Strickland test (Washington) · Go Syfert
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Strickland test in Washington

200 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1986–2026 45 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (23)

CaseFollowedCited
Strickland v. Washingtongreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 84 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1986–2025
2 sentences

2025A. Deficient Performance To prevail on the first prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must show that “‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.’” Bertrand, 3 Wn.3d at 128 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88 ).

2025A. Deficient Performance To prevail on the first prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must show that “‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.’” Bertrand, 3 Wn.3d at 128 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88 ).

884
State v. McFarlandgreen
wash · 1995 · cited in 17 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1998–2024
2 sentences

2023To satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must show that their “counsel’s representation was deficient, i.e., it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness based on consideration of all the circumstances.” State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35 , 899 P.2d 1251, 1256 (1995).

2023To satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must show that their “counsel’s representation was deficient, i.e., it fell below an objective standard of reasonableness based on consideration of all the circumstances.” State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334-35 , 899 P.2d 1251, 1256 (1995).

517
State v. Bertrandgreen
wash · 2024 · cited in 8 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2025
2 sentences

2025A. Deficient Performance To prevail on the first prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must show that “‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.’” Bertrand, 3 Wn.3d at 128 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88 ).

2025A. Deficient Performance To prevail on the first prong of the Strickland test, a defendant must show that “‘counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.’” Bertrand, 3 Wn.3d at 128 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687-88 ).

58
State v. Cienfuegosgreen
wash · 2001 · cited in 14 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2024
2 sentences

2021See, e.g., State v. Cienfuegos, 144 Wn.2d 222, 226 , 25 P.3d 1011 (2001) (“Washington has adopted the Strickland test to determine whether a defendant had constitutionally sufficient representation.”); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 34 , 246 P.3d 1260 (2011), (“To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test”). 13 No. 54468-7-II error standard for evaluating prejudice in prosecutorial misconduct claims where the claims implicate constitutional issues.

2021See, e.g., State v. Cienfuegos, 144 Wn.2d 222, 226 , 25 P.3d 1011 (2001) (“Washington has adopted the Strickland test to determine whether a defendant had constitutionally sufficient representation.”); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 34 , 246 P.3d 1260 (2011), (“To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test”). 13 No. 54468-7-II error standard for evaluating prejudice in prosecutorial misconduct claims where the claims implicate constitutional issues.

314
State v. Cienfuegosgreen
wash · 2001 · cited in 14 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2003–2024
2 sentences

2021See, e.g., State v. Cienfuegos, 144 Wn.2d 222, 226 , 25 P.3d 1011 (2001) (“Washington has adopted the Strickland test to determine whether a defendant had constitutionally sufficient representation.”); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 34 , 246 P.3d 1260 (2011), (“To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test”). 13 No. 54468-7-II error standard for evaluating prejudice in prosecutorial misconduct claims where the claims implicate constitutional issues.

2021See, e.g., State v. Cienfuegos, 144 Wn.2d 222, 226 , 25 P.3d 1011 (2001) (“Washington has adopted the Strickland test to determine whether a defendant had constitutionally sufficient representation.”); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 34 , 246 P.3d 1260 (2011), (“To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test”). 13 No. 54468-7-II error standard for evaluating prejudice in prosecutorial misconduct claims where the claims implicate constitutional issues.

314
Sheldon Sanders v. John Ratelle, Warden Daniel E. Lungren, Attorney General of the State of Californiagreen
ca9 · 1994 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2001–2024
2 sentences

2024Restraint of Brett, 142 Wn.2d 868, 873 , 16 P.3d 601 (2001) (quoting Sanders v. Ratelle, 21 F.3d 1446, 1456 (9th Cir.1994)). - 16 - No. 84222-6-I/17 Trevigne cites to Thomas, Maurice, and Brett in briefing, but offers no analysis of those cases and fails to even apply the first prong of the Strickland test to the alleged deficient conduct at issue.

2024Restraint of Brett, 142 Wn.2d 868, 873 , 16 P.3d 601 (2001) (quoting Sanders v. Ratelle, 21 F.3d 1446, 1456 (9th Cir.1994)). - 16 - No. 84222-6-I/17 Trevigne cites to Thomas, Maurice, and Brett in briefing, but offers no analysis of those cases and fails to even apply the first prong of the Strickland test to the alleged deficient conduct at issue.

33
State v. Thomasgreen
wash · 1987 · cited in 19 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1990–2025
2 sentences

2024Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State 4 No. 85494-1-I/5 v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222, 225 , 743 P.2d 816 (1987) (adopting two-pronged Strickland test).

2024Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State 4 No. 85494-1-I/5 v. Thomas, 109 Wn.2d 222, 225 , 743 P.2d 816 (1987) (adopting two-pronged Strickland test).

219
State v. Arguellesgreen
utah · 1996 · cited in 4 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1997–1999
2 sentences

1999Tavares, 100 F.3d 995 ; Flynn, 190 Wis.2d 31 , 527 N.W.2d 343 ; Arguelles, 921 P.2d 439 .

1999Tavares, 100 F.3d 995 ; Flynn, 190 Wis.2d 31 , 527 N.W.2d 343 ; Arguelles, 921 P.2d 439 .

24
State v. Sardiniagreen
washctapp · 1986 · cited in 3 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1987–2024
2 sentences

2024App. 533, 540 , 713 P.2d 122 (1986) (“we hold that the Strickland test should be applied by Washington courts to issues of ineffective assistance of counsel”).

2024App. 533, 540 , 713 P.2d 122 (1986) (“we hold that the Strickland test should be applied by Washington courts to issues of ineffective assistance of counsel”).

23
Padilla v. Kentuckygreen
scotus · 2010 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
22
Betty Lou Beets v. Wayne Scott, Director Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Institutional Divisiongreen
ca5 · 1995 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
22
In Re the Mental Health of K.G.F.green
mont · 2001 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
22
In Re Commitment of Hutchinsongreen
pa · 1982 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2004–2004
22
Daniel Eugene Frazer v. United Statesgreen
ca9 · 1994 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
22
State v. Griergreen
wash · 2011 · cited in 17 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2024
2 sentences

2024Grier “reaffirm[ed] our adherence to Strickland” in adjudicating such claims, but nevertheless “reject[ed] Grier’s ineffective assistance claim under the Strickland standard.” Id. at 32 .

2024Grier “reaffirm[ed] our adherence to Strickland” in adjudicating such claims, but nevertheless “reject[ed] Grier’s ineffective assistance claim under the Strickland standard.” Id. at 32 .

117
State v. Kyllogreen
wash · 2009 · cited in 16 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2025
2 sentences

2025To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must establish that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862 , 215 P.3d 177 (2009).

2025To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must establish that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862 , 215 P.3d 177 (2009).

116
State v. Hendricksongreen
wash · 1996 · cited in 11 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2001–2018
2 sentences

2008Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d at 77-78 . ¶42 Here, the first part of the Strickland test ends the inquiry, because the facts do not support Mr. Prado’s claim of deficiency.

2008Hendrickson, 129 Wn.2d at 77-78 . ¶42 Here, the first part of the Strickland test ends the inquiry, because the facts do not support Mr. Prado’s claim of deficiency.

111
State v. Griergreen
wash · 2011 · cited in 8 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2011–2024
2 sentences

2021See, e.g., State v. Cienfuegos, 144 Wn.2d 222, 226 , 25 P.3d 1011 (2001) (“Washington has adopted the Strickland test to determine whether a defendant had constitutionally sufficient representation.”); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 34 , 246 P.3d 1260 (2011), (“To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test”). 13 No. 54468-7-II error standard for evaluating prejudice in prosecutorial misconduct claims where the claims implicate constitutional issues.

2021See, e.g., State v. Cienfuegos, 144 Wn.2d 222, 226 , 25 P.3d 1011 (2001) (“Washington has adopted the Strickland test to determine whether a defendant had constitutionally sufficient representation.”); State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 34 , 246 P.3d 1260 (2011), (“To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test”). 13 No. 54468-7-II error standard for evaluating prejudice in prosecutorial misconduct claims where the claims implicate constitutional issues.

18
Hill v. Lockhartgreen
scotus · 1985 · cited in 6 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1987–2007
2 sentences

1987Ed. 2d 203 , 106 S. Ct. 366, 370 (1985) held the Strickland test applicable to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in the plea process, i.e., the defendant deciding whether to plead guilty and accept a bargain or plead not guilty and proceed to trial.

1987Ed. 2d 203 , 106 S. Ct. 366, 370 (1985) held the Strickland test applicable to claims of ineffective assistance of counsel in the plea process, i.e., the defendant deciding whether to plead guilty and accept a bargain or plead not guilty and proceed to trial.

16
Florida v. Nixongreen
scotus · 2004 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2021
12
DeHeer v. Seattle Post-Intelligencergreen
wash · 1962 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
State v. Witherspoongreen
wash · 2014 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11
State v. Breitunggreen
wash · 2011 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (57)

CaseCitedYears
State v. Jeffries green
wash · 1986
2 sentences

2015See, jd. at 189-90; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) (to prove ineffective assistance of counsel a defendant must show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice); State v. Jeffries, 105 Wn.2d 398, 418 , 717 P.2d 722 (1986) (adopting the Strickland test).

2015See, jd. at 189-90; Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 , 104 S.Ct. 2052 , 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984) (to prove ineffective assistance of counsel a defendant must show both deficient performance and resulting prejudice); State v. Jeffries, 105 Wn.2d 398, 418 , 717 P.2d 722 (1986) (adopting the Strickland test).

101992–2026
State v. Kyllo green
wash · 2009
2 sentences

2025To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must establish that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862 , 215 P.3d 177 (2009).

2025To satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the defendant must establish that “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s deficient performance, the outcome of the proceedings would have been different.” State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862 , 215 P.3d 177 (2009).

82011–2025
State v. Tilton green
wash · 2003
2 sentences

2026In briefing, Trinh quotes State v. Tilton, 149 Wn.2d 775, 784 , 72 P.3d 735 (2003), in his assertion that our State “Supreme Court has held ‘[f]ailure of defense counsel to present a diminished capacity defense where the facts support such a defense has been held to satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test.’” (Alteration in original.) He also offers State v. Fedoruk, 184 Wn.

2026In briefing, Trinh quotes State v. Tilton, 149 Wn.2d 775, 784 , 72 P.3d 735 (2003), in his assertion that our State “Supreme Court has held ‘[f]ailure of defense counsel to present a diminished capacity defense where the facts support such a defense has been held to satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test.’” (Alteration in original.) He also offers State v. Fedoruk, 184 Wn.

72005–2026
State v. Hendrickson green
wash · 1996
2 sentences

2008Hendrickson, 129 Wash.2d at 77-78 , 917 P.2d 563 . ¶ 42 Here, the first part of the Strickland test ends the inquiry, because the facts do not support Mr. Prado's claim of deficiency.

2008Hendrickson, 129 Wash.2d at 77-78 , 917 P.2d 563 . ¶ 42 Here, the first part of the Strickland test ends the inquiry, because the facts do not support Mr. Prado's claim of deficiency.

72001–2016
In re the Personal Restraint of Crace green
wash · 2012
2 sentences

2014Restraint of Croce, 174 Wn.2d 835, 847 , 280 P. 3d 1102 ( 2012) ( concluding that where petitioner fails one prong of the Strickland test the court need not consider the other).

2014Restraint of Croce, 174 Wn.2d 835, 847 , 280 P. 3d 1102 ( 2012) ( concluding that where petitioner fails one prong of the Strickland test the court need not consider the other).

62014–2025
State v. Tilton green
wash · 2003
2 sentences

2026In briefing, Trinh quotes State v. Tilton, 149 Wn.2d 775, 784 , 72 P.3d 735 (2003), in his assertion that our State “Supreme Court has held ‘[f]ailure of defense counsel to present a diminished capacity defense where the facts support such a defense has been held to satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test.’” (Alteration in original.) He also offers State v. Fedoruk, 184 Wn.

2026In briefing, Trinh quotes State v. Tilton, 149 Wn.2d 775, 784 , 72 P.3d 735 (2003), in his assertion that our State “Supreme Court has held ‘[f]ailure of defense counsel to present a diminished capacity defense where the facts support such a defense has been held to satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test.’” (Alteration in original.) He also offers State v. Fedoruk, 184 Wn.

52005–2026
In re the Personal Restraint of Yates green
wash · 2013
2 sentences

2023Ed. 2d 674 (1984) (known as the two-prong Strickland test); Yates, 177 Wn.2d at 35 .

2023Ed. 2d 674 (1984) (known as the two-prong Strickland test); Yates, 177 Wn.2d at 35 .

52016–2024
State v. Robinson green
wash · 1999
2 sentences

2014The only way to satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test on such a claim is to " prove that [ counsel] actually prevented [ the defendant] from testifying." Robinson, 138 Wn.2d at 766 ; see also State v. Borsheim, 140 Wn.

2014The only way to satisfy the first prong of the Strickland test on such a claim is to " prove that [ counsel] actually prevented [ the defendant] from testifying." Robinson, 138 Wn.2d at 766 ; see also State v. Borsheim, 140 Wn.

52001–2015
United States v. Cronic green
scotus · 1984
2 sentences

2024Cronic discussed three circumstances where deficient performance of counsel constitutes structural error, and thus warrants reversal without conducting a full Strickland analysis. 9 Cronic, 466 U.S. at 658 .

2024Cronic discussed three circumstances where deficient performance of counsel constitutes structural error, and thus warrants reversal without conducting a full Strickland analysis. 9 Cronic, 466 U.S. at 658 .

42013–2024
State v. Robinson green
wash · 1999
2 sentences

2015State v. Robinson, 138 Wn.2d 753, 765-69 , 982 P.2d 590 (1999).

2015State v. Robinson, 138 Wn.2d 753, 765-69 , 982 P.2d 590 (1999).

42001–2015
Matter of Personal Restraint of Rice green
wash · 1992
2 sentences

2011But our examination of our Supreme Court's response to Rice's ineffective assistance of counsel claim shows that the court applied the Strickland standard; thus, Rice does not support the State's argument that a heightened showing of prejudice is necessary in the PRP context. 118 Wash.2d at 888-89, 828 P.2d 1086 ("No evidentiary hearing is required in a collateral proceeding if the defendant fails to allege facts establishing the kind of prejudice necessary to satisfy the Strickland test.").

2011But our examination of our Supreme Court's response to Rice's ineffective assistance of counsel claim shows that the court applied the Strickland standard; thus, Rice does not support the State's argument that a heightened showing of prejudice is necessary in the PRP context. 118 Wash.2d at 888-89, 828 P.2d 1086 ("No evidentiary hearing is required in a collateral proceeding if the defendant fails to allege facts establishing the kind of prejudice necessary to satisfy the Strickland test.").

32011–2025
Harrington v. Richter green
scotus · 2011
2 sentences

2019Although this standard does not require a defendant to show that the action more likely than not altered the outcome, "[t]he likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable." Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 112 , 131 S. Ct. 770 , 178 L.

2019Although this standard does not require a defendant to show that the action more likely than not altered the outcome, "[t]he likelihood of a different result must be substantial, not just conceivable." Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 112 , 131 S. Ct. 770 , 178 L.

32016–2019
State v. McCollum green
washctapp · 1997
2 sentences

2019State v. McCollum, 88 Wn.

2019State v. McCollum, 88 Wn.

32000–2019
State v. Reichenbach green
wash · 2004
2 sentences

2016Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d at 130 .

2016Reichenbach, 153 Wn.2d at 130 .

32008–2016
Commonwealth v. Sylvain green
mass · 2013
2 sentences

2015Gentry, 179 Wn.2d at 625 ; cf Commonwealth v. Sylvain, 466 Mass. 422, 433-34 , 995 N.E.2d 760 (2013) (retaining the general Teague framework but declining to adopt the expanded definition of a "new" rule that was articulated after Teague). (b) Padilla significantly changed Washington law It is true that in most cases simply applying the ordinary Strickland test to new facts will announce neither new rules nor significant changes in the law.

2015Gentry, 179 Wn.2d at 625 ; cf Commonwealth v. Sylvain, 466 Mass. 422, 433-34 , 995 N.E.2d 760 (2013) (retaining the general Teague framework but declining to adopt the expanded definition of a "new" rule that was articulated after Teague). (b) Padilla significantly changed Washington law It is true that in most cases simply applying the ordinary Strickland test to new facts will announce neither new rules nor significant changes in the law.

32015–2015
In re the Personal Restraint of Gentry green
wash · 2014
2 sentences

2015Gentry, 179 Wn.2d at 625 ; cf Commonwealth v. Sylvain, 466 Mass. 422, 433-34 , 995 N.E.2d 760 (2013) (retaining the general Teague framework but declining to adopt the expanded definition of a "new" rule that was articulated after Teague). (b) Padilla significantly changed Washington law It is true that in most cases simply applying the ordinary Strickland test to new facts will announce neither new rules nor significant changes in the law.

2015Gentry, 179 Wn.2d at 625 ; cf Commonwealth v. Sylvain, 466 Mass. 422, 433-34 , 995 N.E.2d 760 (2013) (retaining the general Teague framework but declining to adopt the expanded definition of a "new" rule that was articulated after Teague). (b) Padilla significantly changed Washington law It is true that in most cases simply applying the ordinary Strickland test to new facts will announce neither new rules nor significant changes in the law.

32015–2015
State v. Vazquez green
wash · 2021
22024–2025
State v. Sandoval green
wash · 2011
22016–2024
In Re The Detention Of Richard Hatfield green
washctapp · 2015
22017–2024
Bell v. Cone green
scotus · 2002
22015–2020
Rivera v. United States green
scotus · 2014
22016–2018
State v. West neutral
wash · 1999
22015–2015
State v. West neutral
wash · 1999
22015–2015
In Re Elmore green
wash · 2007
22013–2013
In re the Personal Restraint of Elmore green
wash · 2007
22013–2013
State v. Garrett green
wash · 1994
22011–2011
Kimmelman v. Morrison green
scotus · 1986
22009–2009
Mickens v. Taylor green
scotus · 2002
22008–2008
State v. Reichenbach green
wash · 2004
22008–2008
State v. Greiff green
wash · 2000
22007–2007
Matter of Personal Restraint of Riley green
wash · 1993
22007–2007
State v. Greiff green
wash · 2000
22007–2007
State v. Meckelson green
washctapp · 2006
22007–2007
State v. Mendez red
wash · 1999
22006–2006
State v. Lord green
wash · 1992
22001–2001
State v. Bowerman green
wash · 1990
22001–2001
State v. Murphy neutral
washctapp · 1997
22001–2001
State v. McDonald green
wash · 1999
22001–2001
State v. McDonald green
wash · 1999
22001–2001
State v. Holm green
washctapp · 1998
22001–2001

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (54) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 7.68.035 (16) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.030 (16) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.01.160 (13) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.589 (13) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 43.43.7541 (12) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.36.021 (12) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.73.090 (11) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.535 (11) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.28.020 (11) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.32.030 (10) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.52.020 (10)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 2963 (1984–2026) IL 2140 (1978–2026) TN 1517 (1989–2026) OH 1079 (1987–2026) GA 1067 (1986–2026) NJ 663 (1987–2026) MO 431 (1958–2025) MS 393 (1984–2026) FL 390 (1985–2026) PA 367 (1987–2026) IN 309 (1985–2025) CT 300 (1989–2026) WI 227 (1972–2026) WA 200 (1986–2026) DE 193 (1988–2026) MT 192 (1986–2026) CA 186 (1987–2026) UT 178 (1987–2026) AR 175 (1986–2026) ID 162 (1986–2026) CO 132 (1987–2026) IA 129 (1987–2026) AL 124 (1985–2026) ND 114 (1987–2025) LA 107 (1992–2026) KS 106 (1992–2025) AZ 106 (1984–2026) MN 103 (1986–2026) NC 95 (1985–2026) MI 85 (1988–2026) KY 83 (1985–2026) OK 78 (1986–2026) DC 73 (1984–2026) NE 70 (1988–2025) NY 67 (1985–2026) MD 65 (1987–2026) RI 51 (1987–2024) SC 50 (1987–2025) ME 48 (1997–2026) NV 43 (1994–2024) VA 40 (1987–2025) SD 38 (1987–2024) NM 37 (1993–2022) WY 36 (1987–2025) WV 35 (1995–2024) VT 20 (1992–2026) MA 9 (1990–2025) NH 8 (1987–2020) HI 5 (1986–2020) AK 4 (2019–2025) VI 4 (2007–2010) GU 3 (2023–2025) OR 3 (2013–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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