d 661 (1997).

12008–2008
State v. Talton green
conn · 1985
2 sentences

2006Moreover, “[wjhile a defendant may invoke his *379 right to remain silent at any time, even after he has initially waived his right to remain silent, it does not necessarily follow that he may remain ‘selectively’ silent.” State v. Talton, 197 Conn. 280, 295 , 497 A.2d 35 (1985); State v. Torres, 85 Conn. App. 303, 315-16 , 858 A.2d 776 , cert. denied, 271 Conn. 947 , 861 A.2d 1179 (2004).

2006Moreover, “[wjhile a defendant may invoke his *379 right to remain silent at any time, even after he has initially waived his right to remain silent, it does not necessarily follow that he may remain ‘selectively’ silent.” State v. Talton, 197 Conn. 280, 295 , 497 A.2d 35 (1985); State v. Torres, 85 Conn. App. 303, 315-16 , 858 A.2d 776 , cert. denied, 271 Conn. 947 , 861 A.2d 1179 (2004).

12006–2006
State v. Torres green
conn · 2004
1 sentence

2006Moreover, “[wjhile a defendant may invoke his *379 right to remain silent at any time, even after he has initially waived his right to remain silent, it does not necessarily follow that he may remain ‘selectively’ silent.” State v. Talton, 197 Conn. 280, 295 , 497 A.2d 35 (1985); State v. Torres, 85 Conn. App. 303, 315-16 , 858 A.2d 776 , cert. denied, 271 Conn. 947 , 861 A.2d 1179 (2004).

12006–2006
State v. Strano green
conn · 2004
1 sentence

2006Moreover, “[wjhile a defendant may invoke his *379 right to remain silent at any time, even after he has initially waived his right to remain silent, it does not necessarily follow that he may remain ‘selectively’ silent.” State v. Talton, 197 Conn. 280, 295 , 497 A.2d 35 (1985); State v. Torres, 85 Conn. App. 303, 315-16 , 858 A.2d 776 , cert. denied, 271 Conn. 947 , 861 A.2d 1179 (2004).

12006–2006
State v. Daniels green
connappct · 1989
2 sentences

2006At that time, the defendant asked with a smirk on his face, “Who got shot?” Roncinske also testified that after the defendant stated that “they were going to f_him up,” Roncinske replied that “they meant they were going to do something serious to him, not just a quick beating or anything like that.” When asked how the defendant responded, Roncinske testified that “he never disagreed with me.” “[I]n Connecticut . . . when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his p

2006At that time, the defendant asked with a smirk on his face, “Who got shot?” Roncinske also testified that after the defendant stated that “they were going to f_him up,” Roncinske replied that “they meant they were going to do something serious to him, not just a quick beating or anything like that.” When asked how the defendant responded, Roncinske testified that “he never disagreed with me.” “[I]n Connecticut . . . when a statement, accusatory in nature, made in the presence and hearing of an accused, is not denied or explained by him, it may be received into evidence as an admission on his p

12006–2006
State v. Torres green
connappct · 2004
2 sentences

2006Moreover, “[wjhile a defendant may invoke his *379 right to remain silent at any time, even after he has initially waived his right to remain silent, it does not necessarily follow that he may remain ‘selectively’ silent.” State v. Talton, 197 Conn. 280, 295 , 497 A.2d 35 (1985); State v. Torres, 85 Conn. App. 303, 315-16 , 858 A.2d 776 , cert. denied, 271 Conn. 947 , 861 A.2d 1179 (2004).

2006Moreover, “[wjhile a defendant may invoke his *379 right to remain silent at any time, even after he has initially waived his right to remain silent, it does not necessarily follow that he may remain ‘selectively’ silent.” State v. Talton, 197 Conn. 280, 295 , 497 A.2d 35 (1985); State v. Torres, 85 Conn. App. 303, 315-16 , 858 A.2d 776 , cert. denied, 271 Conn. 947 , 861 A.2d 1179 (2004).

12006–2006
McClain v. Manson green
conn · 1981
2 sentences

2003“To determine the presence of waiver, there must be evidence of intelligent and intentional action by the petitioner of the right claimed to be waived.” McClain v. Manson, 183 Conn. 418, 430 , 439 A.2d 430 (1981).

2003“To determine the presence of waiver, there must be evidence of intelligent and intentional action by the petitioner of the right claimed to be waived.” McClain v. Manson, 183 Conn. 418, 430 , 439 A.2d 430 (1981).

12003–2003
State v. Ghiloni green
connsuperct · 1978
2 sentences

2001At a September 21, 1998 pretrial hearing, the defendant argued that Connecticut law allows a private citizen to make a citizen’s arrest of a felon though the private person was not present when the felony was committed. 13 Citing Wrexford v. Smith, 2 Root (Conn.) 171 (1795), and State v. Ghiloni, 35 Conn. Sup. 570 , 398 A.2d 1204 (1978), 14 the state argued that “there is an in presence requirement both at common law and under the statute.” The court agreed with the state and ruled that “the concept of citizen’s arrest is [inapplicable] to [the] stipulated facts in this case.

2001At a September 21, 1998 pretrial hearing, the defendant argued that Connecticut law allows a private citizen to make a citizen’s arrest of a felon though the private person was not present when the felony was committed. 13 Citing Wrexford v. Smith, 2 Root (Conn.) 171 (1795), and State v. Ghiloni, 35 Conn. Sup. 570 , 398 A.2d 1204 (1978), 14 the state argued that “there is an in presence requirement both at common law and under the statute.” The court agreed with the state and ruled that “the concept of citizen’s arrest is [inapplicable] to [the] stipulated facts in this case.

12001–2001
Altholtz v. Connecticut Dental Commission green
connappct · 1985
1 sentence

2001In Altholtz v. Dental Commission , 4 Conn. App. 307 , 309 (1985), one element of the ruling allowing the hearsay testimony was that "[a]t no point did the plaintiff . . . request a recess or continuance in order to secure CT Page 16410 the presence at the hearing of . . . [the experts] who had prepared the reports. . . ." The Supreme Court case of Richardson v. Perales , 402 U.S. 398 (1971) was the precedent that led to the rule on hearsay as set forth in Carlson v. Kozlowski , supra Richardson upheld under the Federal Administrative Procedure Act and due process the admission of expert report

12001–2001
Connecticut Business & Industry Ass'n v. Commission on Hospitals & Health Care green
conn · 1990
1 sentence

1995Hartford contends that the presence of these factors distinguishes its case from our decisions in CBIA I, supra, 214 Conn. 726 , and Connecticut Business & Industry Assn., Inc. v. Commission on Hospitals & Health Care, 218 Conn. 335 , 589 A.2d 356 (1991) (CBIA II), in which we determined that the plaintiffs had not been aggrieved by the decision of the commission on hospitals and health care (CHHC) that had permitted increased hospital revenue because the plaintiffs had failed “to demonstrate a legal interest in the subject matter of the decisions [of the agency] that can be distinguished from

11995–1995
Connecticut Business & Industry Ass'n v. Commission on Hospitals & Health Care green
conn · 1991
2 sentences

1995Hartford contends that the presence of these factors distinguishes its case from our decisions in CBIA I, supra, 214 Conn. 726 , and Connecticut Business & Industry Assn., Inc. v. Commission on Hospitals & Health Care, 218 Conn. 335 , 589 A.2d 356 (1991) (CBIA II), in which we determined that the plaintiffs had not been aggrieved by the decision of the commission on hospitals and health care (CHHC) that had permitted increased hospital revenue because the plaintiffs had failed “to demonstrate a legal interest in the subject matter of the decisions [of the agency] that can be distinguished from

1995Hartford contends that the presence of these factors distinguishes its case from our decisions in CBIA I, supra, 214 Conn. 726 , and Connecticut Business & Industry Assn., Inc. v. Commission on Hospitals & Health Care, 218 Conn. 335 , 589 A.2d 356 (1991) (CBIA II), in which we determined that the plaintiffs had not been aggrieved by the decision of the commission on hospitals and health care (CHHC) that had permitted increased hospital revenue because the plaintiffs had failed “to demonstrate a legal interest in the subject matter of the decisions [of the agency] that can be distinguished from

11995–1995
Shortt v. New Milford Police Department green
conn · 1989
2 sentences

1994“We make every effort to construe a statutory scheme as a consistent whole”; Powers v. Ulichny, 185 Conn. 145, 149 , 440 A.2d 885 (1981); with a goal of “reconciling its separate parts in order to render an overall reasonable interpretation.” Shortt v. New Milford Police Dept., 212 Conn. 294, 305 , 562 A.2d 7 (1989).

1994“We make every effort to construe a statutory scheme as a consistent whole”; Powers v. Ulichny, 185 Conn. 145, 149 , 440 A.2d 885 (1981); with a goal of “reconciling its separate parts in order to render an overall reasonable interpretation.” Shortt v. New Milford Police Dept., 212 Conn. 294, 305 , 562 A.2d 7 (1989).

11994–1994
Powers v. Ulichny green
conn · 1981
2 sentences

1994“We make every effort to construe a statutory scheme as a consistent whole”; Powers v. Ulichny, 185 Conn. 145, 149 , 440 A.2d 885 (1981); with a goal of “reconciling its separate parts in order to render an overall reasonable interpretation.” Shortt v. New Milford Police Dept., 212 Conn. 294, 305 , 562 A.2d 7 (1989).

1994“We make every effort to construe a statutory scheme as a consistent whole”; Powers v. Ulichny, 185 Conn. 145, 149 , 440 A.2d 885 (1981); with a goal of “reconciling its separate parts in order to render an overall reasonable interpretation.” Shortt v. New Milford Police Dept., 212 Conn. 294, 305 , 562 A.2d 7 (1989).

11994–1994
State v. Cook green
conn · 1977
2 sentences

1993State v. Leecan, [supra]; State v. Cook, 174 Conn. 73, 76 , 381 A.2d 563 (1977); State v. Yochelman, 107 Conn. 148, 152 , 139 A. 632 (1927).

1993State v. Leecan, [supra]; State v. Cook, 174 Conn. 73, 76 , 381 A.2d 563 (1977); State v. Yochelman, 107 Conn. 148, 152 , 139 A. 632 (1927).

11993–1993
Blakeslee v. Board of Water Commissioners green
conn · 1936
11990–1990
State v. Darwin green
conn · 1971
11972–1972
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
11972–1972
United States of America Ex Rel. Michael O'COnnOr v. The State of New Jersey and Howard Yeager green
ca3 · 1968
11972–1972
United States v. Donald Roy Crisp green
ca7 · 1971
11972–1972
Lung's case green
conn · 1815
11966–1966
State v. Wolcott green
conn · 1851
11966–1966
Commonwealth v. McDermott green
mass · 1926
11959–1959
Krulewitch v. United States green
scotus · 1949
11959–1959
Knower v. Cadden Clothing Co. green
· 1889
11959–1959
Fireman's Fund Indemnity Co. v. Longshore Beach & Country Club, Inc. green
conn · 1941
11958–1958
Washington Cedar & Fir Products Co. v. Elliott neutral
· 1917
11958–1958
Belhumuer v. City of Bristol neutral
conn · 1936
11939–1939

Statutes the citing opinions construe

CT § Conn. Gen. Stat. § 53a-8 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 168 (1889–2026) NY 126 (1858–2026) IL 120 (1899–2026) TX 110 (1909–2026) AL 86 (1845–2010) PA 83 (1896–2025) WA 56 (1901–2023) GA 56 (1900–2021) MO 52 (1867–2025) WY 47 (1936–2025) TN 41 (1948–2024) IN 38 (1872–2018) LA 36 (1915–2015) NC 32 (1881–2024) MI 32 (1911–2025) OH 31 (1881–2025) NJ 31 (1945–2026) KS 30 (1901–2026) KY 29 (1917–2025) MS 29 (1909–2022) NM 28 (1946–2022) FL 28 (1952–2026) CO 28 (1904–2024) CT 27 (1939–2025) MA 27 (1892–2026) VA 26 (1795–2023) OR 24 (1893–2025) MN 23 (1924–2018) OK 23 (1911–2015) AR 22 (1916–2024) DC 21 (1973–2019) WI 20 (1923–2024) ID 19 (1923–2022) MD 17 (1933–2014) IA 17 (1916–2023) VT 13 (1904–2026) RI 13 (1973–2014) MT 13 (1924–2024) ME 13 (1925–2019) AZ 11 (1920–2009) DE 11 (1981–2025) NE 10 (1905–2020) WV 8 (1981–2003) AK 7 (1972–2019) UT 7 (1985–2024) ND 6 (1971–2023) SD 6 (1913–2013) HI 5 (1977–2021) PR 4 (1918–1966) SC 4 (1936–2016) NH 3 (1951–1995) NV 2 (1987–2021)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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