rigorous standard in Maryland

23 Maryland opinions name it 2 courts 1925–2026 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Maryland courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (13)

Case	Followed	Cited
Dorsey v. Stategreen md · 1976 · cited in 3 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022 2 sentences 2022We decline to make Maryland an outlier by adopting an even more rigorous standard for harmless error review. 27 Dorsey, 276 Md. at 649 (emphasis added). 2022We decline to make Maryland an outlier by adopting an even more rigorous standard for harmless error review. 27 Dorsey, 276 Md. at 649 (emphasis added).	3	3
McDonald v. Stategreen md · 1997 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012 2 sentences 2012See also McDonald v. State, 347 Md. 452, 467 , 701 A.2d 675 (1997); State v. Coley, 145 Md.App. at 521 , 805 A.2d 1186 . 2012See also McDonald v. State, 347 Md. 452, 467 , 701 A.2d 675 (1997); State v. Coley, 145 Md.App. at 521 , 805 A.2d 1186 .	1	1
Hollis v. Ellisgreen txsd · 1961 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1
State v. Christensengreen moctapp · 1986 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 2 sentences 1989Cf. State v. Christensen, 720 S.W.2d 738, 739 (Mo.App.1986) (holding Batson inapplicable when white defendant objects to use of peremptory strikes against blacks, but suggesting that white defendant could have prevailed had he met the more rigorous standard of Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 , 85 S.Ct. 824 , 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965)). 1989Cf. State v. Christensen, 720 S.W.2d 738, 739 (Mo. App. 1986) (holding Batson inapplicable when white defendant objects to use of peremptory strikes against blacks, but suggesting that white defendant could have prevailed had he met the more rigorous standard of Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 , 85 S.Ct. 824 , 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965)).	1	1
Murphy v. Holmangreen almd · 1965 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989	1	1
United States v. Michael Warren Coletta, John A. Wilms, Herve Bitton, Hernan Castrogreen ca9 · 1982 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1
United States v. Donald Lorrin Cronngreen ca5 · 1983 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1
State v. Coegreen tenn · 1983 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1
Commonwealth v. Ducagreen pa · 1933 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989	1	1
Stanley v. Stategreen mdctspecapp · 1974 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987	1	1
Alsager v. District Court of Polk Cty., Iowagreen iasd · 1975 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978	1	1
City of Lakewood v. Pillowgreen colo · 1972 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978	1	1
People v. Barksdalegreen cal · 1972 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (2)

Case	Negative	Cited
People v. S.R.red nysupct · 1987 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 2 sentences 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). . 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). .	1	1
Philpot v. Stategreen alactapp · 1966 · cited in 1 Maryland opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989 2 sentences 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1

Also cited on this issue (38)

Case	Cited	Years
Illinois v. Gates green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 1990Illinois v. Gates reminded us, 462 U.S. at 235-236 , 103 S.Ct. at 2330 , that the warrant-issuing magistrates themselves need not be legally trained, that search warrants “long have been issued by persons who are neither lawyers nor judges” and that “warrants are — quite properly ... — issued on the basis of nontechnical, commonsense judgments of laymen applying a standard less demanding than those used in more formal legal proceedings.” Thus, while the “clearly erroneous” test demands some legally sufficient evidence for each and every element to be proved — to wit, that a prima facie case be 1990Illinois v. Gates reminded us, 462 U.S. at 235-236 , 103 S.Ct. at 2330 , that the warrant-issuing magistrates themselves need not be legally trained, that search warrants “long have been issued by persons who are neither lawyers nor judges” and that “warrants are — quite properly ... — issued on the basis of nontechnical, commonsense judgments of laymen applying a standard less demanding than those used in more formal legal proceedings.” Thus, while the “clearly erroneous” test demands some legally sufficient evidence for each and every element to be proved — to wit, that a prima facie case be	5	1983–2008
State v. Amerman green mdctspecapp · 1990 2 sentences 2012In line with that clear directive, this Court held in State v. Amerman, 84 Md.App. at 473 , 581 A.2d 19 : Thus, while the “clearly erroneous” test demands some legally sufficient evidence for each and every element to be proved—to wit, that a prima facie case be established— Illinois v. Gates rejected such a rigorous standard for. establishing probable cause and opted instead for a “totality of circumstances” approach wherein an excess of evidence as to one aspect of proof may make up for a deficit as to another. 2012In line with that clear directive, this Court held in State v. Amerman, 84 Md.App. at 473 , 581 A.2d 19 : Thus, while the “clearly erroneous” test demands some legally sufficient evidence for each and every element to be proved—to wit, that a prima facie case be established— Illinois v. Gates rejected such a rigorous standard for. establishing probable cause and opted instead for a “totality of circumstances” approach wherein an excess of evidence as to one aspect of proof may make up for a deficit as to another.	3	2002–2017
Attorney General of Maryland v. Waldron green md · 1981 2 sentences 2003Id. at 706 , 426 A.2d 929 .” And in O.C. 2003Id. at 706 , 426 A.2d 929 .” And in O.C.	2	1983–2003
Terry v. Ohio green scotus · 1968 2 sentences 2026Terry contemplates a more rigorous analysis which, when performed here, decisively favors the constitutionality of the stop. 1 The starting point under Terry is “the nature and extent of the governmental interests involved.” 392 U.S. at 22 . 2026Terry places at the center of that inquiry the State’s interest in “effective crime prevention and detection[.]” Id.	1	2026–2026
Washington v. Harper green scotus · 1990 1 sentence 2016Id.	1	2016–2016
United States v. Armstrong green scotus · 1996 2 sentences 2012The Supreme Court noted that, because such a request "will divert prosecutors' resources and may disclose the Government’s prosecutorial strategy,” the "justifications for a rigorous standard for the elements of a selective-prosecution claim thus require a correspondingly rigorous standard for discovery in aid of such a claim.” 517 U.S. at 468 , 116 S.Ct. 1480 . 2012The Supreme Court noted that, because such a request "will divert prosecutors' resources and may disclose the Government’s prosecutorial strategy,” the "justifications for a rigorous standard for the elements of a selective-prosecution claim thus require a correspondingly rigorous standard for discovery in aid of such a claim.” 517 U.S. at 468 , 116 S.Ct. 1480 .	1	2012–2012
McNeil v. State green mdctspecapp · 1996 2 sentences 2012In McNeil, 112 Md.App. at 465 , 685 A.2d 839 , this Court noted that a similar standard should be used for evaluating a request for a hearing on a claim for prosecutorial misconduct. . 2012In McNeil, 112 Md.App. at 465 , 685 A.2d 839 , this Court noted that a similar standard should be used for evaluating a request for a hearing on a claim for prosecutorial misconduct. .	1	2012–2012
State v. Coley green mdctspecapp · 2002 2 sentences 2012See also McDonald v. State, 347 Md. 452, 467 , 701 A.2d 675 (1997); State v. Coley, 145 Md.App. at 521 , 805 A.2d 1186 . 2012See also McDonald v. State, 347 Md. 452, 467 , 701 A.2d 675 (1997); State v. Coley, 145 Md.App. at 521 , 805 A.2d 1186 .	1	2012–2012
Fogle v. H & G Restaurant, Inc. green md · 1995 2 sentences 2009Fogle v. H & G Restaurant, 337 Md. 441, 453-55 , 654 A.2d 449 (1995). 2009Fogle v. H & G Restaurant, 337 Md. 441, 453-55 , 654 A.2d 449 (1995).	1	2009–2009
Swain v. Alabama red scotus · 1965 2 sentences 1989Cf. State v. Christensen, 720 S.W.2d 738, 739 (Mo.App.1986) (holding Batson inapplicable when white defendant objects to use of peremptory strikes against blacks, but suggesting that white defendant could have prevailed had he met the more rigorous standard of Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 , 85 S.Ct. 824 , 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965)). 1989Cf. State v. Christensen, 720 S.W.2d 738, 739 (Mo.App.1986) (holding Batson inapplicable when white defendant objects to use of peremptory strikes against blacks, but suggesting that white defendant could have prevailed had he met the more rigorous standard of Swain v. Alabama, 380 U.S. 202 , 85 S.Ct. 824 , 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965)).	1	1989–1989
In re Florida green scotus · 1984 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Levasseur v. Wainwright green scotus · 1984 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Childress v. United States green scotus · 1984 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
State v. . Koritz green nc · 1947	1	1989–1989
Metrakos v. Cleveland Union Terminals Co. neutral scotus · 1954 2 sentences 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
American Federation of Musicians v. Stein green scotus · 1954	1	1989–1989
United States v. Agurs green scotus · 1976	1	1989–1989
Kentucky v. Hamilton green scotus · 1984	1	1989–1989
Kawasaki Motors Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board green scotus · 1983 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Hudson v. Hudson green scotus · 1983	1	1989–1989
Fort Belknap Indian Community v. United States green scotus · 1983 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Cronn v. United States green scotus · 1984 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Wilkins v. Whitaker green scotus · 1984	1	1989–1989
Haraway v. State green ark · 1942 2 sentences 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Alexander v. State green texcrimapp · 1954	1	1989–1989
Barlow v. Budge green scotus · 1942 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Haraway v. Arkansas green scotus · 1942 1 sentence 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Koritz v. North Carolina green scotus · 1947 2 sentences 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex 1989But see People v. S.R., 136 Misc.2d 54 , 517 N.Y.S.2d 864, 865-867 (1987). [4] See, e.g., Philpot v. State, 43 Ala.App. 326, 328 , 190 So.2d 293, 296 (1966); Haraway v. State, 203 Ark. 912, 914 , 159 S.W.2d 733, 734 , cert. denied, 317 U.S. 648 , 63 S.Ct. 42 , 87 L.Ed. 521 (1942); State v. Koritz, 227 N.C. 552, 556 , 43 S.E.2d 77, 80 , cert. denied, 332 U.S. 768 , 68 S.Ct. 80 , 92 L.Ed. 354 (1947); Commonwealth v. Duca, 312 Pa. 101, 105-106 , 165 A. 825, 826-827 (1933); State v. Coe, 655 S.W.2d 903, 909-910 (Tenn. 1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1063 , 104 S.Ct. 745 , 79 L.Ed.2d 203 (1984); Alex	1	1989–1989
Korach Bros. v. Clark green scotus · 1947	1	1989–1989
Kirksey v. Mississippi green scotus · 1983	1	1986–1986
Dalgety Foods, Inc. v. Avina green scotus · 1983	1	1986–1986
Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton green scotus · 1983	1	1986–1986
Clements v. Fashing green scotus · 1982	1	1986–1986
Beard v. North State Life Insurance Co. neutral sc · 1916	1	1986–1986
Bullock v. Carter green scotus · 1972	1	1979–1979
Polley v. Polley green · 1916	1	1925–1925
Wehr v. German Evangelical Lutheran Saint Matthew's Congregation neutral md · 1877	1	1925–1925
Johnson v. Johnson neutral wash · 1915	1	1925–1925

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Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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