necessity rule (Michigan) · Go Syfert
← Michigan issues

necessity rule in Michigan

30 Michigan opinions name it 2 courts 1888–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Michigan courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Buiegreen
michctapp · 2012 · cited in 2 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018See People v. Buie (On Remand) , 298 Mich. App. 50 , 61, 825 N.W.2d 361 (2012) ; People v. Williams , 244 Mich. App. 533 , 538, 624 N.W.2d 575 (2001).

2018See People v. Buie (On Remand) , 298 Mich. App. 50 , 61, 825 N.W.2d 361 (2012) ; People v. Williams , 244 Mich. App. 533 , 538, 624 N.W.2d 575 (2001).

22
Goodwill Community Chapel v. General Motors Corp.green
michctapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026See id. at 87 . -11- Second, whether completion or substantial completion of the assembly plant mooted Goodwill Community Chapel’s claims also was never at issue because challenges to the amount of just compensation in eminent domain proceedings generally survive completion of the condemnation project.

11
State v. Padillagreen
hawapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
2 sentences

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

11
Ahrenberg Mechanical Contracting, Inc v Howlettgreen
mich · 1996 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
2 sentences

1996See Ahrenberg Mechanical v Howlett, 451 Mich 74, 78-79, n 4 ; 545 NW2d 4 (1996).

1996See Ahrenberg Mechanical v Howlett, 451 Mich 74, 78-79, n 4 ; 545 NW2d 4 (1996).

11
People ex rel. Trombley v. Humphreygreen
mich · 1871 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
2 sentences

1994See, e.g., Humphrey, supra at 474-475 ; Paul, supra at 119 .

1994See, e.g., Humphrey, supra at 474-475 ; Paul, supra at 119 .

11
People v. Morrigangreen
· 1874 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1972–1972
1 sentence

1972Brennan concurring reiterated the necessity test for expert testimony quoting Justice Campbell in People v Morrigan, 29 Mich 4, 7 (1874): "The experience of courts with the testimony of experts has not been such as to impress them with the conviction that the scope of such proofs should be extended.

11
Stewart v. Department of Correctionsgreen
mich · 1969 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1971–1971
11
State ex rel. Stearns v. Smithgreen
wash · 1893 · cited in 1 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 1893–1893
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (1)

CaseNegativeCited
State v. Dicksongreen
conn · 2016 · cited in 3 Michigan opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023See Walker v Commonwealth, 74 Va App 475, 502 & n 13; 870 SE2d 328 (2022) (noting that in-court identifications “have long been a routine part of criminal trials” and therefore holding that they are “necessary” and do not constitute an “improper” identification procedure under Perry); but see Dickson, 322 Conn at 440-442 (questioning whether the historical rationale for in-court identifications justifies the practice today).

2023See Walker v Commonwealth, 74 Va App 475, 502 & n 13; 870 SE2d 328 (2022) (noting that in-court identifications “have long been a routine part of criminal trials” and therefore holding that they are “necessary” and do not constitute an “improper” identification procedure under Perry); but see Dickson, 322 Conn at 440-442 (questioning whether the historical rationale for in-court identifications justifies the practice today).

33

Also cited on this issue (37)

CaseCitedYears
People v. Hubbard green
michctapp · 1982
2 sentences

2024A threat of future injury is insufficient to support a necessity defense.” People v Walker, 167 Mich App 377, 381 ; 422 NW2d 8 (1988), overruled on other grounds 456 Mich 693 (1998).2 The difference between the defenses of duress and necessity is that "the source of compulsion for duress is the threatened conduct of another human being, while the source of compulsion for necessity is the presence of natural physical forces.” People v Hubbard, 115 Mich App 73, 77 ; 320 NW2d 294 (1982).3 Here, McKerchie presented nothing in his offer of proof to show that “COVID” posed a present, imminent, and i

2024A threat of future injury is insufficient to support a necessity defense.” People v Walker, 167 Mich App 377, 381 ; 422 NW2d 8 (1988), overruled on other grounds 456 Mich 693 (1998).2 The difference between the defenses of duress and necessity is that "the source of compulsion for duress is the threatened conduct of another human being, while the source of compulsion for necessity is the presence of natural physical forces.” People v Hubbard, 115 Mich App 73, 77 ; 320 NW2d 294 (1982).3 Here, McKerchie presented nothing in his offer of proof to show that “COVID” posed a present, imminent, and i

21988–2024
People v. Williams green
michctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2018See People v. Buie (On Remand) , 298 Mich. App. 50 , 61, 825 N.W.2d 361 (2012) ; People v. Williams , 244 Mich. App. 533 , 538, 624 N.W.2d 575 (2001).

2018See People v. Buie (On Remand) , 298 Mich. App. 50 , 61, 825 N.W.2d 361 (2012) ; People v. Williams , 244 Mich. App. 533 , 538, 624 N.W.2d 575 (2001).

22018–2018
United States v. Richard Williams green
ca2 · 2004
2 sentences

2009Id. at 405 .

2009Id. at 405 .

22009–2009
People ex rel. Mackenzie v. Treasurer of Baraga Township neutral
mich · 1878
2 sentences

1908The doctrine was applied, under the statute applying to townships, in Mackenzie v. Baraga Township Treasurer, 39 Mich. 554 .

1888The doctrine was applied under the statute applying to townships, in Mackenzie v. Treasurer, 39 Mich. 554 .

21888–1908
People v. Walker green
michctapp · 1988
2 sentences

2024A threat of future injury is insufficient to support a necessity defense.” People v Walker, 167 Mich App 377, 381 ; 422 NW2d 8 (1988), overruled on other grounds 456 Mich 693 (1998).2 The difference between the defenses of duress and necessity is that "the source of compulsion for duress is the threatened conduct of another human being, while the source of compulsion for necessity is the presence of natural physical forces.” People v Hubbard, 115 Mich App 73, 77 ; 320 NW2d 294 (1982).3 Here, McKerchie presented nothing in his offer of proof to show that “COVID” posed a present, imminent, and i

2024A threat of future injury is insufficient to support a necessity defense.” People v Walker, 167 Mich App 377, 381 ; 422 NW2d 8 (1988), overruled on other grounds 456 Mich 693 (1998).2 The difference between the defenses of duress and necessity is that "the source of compulsion for duress is the threatened conduct of another human being, while the source of compulsion for necessity is the presence of natural physical forces.” People v Hubbard, 115 Mich App 73, 77 ; 320 NW2d 294 (1982).3 Here, McKerchie presented nothing in his offer of proof to show that “COVID” posed a present, imminent, and i

12024–2024
People v. Mitchell green
mich · 1998
1 sentence

2024A threat of future injury is insufficient to support a necessity defense.” People v Walker, 167 Mich App 377, 381 ; 422 NW2d 8 (1988), overruled on other grounds 456 Mich 693 (1998).2 The difference between the defenses of duress and necessity is that "the source of compulsion for duress is the threatened conduct of another human being, while the source of compulsion for necessity is the presence of natural physical forces.” People v Hubbard, 115 Mich App 73, 77 ; 320 NW2d 294 (1982).3 Here, McKerchie presented nothing in his offer of proof to show that “COVID” posed a present, imminent, and i

12024–2024
United States v. Derrick Myran Frankson, (Two Cases) green
ca4 · 1996
1 sentence

2018In contrast to decisions like Frankson, 83 F3d at 82 , we are simply not persuaded various courts regarding the necessity of warning a suspect about the right to the presence of counsel during interrogation, it is not clear to us that Miranda’s discussion of the FBI practices compels the conclusion that advising a suspect of the right to counsel is sufficient to convey the right to the presence of counsel during an interrogation. 8 In comparison to the right to counsel during custodial interrogation incident to the Fifth Amendment, the Sixth Amendment right to counsel attaches at, or after, th

12018–2018
Humphrey v. Commonwealth green
vactapp · 2001
1 sentence

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

12009–2009
State v. Parker neutral
washctapp · 2005
1 sentence

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

12009–2009
Commonwealth v. McCambridge green
massappct · 1998
1 sentence

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

12009–2009
People v. Jones neutral
nysupct · 2004
2 sentences

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

12009–2009
State v. Crawford green
md · 1987
1 sentence

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

12009–2009
State v. Castrillo green
nm · 1991
1 sentence

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

12009–2009
People v. Govan green
illappct · 1988
1 sentence

2009See State v Padilla, 114 Hawaii 507, 513-514 ; 164 P3d 765 (Hawaii App, 2007) (recognizing a justification defense to being a felon-in-possession if the possession is immediately necessary to protect the defendant or another from serious physical harm); State v Parker, 127 Wash App 352, 354-355; 110 P3d 1152 (2005) (recognizing a necessity defense to felon-in-possession statute and listing elements); People v Jones, 4 Misc 3d 782, 787 ; 781 NYS2d 852 (NY Sup Ct, 2004) (recognizing justification defense for felon-in-possession); Humphrey v Commonwealth, 37 Va App 36, 47-48; 553 SE2d 546 (2001)

12009–2009
Quinto v. Cross and Peters Co. green
mich · 1996
1 sentence

2005Quinto, supra. Consequently, defendants’ argument, that the necessity requirement was established, is without merit. 4 The statute uses the permissive term “may” with regard to adoption of transportation plans.

12005–2005
People v. Babcock green
mich · 2003
2 sentences

2005Where the trial court did not reach the issue of necessity, it is impossible to determine whether its nonexistent findings were clearly erroneous, despite whether the parties believe that the record is sufficient for us to do so. 7 In its next analytical error, rather than actually assessing whether the facts demonstrate that the city even undertook a necessity analysis, the majority concludes that even if there were other suitable locations for the spur, the decision to take defendants’ property was not outside the “ ‘principled range of outcomes.’ ” Ante at 254, quoting People v Babcock, 469

2005Where the trial court did not reach the issue of necessity, it is impossible to determine whether its nonexistent findings were clearly erroneous, despite whether the parties believe that the record is sufficient for us to do so. 7 In its next analytical error, rather than actually assessing whether the facts demonstrate that the city even undertook a necessity analysis, the majority concludes that even if there were other suitable locations for the spur, the decision to take defendants’ property was not outside the “ ‘principled range of outcomes.’ ” Ante at 254, quoting People v Babcock, 469

12005–2005
Paul v. City of Detroit green
· 1875
2 sentences

1994See, e.g., Humphrey, supra at 474-475 ; Paul, supra at 119 .

1994See, e.g., Humphrey, supra at 474-475 ; Paul, supra at 119 .

11994–1994
People v. Holmes green
mich · 1940
2 sentences

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

11986–1986
People v. Steeneck green
mich · 1929
2 sentences

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

11986–1986
People v. Kelsey green
mich · 1942
2 sentences

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

11986–1986
People v. Kelly green
mich · 1985
2 sentences

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

1986This case demonstrates the necessity for such a rule. [ Id., pp 514-515 (WILLIAMS and COLEMAN, JJ., concurring in part, dissenting in part).] [1] MCL 750.520b(1)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(d). [2] The opinion was not reported. [3] See People v Holmes, 292 Mich 212, 215 ; 290 NW 384 (1940); People v Kelsey, 303 Mich 715, 719 ; 7 NW2d 120 (1942); People v Steeneck, 247 Mich 583, 586 ; 226 NW 231 (1929); People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261 ; 378 NW2d 365 (1985). [4] The argument in the opinion for reversal begins with an incorrect premise.

11986–1986
State v. Warshow green
vt · 1979
1 sentence

1982This is not how o.ur system of government was meant to operate.” (Citations omitted.) State v Warshow, 138 Vt 22, 27-28; 410 A2d 1000 (1979) (concurring opinion by Justice Hill).

11982–1982
Ketchel v. Ketchel green
mich · 1962
2 sentences

1976(Emphasis added.) We are of the opinion that the trial court’s reliance on Ketchel v Ketchel, 367 Mich 53 ; 116 NW2d 219 (1962), to the effect that the strict necessity requirement has been relaxed in Michigan was erroneous.

1976(Emphasis added.) We are of the opinion that the trial court’s reliance on Ketchel v Ketchel, 367 Mich 53 ; 116 NW2d 219 (1962), to the effect that the strict necessity requirement has been relaxed in Michigan was erroneous.

11976–1976
People v. Dudley green
mich · 1912
11970–1970
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
11967–1967
People v. Delano green
mich · 1947
11948–1948
Wells v. . Garbutt green
· 1892
11934–1934
Runge v. Koch neutral
nyappdiv · 1913
11934–1934
Crosland v. Rogers green
sc · 1890
11934–1934
Denman v. Johnston green
mich · 1891
11924–1924
Ewing v. City of Minneapolis neutral
minn · 1902
11918–1918
Farmer v. Stillwater Water Co. neutral
minn · 1902
11918–1918
Chadwick v. . Insurance Co. green
nc · 1912
11918–1918
Snyder v. Iowa City green
iowa · 1875
11918–1918
Covell v. Bright green
mich · 1909
11911–1911
Richmond v. Chicago & West Michigan Railway Co. green
mich · 1891
11899–1899
Portman v. State Board of Fish Commissioners neutral
mich · 1883
11893–1893

Statutes the citing opinions construe

MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.227b (8) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.224f (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.83 (5) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.84 (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.10 (4) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 211.34c (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 750.226 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 767.40a (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.1 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 769.8 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 777.1 (3) MI § Mich. Comp. Laws § 8.5 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 298 (1906–2026) GA 219 (1918–2023) CA 190 (1894–2026) IL 97 (1883–2026) OH 65 (1895–2025) NY 63 (1899–2025) WA 59 (1898–2026) PA 51 (1850–2026) FL 45 (1933–2026) IN 40 (1889–2026) IA 38 (1862–2025) MA 35 (1971–2026) MD 34 (1963–2023) MN 33 (1904–2018) CT 30 (1908–2025) MI 30 (1888–2026) NC 29 (1895–2026) AK 29 (1964–2025) AL 28 (1879–2016) AZ 26 (1938–2025) KS 26 (1918–2026) ID 25 (1964–2024) MO 25 (1903–2023) NJ 24 (1957–2024) LA 23 (1909–2013) MS 23 (1952–2025) WI 21 (1908–2025) TN 20 (1927–2022) DC 20 (1974–2024) KY 19 (1874–2023) OR 18 (1909–2023) VT 18 (1909–2011) MT 18 (1936–2020) VA 16 (1996–2025) OK 15 (1942–2014) UT 15 (1929–2026) CO 14 (1887–2025) WV 12 (1904–2022) NM 12 (1917–2022) RI 9 (1937–2009) ND 9 (1892–2019) AR 8 (1911–2007) DE 8 (1937–2021) HI 8 (1976–2022) WY 7 (1983–2025) ME 6 (1941–1990) SD 6 (1975–2005) SC 5 (1894–2020) NE 5 (1952–2016) NV 3 (1984–2010) NH 2 (1928–2011)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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