minority rule (Iowa) · Go Syfert
← Iowa issues

minority rule in Iowa

19 Iowa opinions name it 1 courts 1926–2018 0 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Iowa courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (15)

CaseFollowedCited
Sweetwine v. Stategreen
md · 1980 · cited in 2 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007See Sweetwine, 421 A.2d at 65 n. 4.

2007See Sweetwine, 421 A.2d at 65 n.4.

22
United States v. Dale Joseph Martingreen
ca8 · 2005 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See United States v. Muriel, 418 F.3d 720, 724 (7th Cir.2005) (finding mistake by a police officer that the tailgating law utilized a two-car-length rule nevertheless supported probable cause because a law did exist prohibiting tailgating, and the facts supported a violation of the law); see also United States v. Martin, 411 F.3d 998, 1001-02 (8th Cir.2005) (finding officer’s mistaken belief that operating a motor vehicle with one nonfunctioning brake light violated the law was objectively reasonable due to the statute’s ambiguous terms).

2010See United States v. Muriel, 418 F.3d 720, 724 (7th Cir. 2005) (finding mistake by a police officer that the tailgating law utilized a two-car-length rule nevertheless supported probable cause because a law did exist prohibiting tailgating, and the facts supported a violation of the law); see also United States v. Martin, 411 F.3d 998 , 1001–02 (8th Cir. 2005) (finding officer‘s mistaken belief that operating a motor vehicle with one nonfunctioning brake light violated the law was objectively reasonable due to the statute‘s ambiguous terms).

11
United States v. Oscar O. Murielgreen
ca7 · 2005 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See United States v. Muriel, 418 F.3d 720, 724 (7th Cir.2005) (finding mistake by a police officer that the tailgating law utilized a two-car-length rule nevertheless supported probable cause because a law did exist prohibiting tailgating, and the facts supported a violation of the law); see also United States v. Martin, 411 F.3d 998, 1001-02 (8th Cir.2005) (finding officer’s mistaken belief that operating a motor vehicle with one nonfunctioning brake light violated the law was objectively reasonable due to the statute’s ambiguous terms).

2010See United States v. Muriel, 418 F.3d 720, 724 (7th Cir. 2005) (finding mistake by a police officer that the tailgating law utilized a two-car-length rule nevertheless supported probable cause because a law did exist prohibiting tailgating, and the facts supported a violation of the law); see also United States v. Martin, 411 F.3d 998 , 1001–02 (8th Cir. 2005) (finding officer‘s mistaken belief that operating a motor vehicle with one nonfunctioning brake light violated the law was objectively reasonable due to the statute‘s ambiguous terms).

11
United States v. Timothy W. Washingtongreen
ca8 · 2006 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010
2 sentences

2010See United States v. Washington, 455 F.3d 824, 827-28 (8th Cir.2006) (holding mistake of law is not objectively reasonable when the police officer believed a cracked windshield violated the law, but the actual law only prohibited physical objects on a windshield that obstructed the driver’s view).

2010See United States v. Washington, 455 F.3d 824 , 827–28 (8th Cir. 2006) (holding mistake of law is not objectively reasonable when the police officer believed a cracked windshield violated the law, but the actual law only prohibited physical objects on a windshield that obstructed the driver‘s view).

11
Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis v. County of Tazewellgreen
illappct · 1984 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991Sisters of the Third Order v. County of Tazewell, 122 Ill.App.3d 605, 607 , 78 Ill.Dec. 230 , 232, 461 N.E.2d 1064, 1066 (1984); Cuyahoga County Hosp. v. City of Cleveland, 15 Ohio App.3d 70, 71 , 472 N.E.2d 757, 759 (1984).

1991Sisters of the Third Order v. County of Tazewell, 122 Ill.App.3d 605, 607 , 78 Ill.Dec. 230 , 232, 461 N.E.2d 1064, 1066 (1984); Cuyahoga County Hosp. v. City of Cleveland, 15 Ohio App.3d 70, 71 , 472 N.E.2d 757, 759 (1984).

11
Cuyahoga County Hospital v. City of Clevelandgreen
ohioctapp · 1984 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991
2 sentences

1991Sisters of the Third Order v. County of Tazewell, 122 Ill.App.3d 605, 607 , 78 Ill.Dec. 230 , 232, 461 N.E.2d 1064, 1066 (1984); Cuyahoga County Hosp. v. City of Cleveland, 15 Ohio App.3d 70, 71 , 472 N.E.2d 757, 759 (1984).

1991Sisters of the Third Order v. County of Tazewell, 122 Ill.App.3d 605, 607 , 78 Ill.Dec. 230 , 232, 461 N.E.2d 1064, 1066 (1984); Cuyahoga County Hosp. v. City of Cleveland, 15 Ohio App.3d 70, 71 , 472 N.E.2d 757, 759 (1984).

11
Weber Appealgreen
pa · 1960 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1978–1978
2 sentences

1978See In re Election of Supervisor in Springfield Twp., 399 Pa. 37 , 159 A.2d 901 (1960); State ex rel.

1978See In re Election of Supervisor in Springfield Twp., 399 Pa. 37 , 159 A.2d 901 (1960); State ex rel.

11
Lewis v. Stategreen
texcrimapp · 1971 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
11
Mattie M. Evans v. United Statesgreen
cadc · 1960 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977United States v. Burks, 152 U.S.App.D.C. 284, 289 , 470 F.2d 432, 437 (1972); Evans v. United States, 107 U.S.App.D.C. 324, 325-326 , 277 F.2d 354, 356 (1960); United States v. McIntire, 461 F.2d 1092, 1093 (5th Cir. 1972).

1977United States v. Burks, 152 U.S.App.D.C. 284, 289 , 470 F.2d 432, 437 (1972); Evans v. United States, 107 U.S.App.D.C. 324, 325-326 , 277 F.2d 354, 356 (1960); United States v. McIntire, 461 F.2d 1092, 1093 (5th Cir. 1972).

11
United States v. Ruth Louise McIntiregreen
ca5 · 1972 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
1 sentence

1977United States v. Burks, 152 U.S.App.D.C. 284, 289 , 470 F.2d 432, 437 (1972); Evans v. United States, 107 U.S.App.D.C. 324, 325-326 , 277 F.2d 354, 356 (1960); United States v. McIntire, 461 F.2d 1092, 1093 (5th Cir. 1972).

11
United States v. James H. Burksgreen
cadc · 1972 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977United States v. Burks, 152 U.S.App.D.C. 284, 289 , 470 F.2d 432, 437 (1972); Evans v. United States, 107 U.S.App.D.C. 324, 325-326 , 277 F.2d 354, 356 (1960); United States v. McIntire, 461 F.2d 1092, 1093 (5th Cir. 1972).

1977United States v. Burks, 152 U.S.App.D.C. 284, 289 , 470 F.2d 432, 437 (1972); Evans v. United States, 107 U.S.App.D.C. 324, 325-326 , 277 F.2d 354, 356 (1960); United States v. McIntire, 461 F.2d 1092, 1093 (5th Cir. 1972).

11
Barnes v. Commonwealthgreen
va · 1973 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977The minority rule prevails in Texas, Lewis v. State, 463 S.W.2d 186, 187-188 (Ct.Crim.App.1971); in Virginia, Barnes v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 24, 25-26 , 197 S.E.2d 189, 190 (1973); and in California following a 1967 change in its Evidence Code, People v. Thomas, 269 Cal.App.2d 327, 328 , 74 Cal.Rptr. 617, 619 (1969).

1977The minority rule prevails in Texas, Lewis v. State, 463 S.W.2d 186, 187-188 (Ct.Crim.App.1971); in Virginia, Barnes v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 24, 25-26 , 197 S.E.2d 189, 190 (1973); and in California following a 1967 change in its Evidence Code, People v. Thomas, 269 Cal.App.2d 327, 328 , 74 Cal.Rptr. 617, 619 (1969).

11
People v. Thomasgreen
calctapp · 1969 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1977–1977
2 sentences

1977The minority rule prevails in Texas, Lewis v. State, 463 S.W.2d 186, 187-188 (Ct.Crim.App.1971); in Virginia, Barnes v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 24, 25-26 , 197 S.E.2d 189, 190 (1973); and in California following a 1967 change in its Evidence Code, People v. Thomas, 269 Cal.App.2d 327, 328 , 74 Cal.Rptr. 617, 619 (1969).

1977The minority rule prevails in Texas, Lewis v. State, 463 S.W.2d 186, 187-188 (Ct.Crim.App.1971); in Virginia, Barnes v. Commonwealth, 214 Va. 24, 25-26 , 197 S.E.2d 189, 190 (1973); and in California following a 1967 change in its Evidence Code, People v. Thomas, 269 Cal.App.2d 327, 328 , 74 Cal.Rptr. 617, 619 (1969).

11
Aboussie Ex Rel. Spell v. Aboussiegreen
texapp · 1954 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1968–1968
11
Kaesemeyer v. Smithgreen
idaho · 1912 · cited in 1 Iowa opinions naming this issue, 1926–1926
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Iowa. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (43)

CaseCitedYears
Andrews v. Harley Davidson, Inc. green
nev · 1990
2 sentences

2009Andrews, 796 P.2d at 1095 .

2009Andrews, 796 P.2d at 1095 .

22009–2009
Koehler Electric v. Wills green
iowa · 2000
1 sentence

2018Logically, whether the condition of a floor, just like any other workplace condition, posed an increased risk of injury should be determined factually, rather than predetermined by some legal "rule." Our Koehler Electric decision required only that "the employment must contribute to the hazard of the fall." 608 N.W.2d at 5 .

12018–2018
Graf v. Taggert green
nj · 1964
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Egbert v. Wenzl green
neb · 1977
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Cardwell v. Welch green
ncctapp · 1975
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Kilmer v. Hicks green
arizctapp · 1974
2 sentences

1981The minority rule, denying coverage for a viable fetus, is followed in these jurisdictions: Kilmer v. Hicks, 22 Ariz.App. 552 , 529 P.2d 706 (1975) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Justus v. Atchison, 19 Cal.3d 564 , 565 P.2d 122 , 139 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1977) (“minor person” excludes viable fetus); Stern v. Miller, 348 So.2d 303 (Fla.1977) (“person” excludes seven-month old fetus); State ex rel.

1981The minority rule, denying coverage for a viable fetus, is followed in these jurisdictions: Kilmer v. Hicks, 22 Ariz.App. 552 , 529 P.2d 706 (1975) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Justus v. Atchison, 19 Cal.3d 564 , 565 P.2d 122 , 139 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1977) (“minor person” excludes viable fetus); Stern v. Miller, 348 So.2d 303 (Fla.1977) (“person” excludes seven-month old fetus); State ex rel.

11981–1981
Scott v. Kopp green
pa · 1981
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) ("person" not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of "pecuniary injuries resulting from death" too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) ("decedent" excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
State Ex Rel. Hardin v. Sanders green
mo · 1976
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) ("person" not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of "pecuniary injuries resulting from death" too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) ("decedent" excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Justus v. Atchison green
cal · 1977
2 sentences

1981The minority rule, denying coverage for a viable fetus, is followed in these jurisdictions: Kilmer v. Hicks, 22 Ariz.App. 552 , 529 P.2d 706 (1975) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Justus v. Atchison, 19 Cal.3d 564 , 565 P.2d 122 , 139 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1977) (“minor person” excludes viable fetus); Stern v. Miller, 348 So.2d 303 (Fla.1977) (“person” excludes seven-month old fetus); State ex rel.

1981The minority rule, denying coverage for a viable fetus, is followed in these jurisdictions: Kilmer v. Hicks, 22 Ariz.App. 552 , 529 P.2d 706 (1975) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Justus v. Atchison, 19 Cal.3d 564 , 565 P.2d 122 , 139 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1977) (“minor person” excludes viable fetus); Stern v. Miller, 348 So.2d 303 (Fla.1977) (“person” excludes seven-month old fetus); State ex rel.

11981–1981
Stern v. Miller green
fla · 1977
2 sentences

1981The minority rule, denying coverage for a viable fetus, is followed in these jurisdictions: Kilmer v. Hicks, 22 Ariz.App. 552 , 529 P.2d 706 (1975) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Justus v. Atchison, 19 Cal.3d 564 , 565 P.2d 122 , 139 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1977) ("minor person" excludes viable fetus); Stern v. Miller, 348 So.2d 303 (Fla.1977) ("person" excludes seven-month old fetus); State ex rel.

1981The minority rule, denying coverage for a viable fetus, is followed in these jurisdictions: Kilmer v. Hicks, 22 Ariz.App. 552 , 529 P.2d 706 (1975) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Justus v. Atchison, 19 Cal.3d 564 , 565 P.2d 122 , 139 Cal.Rptr. 97 (1977) (“minor person” excludes viable fetus); Stern v. Miller, 348 So.2d 303 (Fla.1977) (“person” excludes seven-month old fetus); State ex rel.

11981–1981
Hamby v. McDaniel green
tenn · 1977
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) ("person" not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of "pecuniary injuries resulting from death" too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) ("decedent" excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Lawrence v. Craven Tire Co. green
va · 1969
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Endresz v. Friedberg green
ny · 1969
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
McKillip v. Zimmerman green
iowa · 1971
2 sentences

1981McKillip v. Zimmerman, 191 N.W.2d 706 (Iowa 1971).

1981McKillip v. Zimmerman, 191 N.W.2d 706 (Iowa 1971).

11981–1981
Carpenter v. Carpenter neutral
nc · 1975
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) ("person" not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of "pecuniary injuries resulting from death" too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) ("decedent" excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Cardwell v. Welch neutral
nc · 1975
2 sentences

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) ("person" excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) ("person" not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of "pecuniary injuries resulting from death" too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) ("decedent" excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

1981Hardin v. Sanders, 538 S.W.2d 336 (Mo.1976) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Egbert v. Wenzl, 199 Neb. 573 , 260 N.W.2d 480 (1977) (“person” excludes viable fetus); Graf v. Taggert, 43 N.J. 303 , 204 A.2d 140 (1964) (“person” not construed; wrongful death action may not be maintained on behalf of fetus because determination of “pecuniary injuries resulting from death” too speculative); Endresz v. Friedberg, 24 N.Y.2d 478 , 301 N.Y.S.2d 65 , 248 N.E.2d 901 (1969) (“decedent” excludes seven-month old fetus); Cardwell v. Welch, 25 N.C.App. 390 , 213 S.E.2d 382 , cert. denied, 287 N.C. 464 , 215

11981–1981
Delaney v. State green
gactapp · 1975
1 sentence

1977“The reasons for the rule prohibiting proof of specific acts of violence appear to be at least threefold: (1) A single act may have been exceptional, unusual, and not characteristic and thus a specific act does not necessarily establish one’s general character; (2) although the state is bound to foresee that the general character of the deceased may be put in issue, it cannot anticipate and prepare to rebut each and every specific act of violence; and (3) permitting proof of specific acts would multiply the issues, prolong the trial and confuse the jury.” Henderson v. State, supra, 234 Ga. at

11977–1977
Henderson v. State green
ga · 1975
1 sentence

1977“The reasons for the rule prohibiting proof of specific acts of violence appear to be at least threefold: (1) A single act may have been exceptional, unusual, and not characteristic and thus a specific act does not necessarily establish one’s general character; (2) although the state is bound to foresee that the general character of the deceased may be put in issue, it cannot anticipate and prepare to rebut each and every specific act of violence; and (3) permitting proof of specific acts would multiply the issues, prolong the trial and confuse the jury.” Henderson v. State, supra, 234 Ga. at

11977–1977
Wheat v. Carter green
nh · 1919
11968–1968
Dickow v. Cookinham green
calctapp · 1954
11968–1968
Selby v. Kuhns green
mass · 1963
11968–1968
Daily v. Somberg green
nj · 1958
11968–1968
Galloway v. Lawrence green
nc · 1965
11968–1968
Clara Rudick v. Pioneer Memorial Hospital, Denison M. Thomas, M.D., and Charles E. Donley, M.D. neutral
ca9 · 1961
11968–1968
Hansen v. Collett green
nev · 1963
11968–1968
Ash v. Mortensen green
cal · 1944
11968–1968
Couillard v. Charles T. Miller Hospital, Inc. green
minn · 1958
11968–1968
Derby v. Prewitt green
ny · 1962
11968–1968
DeNike v. Mowery green
wash · 1966
11968–1968
Spear v. Robinson green
me · 1849
11965–1965
Halada v. Venice Lake Park, Inc. neutral
calctapp · 1955
11961–1961
Keller v. Keller green
illappct · 1936
11941–1941
Doon Township v. Cummins green
scotus · 1892
11935–1935
Reynolds v. Lyon County green
iowa · 1903
11935–1935
Hibbs v. Fenton neutral
iowa · 1934
11935–1935
Heins v. Lincoln green
iowa · 1897
11935–1935
Fullerton v. Sherrill green
iowa · 1901
11935–1935
Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Co. v. Peck neutral
ind · 1909
11932–1932
Clark v. Toronto Bank green
kan · 1905
11926–1926
Roberts v. Austin Corbin & Co. green
iowa · 1868
11926–1926

Where else courts name it

WA 44 (1920–2021) CA 41 (1922–2023) VT 33 (1940–2025) TN 30 (1917–2018) TX 28 (1922–2023) VA 25 (1918–2024) OR 25 (1921–2021) OK 24 (1922–2006) AZ 23 (1946–2023) MI 22 (1927–2023) AR 22 (1923–2006) CO 22 (1897–2021) MD 22 (1960–2013) IL 20 (1903–2017) AL 20 (1913–2012) NJ 20 (1950–2009) MO 20 (1928–2018) FL 19 (1943–2015) WV 19 (1910–2023) IA 19 (1926–2018) ID 19 (1932–2019) WI 17 (1928–2017) SD 17 (1918–2015) NY 17 (1934–2010) MT 16 (1917–2023) KS 16 (1904–2017) DE 16 (1950–2026) OH 15 (1923–2015) NM 15 (1916–2000) LA 15 (1933–2019) SC 14 (1932–2025) KY 13 (1923–2021) AK 13 (1979–2024) MS 13 (1930–2019) CT 11 (1924–2025) UT 10 (1924–2008) ME 9 (1956–2022) PA 9 (1942–2015) NC 9 (1945–2009) HI 8 (1961–2025) DC 8 (1970–2015) IN 8 (1947–2000) WY 7 (1954–2019) NE 7 (1961–2002) NH 7 (1930–2009) RI 7 (1970–2013) VI 6 (1986–2016) ND 5 (1954–2011) GA 5 (1933–2003) NV 5 (1921–2007) MA 4 (1959–2006) MN 3 (1985–2011) PR 3 (1947–1955) GU 2 (2023–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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