Miller rule (New York) · Go Syfert
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Miller rule in New York

23 New York opinions name it 6 courts 1968–2025 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (16)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Gonzalesgreen
mo · 2005 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

22
State v. Dunsongreen
iowa · 1988 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

22
Commonwealth v. Davisgreen
ky · 2000 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

22
State of Iowa v. Antoine Tyree Williamsgreen
iowa · 2019 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

22
In re Robert S.green
ny · 1981 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2023–2023
2 sentences

2023Robert S., 52 NY2d at 1052 [Fuchsberg, J., dissenting]; Williams v Lord, 996 F2d 1481, 1485 [2d Cir 1993] [Cardamone, J., concurring]).

2023Robert S., 52 NY2d at 1052 [Fuchsberg, J., dissenting]; Williams v Lord, 996 F2d 1481, 1485 [2d Cir 1993] [Cardamone, J., concurring]).

22
In re the Acquisition of Easements by Albany County Airport Authoritygreen
nyappdiv · 1999 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013(Buhrmaster) ( 265 AD2d 720, 721 [1999], lv denied 94 NY2d 758 [2000]), in which an appraiser used a “functional utility adjustment” to evaluate the impact of an avigation easement on property near an airport and—because of a lack of local comparable sales involving such easements—relied on his experience in valuing out-of-area parcels encumbered by such easements rather than on a standard sales comparison.

2013(Buhrmaster) ( 265 AD2d 720, 721 [1999], lv denied 94 NY2d 758 [2000]), in which an appraiser used a “functional utility adjustment” to evaluate the impact of an avigation easement on property near an airport and—because of a lack of local comparable sales involving such easements—relied on his experience in valuing out-of-area parcels encumbered by such easements rather than on a standard sales comparison.

22
Kalouche v. Vicentegreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022We agree with plaintiff, however, that Lynch and Yuna failed to meet their initial burdens on their respective motions and cross motions ( see Craig v Haynos , 57 AD3d 1503, 1503 [4th Dept 2008]; Owsian v Cobo , 45 AD3d 1368, 1369 [4th Dept 2007]; see also McMorrow v Trimper , 149 AD2d 971, 972-973 [4th Dept 1989], affd for the reasons stated 74 NY2d 830 [1989]; Burg v Mosey , 126 AD3d 1522, 1523 [4th Dept 2015]).

11
Ortiz v. Vernenkargreen
nyappdiv · 2012 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022Further, Miller established his prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the cause of action to recover damages for lack of informed consent insofar as asserted against him through the affirmation of his expert ( see Public Health Law § 2805-d[2]; Connelly v Warner , 248 AD2d 941 ; see also Ortiz v Vernenkar , 101 AD3d 637 ).

11
McMorrow v. Trimpergreen
nyappdiv · 1989 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022We agree with plaintiff, however, that Lynch and Yuna failed to meet their initial burdens on their respective motions and cross motions ( see Craig v Haynos , 57 AD3d 1503, 1503 [4th Dept 2008]; Owsian v Cobo , 45 AD3d 1368, 1369 [4th Dept 2007]; see also McMorrow v Trimper , 149 AD2d 971, 972-973 [4th Dept 1989], affd for the reasons stated 74 NY2d 830 [1989]; Burg v Mosey , 126 AD3d 1522, 1523 [4th Dept 2015]).

11
Owsian v. Cobogreen
nyappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022We agree with plaintiff, however, that Lynch and Yuna failed to meet their initial burdens on their respective motions and cross motions ( see Craig v Haynos , 57 AD3d 1503, 1503 [4th Dept 2008]; Owsian v Cobo , 45 AD3d 1368, 1369 [4th Dept 2007]; see also McMorrow v Trimper , 149 AD2d 971, 972-973 [4th Dept 1989], affd for the reasons stated 74 NY2d 830 [1989]; Burg v Mosey , 126 AD3d 1522, 1523 [4th Dept 2015]).

11
Burg v. Moseygreen
nyappdiv · 2015 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022We agree with plaintiff, however, that Lynch and Yuna failed to meet their initial burdens on their respective motions and cross motions ( see Craig v Haynos , 57 AD3d 1503, 1503 [4th Dept 2008]; Owsian v Cobo , 45 AD3d 1368, 1369 [4th Dept 2007]; see also McMorrow v Trimper , 149 AD2d 971, 972-973 [4th Dept 1989], affd for the reasons stated 74 NY2d 830 [1989]; Burg v Mosey , 126 AD3d 1522, 1523 [4th Dept 2015]).

11
McMorrow v. Trimpergreen
ny · 1989 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022We agree with plaintiff, however, that Lynch and Yuna failed to meet their initial burdens on their respective motions and cross motions ( see Craig v Haynos , 57 AD3d 1503, 1503 [4th Dept 2008]; Owsian v Cobo , 45 AD3d 1368, 1369 [4th Dept 2007]; see also McMorrow v Trimper , 149 AD2d 971, 972-973 [4th Dept 1989], affd for the reasons stated 74 NY2d 830 [1989]; Burg v Mosey , 126 AD3d 1522, 1523 [4th Dept 2015]).

11
Montgomery v. Louisianagreen
· 2016 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016This format is consistent with Montgomery v Louisiana, which clarifies that a state “may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them” (577 US at —, 136 S Ct at 736 ). .

2016This format is consistent with Montgomery v Louisiana, which clarifies that a state “may remedy a Miller violation by permitting juvenile homicide offenders to be considered for parole, rather than by resentencing them” (577 US at —, 136 S Ct at 736 ). .

11
Duell v. Condongreen
ny · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002As recognized by the Court of Appeals in Matter of Duell v Condon ( 84 NY2d 773, 783 [1995]), a case where the Legislature did not expressly state that the statute was to be applied retroactively, “statutes that are remedial in nature may be applied retrospectively.” (Citation omitted.) Notwith standing Miller’s claim (see letter submission, June 19, 2002, Thomas E.

2002Healy, Esq.) that attempts, in out of state cases, to “level the playing field” or of “equalization of bargaining power,” does not serve a broad public purpose, the Court in Matter of Duell ( 84 NY2d at 783 ) applied the statute retroactively to leases executed prior to the effective date of the statute since “[t]he remedial nature of the Legislature’s action to equalize the power of landlords and tenants is evident from both the language of the statute as well as historical documents (see, Bill Jacket, L 1966, ch 286).” Additionally, as held in Goldfarb v Goldfarb ( 86 AD2d 459, 461 [2d Dept

11
Goldfarb v. Goldfarbgreen
nyappdiv · 1982 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
1 sentence

2002Healy, Esq.) that attempts, in out of state cases, to “level the playing field” or of “equalization of bargaining power,” does not serve a broad public purpose, the Court in Matter of Duell ( 84 NY2d at 783 ) applied the statute retroactively to leases executed prior to the effective date of the statute since “[t]he remedial nature of the Legislature’s action to equalize the power of landlords and tenants is evident from both the language of the statute as well as historical documents (see, Bill Jacket, L 1966, ch 286).” Additionally, as held in Goldfarb v Goldfarb ( 86 AD2d 459, 461 [2d Dept

11
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonvillegreen
scotus · 1975 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (34)

CaseCitedYears
Jones v. Mississippi green
scotus · 2021
2 sentences

2025More recently, the Supreme Court stated, with respect the court's consideration of the Miller factors: "[A] sentencer cannot avoid considering the defendant's youth if the sentencer has discretion to consider that mitigating factor." Jones v. Mississippi , 593 U.S. 98 , 115, 141 S. Ct. [*4]1307, 1319—20 (2021).

2025More recently, the Supreme Court stated, with respect the court's consideration of the Miller factors: "[A] sentencer cannot avoid considering the defendant's youth if the sentencer has discretion to consider that mitigating factor." Jones v. Mississippi , 593 U.S. 98 , 115, 141 S. Ct. [*4]1307, 1319—20 (2021).

22025–2025
State v. Lewchuk green
nebctapp · 1995
2 sentences

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

22023–2023
People v. Miller green
ny · 1976
2 sentences

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

2023Since Miller, that trend has continued, as many of the states that “adhered to the rule of exclusion” (id. at 549 n 2) have either abandoned it or else never fully excluded all evidence of a victim’s character on the first aggressor question (compare id. with State v Dunson, 433 NW2d 676, 680 [Iowa 1988], overruled with respect to specific acts evidence State v Williams, 929 NW2d 621, 636 [Iowa 2019]; Com. v Davis, 14 SW3d 9, 14 [1999]; State v Lee, 331 So2d 455, 460 [La 1975]; Thomas v State, 301 Md 294, 307 [1984]; State v Keaton, 258 Minn 359, 367 [1960]; State v Gonzales, 153 SW3d 311, 313

22023–2023
Larcy v. Kamler green
nyappdiv · 2020
1 sentence

2022Contrary to the plaintiff's contention, the Supreme Court properly disregarded the theory advanced by the plaintiff's expert that Miller was negligent in treating the plaintiff with Zyvox, as that theory constituted a new theory not discernable from the pleadings, and, therefore, was improperly raised for the first time in opposition to Miller's motion ( see Larcy v Kamler , 185 AD3d 564, 566 ).

12022–2022
Ravnikar v. Skyline Credit-Ride, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 2010
1 sentence

2022The plaintiff failed to set forth a reasonable justification for his failure to present the alleged new facts in opposition to the prior motions ( see CPLR 2221[e]; Ravnikar v Skyline Credit-Ride, Inc. , 79 AD3d 1118, 1120 ).

12022–2022
Connelly v. Warner green
nyappdiv · 1998
1 sentence

2022Further, Miller established his prima facie entitlement to judgment as a matter of law dismissing the cause of action to recover damages for lack of informed consent insofar as asserted against him through the affirmation of his expert ( see Public Health Law § 2805-d[2]; Connelly v Warner , 248 AD2d 941 ; see also Ortiz v Vernenkar , 101 AD3d 637 ).

12022–2022
Trombetta v. Cathone green
nyappdiv · 2009
1 sentence

2015Condominium, 96 AD3d 703 [2012]; Trombetta v Cathone, 59 AD3d 526 [2009]).

12015–2015
Boorstein v. 1261 48th Street Condominium green
nyappdiv · 2012
1 sentence

2015Condominium, 96 AD3d 703 [2012]; Trombetta v Cathone, 59 AD3d 526 [2009]).

12015–2015
People v. Browarnik green
nyappdiv · 1973
1 sentence

2005Co., 228 AD2d 468 [1996]; Padela v Rosen & Weidberg, 200 AD2d 722 [1994]; Carel Almo Serv. v Weisskopf, 42 AD2d 953 [1973]), the court denies Miller’s motion for reconsolidation.

12005–2005
Padela v. Rosen green
nyappdiv · 1994
1 sentence

2005Co., 228 AD2d 468 [1996]; Padela v Rosen & Weidberg, 200 AD2d 722 [1994]; Carel Almo Serv. v Weisskopf, 42 AD2d 953 [1973]), the court denies Miller’s motion for reconsolidation.

12005–2005
Dawson v. Pavarini Construction Co. neutral
nyappdiv · 1996
1 sentence

2005Co., 228 AD2d 468 [1996]; Padela v Rosen & Weidberg, 200 AD2d 722 [1994]; Carel Almo Serv. v Weisskopf, 42 AD2d 953 [1973]), the court denies Miller’s motion for reconsolidation.

12005–2005
Leonetti v. Das green
nyappdiv · 1998
2 sentences

2005Generally, the issue whether the common carrier breached its duty in the circumstances is one for the jury (Gross, 256 AD2d at 129 ).

2005Generally, the issue whether the common carrier breached its duty in the circumstances is one for the jury (Gross, 256 AD2d at 129 ).

12005–2005
Eugene Di Lorenzo, Inc. v. A. C. Dutton Lumber Co. green
ny · 1986
1 sentence

1995Co., 67 NY2d 138 ), which does not require a reasonable excuse, we see no basis to disturb Supreme Court’s exercise of its discretion to vacate the default.

11995–1995
Vincent v. Industries neutral
nyappdiv · 1991
1 sentence

1993Supreme Court properly denied Miller’s motion for summary judgment dismissing plaintiff’s causes of action alleging common-law negligence and violation of Labor Law § 200 because factual issues are presented concerning whether Miller had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition (see, Vincent v Dresser Indus., 172 AD2d 1033 , lv denied 78 NY2d 864 ).

11993–1993
People v. Ortiz green
ny · 1990
1 sentence

1992Under these circumstances, we find that the court below did not err in finding that counsel’s dual loyalty to his two clients created a conflict of interest which impacted upon the conduct of the defense, thereby depriving defendant of the effective assistance of counsel, and the verdict was properly set aside (see, People v Ortiz, supra).

11992–1992
Alvarez v. Prospect Hospital green
ny · 1986
11991–1991
Sequoia Books, Inc. v. McDonald green
scotus · 1984
11985–1985
Town of Clarence v. Suburban Trailer Sales, Inc. neutral
nyappdiv · 1968
11984–1984
Fedele v. Baruch neutral
nyappdiv · 1979
11984–1984
New York Trap Rock Corp. v. Clarkstown neutral
scotus · 1958
11984–1984
Graphic Arts Mutual Insurance v. Abrams green
nyappdiv · 2003
11984–1984
Town of North Hempstead v. Levitt & Sons, Inc. neutral
nyappdiv · 1961
11984–1984
New York Trap Rock Corp. v. Town of Clarkstown neutral
ny · 1957
11984–1984
United States v. 244.48 Acres of Land neutral
pawd · 1966
11976–1976
Fitzgerald v. State neutral
nyclaimsct · 1958
11976–1976
In re the City of New York neutral
nysupct · 1960
11976–1976
Fitzgerald v. State neutral
nyappdiv · 1959
11976–1976
A Book Named \John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure\" v. Attorney General of Massachusetts" green
scotus · 1966
11973–1973
New York Feed Co. v. Leary green
scotus · 1970
11973–1973
Cinco v. City of New York green
nysupct · 1968
11968–1968
United States v. Virginia Electric & Power Co. green
scotus · 1961
11968–1968
State v. Carswell neutral
texapp · 1964
11968–1968
Tharp v. Urban Renewal & Community Development Agency green
kyctapphigh · 1965
11968–1968
Cleveland v. Carcione green
ohioctapp · 1963
11968–1968

Where else courts name it

IL 345 (1974–2026) CA 167 (1963–2026) PA 137 (1975–2026) MI 102 (1979–2026) NJ 78 (1977–2026) WV 77 (1977–2025) WA 61 (1974–2026) OH 61 (1974–2025) MS 60 (1998–2026) TX 57 (1936–2024) IA 55 (1964–2025) LA 53 (1961–2022) FL 51 (1976–2024) MD 35 (1971–2023) IN 33 (1986–2025) GA 31 (1990–2024) AZ 26 (1979–2025) OR 24 (1986–2024) CT 24 (1985–2026) AL 24 (1974–2024) NC 23 (1978–2025) WI 23 (1979–2025) NY 23 (1968–2025) VA 20 (1974–2023) AR 20 (1989–2026) NE 19 (1975–2024) MO 18 (1988–2023) UT 18 (1983–2025) MA 16 (1974–2026) MT 15 (1988–2021) CO 14 (1985–2025) MN 14 (1989–2024) SC 14 (2006–2023) KY 12 (1967–2026) WY 12 (1992–2021) ID 10 (1996–2025) NM 10 (1991–2011) KS 10 (1990–2026) SD 9 (1983–2021) TN 8 (1977–2025) OK 7 (1996–2025) RI 5 (1978–2013) NH 5 (1974–2021) DC 5 (1976–2019) HI 5 (1977–2016) AK 5 (1994–2023) DE 4 (2014–2025) ND 4 (1979–2017) ME 3 (1985–1993) VT 3 (1977–2019) NV 2 (1991–1994)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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