totality of the circumstances test in Alabama

90 Alabama opinions name it 2 courts 1977–2025 2 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (15)

Case	Followed	Cited
Illinois v. Gatesgreen scotus · 1983 · cited in 39 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1983–2003 2 sentences 2000"In Williams v. State , 565 So.2d 1233 , 1236 (Ala.Cr.App. 1990), this Court found that there was probable cause to arrest the appellant's accomplice. `The information obtained from the anonymous telephone informant and corroborated by the sheriff's department satisfied the totality-of-the-circumstances test for determining probable cause set out in Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983).' Williams , 565 So.2d at 1235 . 2000"In Williams v. State , 565 So.2d 1233 , 1236 (Ala.Cr.App. 1990), this Court found that there was probable cause to arrest the appellant's accomplice. `The information obtained from the anonymous telephone informant and corroborated by the sheriff's department satisfied the totality-of-the-circumstances test for determining probable cause set out in Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983).' Williams , 565 So.2d at 1235 .	7	39
Jones v. United Statesred scotus · 1960 · cited in 6 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1984–1989 2 sentences 1989See Jones v. United States , [ 362 U.S. 257 , 80 S.Ct. 725 , 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960)]; United States v. Ventresca , 380 U.S. 102 , 85 S.Ct. 741 , 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965); Brinegar v. United States , 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949). 1989See Jones v. United States , [ 362 U.S. 257 , 80 S.Ct. 725 , 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960)]; United States v. Ventresca , 380 U.S. 102 , 85 S.Ct. 741 , 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965); Brinegar v. United States , 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949).	6	6
Powers v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 2009 · cited in 4 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2014–2018 2 sentences 2018See, e.g., Powers v. State , 38 So.3d 764 , 765 (Ala. Crim. 2018See, e.g., Powers v. State , 38 So.3d 764 , 765 (Ala. Crim.	4	4
Bishop v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1987 · cited in 6 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1988–1992 2 sentences 1992Illinois v. Page 369 Gates , 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983). " '[A]n informant's "veracity," "reliability," and "basis of knowledge" are all highly relevant in determining the value of his report' and are 'relevant considerations in the totality-of-the circumstances analysis that traditionally has guided probable cause determinations: a deficiency in one may be compensated for, in determining the overall reliability of a tip, by a strong showing as to the other, or by some other indicia of reliability.' " Bishop v. State , 518 So.2d 829 , 831 (Ala.Cr.App. 1987), quoting 1989*As Judge Bowen wrote in Bishop v. State, 518 So.2d 829, 831 (Ala.Cr.App.1987): “Although the two-pronged test of Aguilar-Spinelli has been abandoned, it has not been forgotten. ‘[A]n informant’s “veracity”, “reliability,” and “basis of knowledge” are all highly relevant in determining the value of his report’ and are ‘relevant considerations in the totality-of-the circumstances analysis that traditionally has guided probable-cause determinations: a deficiency in one may be compensated for, in determining the overall reliability of a tip, by a strong showing as to the other, or by some other in	2	6
Jackson v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1990 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1995–1997 2 sentences 1997The defendant's personal characteristics as well as his prior experience with the criminal justice system are factors to be considered in determining his susceptibility to police pressures." Jackson , 562 So.2d at 1380-81 (citations omitted). 1995See also Jackson v. State, 562 So.2d 1373, 1381 (Ala.Cr.App.1990) (applying a totality of the circumstances analysis, this court found an accused to be sufficiently "street-wise" and "socially promoted," despite his tenth-grade education and his difficulty in reading).	2	2
Haley v. Ohiogreen scotus · 1948 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991 2 sentences 1991See Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596 , 68 S.Ct. 302 , 92 L.Ed. 224 (1948); Parker. 1991See Haley v. Ohio, 332 U.S. 596 , 68 S.Ct. 302 , 92 L.Ed. 224 (1948); Parker.	2	2
United States v. Ventrescagreen scotus · 1965 · cited in 7 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1984–1989 2 sentences 1989See Jones v. United States , [ 362 U.S. 257 , 80 S.Ct. 725 , 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960)]; United States v. Ventresca , 380 U.S. 102 , 85 S.Ct. 741 , 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965); Brinegar v. United States , 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949). 1989See Jones v. United States , [ 362 U.S. 257 , 80 S.Ct. 725 , 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960)]; United States v. Ventresca , 380 U.S. 102 , 85 S.Ct. 741 , 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965); Brinegar v. United States , 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949).	1	7
Williams v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1990 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1991–2000 2 sentences 2000"In Williams v. State , 565 So.2d 1233 , 1236 (Ala.Cr.App. 1990), this Court found that there was probable cause to arrest the appellant's accomplice. `The information obtained from the anonymous telephone informant and corroborated by the sheriff's department satisfied the totality-of-the-circumstances test for determining probable cause set out in Illinois v. Gates , 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983).' Williams , 565 So.2d at 1235 . 1991"The information obtained from the anonymous telephone informant and corroborated by the sheriff's department satisfies the totality-of-the-circumstances test for determining probable cause set out in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983)." Williams, 565 So.2d at 1235 .	1	3
Hairgrove v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1995 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014	1	1
United States v. John J. Maguire, United States v. Thomas M. Kavanagh, United States v. Robert A. Hickeygreen ca1 · 1990 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996	1	1
Adams v. Williamsgreen scotus · 1972 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996	1	1
Brooks v. City of Dothan Police Dept.green ala · 1990 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996	1	1
McIsaac v. Monte Carlo Club, Inc.green ala · 1991 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1993–1993	1	1
Holder v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1991–1991	1	1
Davis v. Stategreen alactapp · 1967 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1987–1987	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (65)

Case	Cited	Years
Ex Parte City of Gadsden green ala · 1986 2 sentences 2000“Actual physical control” is determined by “a totality-of-the-circumstances test.” Car gle, 495 So.2d at 1145 . 1988"It is further ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED, that the statement given by Defendant subsequent to [five and one-half hours after] his arrest was voluntarily and knowingly made and is therefore not due to be suppressed." In Cagle v. City of Gadsden , 495 So.2d 1144 , 1147 (Ala. 1986), our Supreme Court held that, in a prosecution for DUI, in determining whether a motorist, who was not actually seen driving the vehicle, had "actual physical control" over the vehicle, a totality-of-the-circumstances test is to be employed.	7	1987–2000
Aguilar v. Texas red scotus · 1964 2 sentences 1987“Based on the information of the informant and on the subsequent surveillance of the residence I hereby request that a search warrant be issued for 1462 Eagle Drive.” This affidavit is sufficient under the totality of the circumstances standard for determining the existence of probable cause adopted in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983): “[W]e conclude that it is wiser to abandon the ‘two-pronged test’ established by our decisions in Aguilar [v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 , 84 S.Ct. 1509 , 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964) ], and Spinelli [v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 , 89 1987“Based on the information of the informant and on the subsequent surveillance of the residence I hereby request that a search warrant be issued for 1462 Eagle Drive.” This affidavit is sufficient under the totality of the circumstances standard for determining the existence of probable cause adopted in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983): “[W]e conclude that it is wiser to abandon the ‘two-pronged test’ established by our decisions in Aguilar [v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 , 84 S.Ct. 1509 , 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964) ], and Spinelli [v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 , 89	7	1983–1990
Brinegar v. United States green scotus · 1949 2 sentences 1989See Jones v. United States , [ 362 U.S. 257 , 80 S.Ct. 725 , 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960)]; United States v. Ventresca , 380 U.S. 102 , 85 S.Ct. 741 , 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965); Brinegar v. United States , 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949). 1989See Jones v. United States , [ 362 U.S. 257 , 80 S.Ct. 725 , 4 L.Ed.2d 697 (1960)]; United States v. Ventresca , 380 U.S. 102 , 85 S.Ct. 741 , 13 L.Ed.2d 684 (1965); Brinegar v. United States , 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949).	7	1984–1989
Spinelli v. United States red scotus · 1969 2 sentences 1987“Based on the information of the informant and on the subsequent surveillance of the residence I hereby request that a search warrant be issued for 1462 Eagle Drive.” This affidavit is sufficient under the totality of the circumstances standard for determining the existence of probable cause adopted in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983): “[W]e conclude that it is wiser to abandon the ‘two-pronged test’ established by our decisions in Aguilar [v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 , 84 S.Ct. 1509 , 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964) ], and Spinelli [v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 , 89 1987“Based on the information of the informant and on the subsequent surveillance of the residence I hereby request that a search warrant be issued for 1462 Eagle Drive.” This affidavit is sufficient under the totality of the circumstances standard for determining the existence of probable cause adopted in Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983): “[W]e conclude that it is wiser to abandon the ‘two-pronged test’ established by our decisions in Aguilar [v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108 , 84 S.Ct. 1509 , 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1964) ], and Spinelli [v. United States, 393 U.S. 410 , 89	6	1983–1990
James T. Caver v. State of Alabama green ca5 · 1976 2 sentences 1983Caver v. Alabama , 537 F.2d 1333 (5th Cir. 1973). 1983Caver v. Alabama , 537 F.2d 1333 (5th Cir. 1976).	6	1979–1983
Simmons v. United States green scotus · 1968 2 sentences 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa	5	1979–1987
Stovall v. Denno green scotus · 1967 2 sentences 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa	4	1983–1987
Brazell v. State green alacrimapp · 1979 2 sentences 1985In the recent case of Cooley v. State , 439 So.2d 193 , 195 (Ala.Cr.App. 1983), however, this court held that "the mere fact that the appellant was subjected to a one-man showup does not necessarily render that identification procedure impermissively suggestive." (Emphasis in original.) In reaching this conclusion, this court in Cooley reasoned as follows: "`Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the "totality of the circumstances." [Citations omitted.] This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa	4	1983–1985
Davis v. State green alacrimapp · 1987 2 sentences 1999Cagle v. City of Gadsden , 495 So.2d 1144 (Ala. 1986)." Davis v. State , 505 So.2d 1303 , 1305 (Ala.Cr.App. 1987) (emphasis added). 1991Even without the defendant's admissions, the State's evidence was, under a totality-of-the-circumstances test, "inconsistent with any reasonable hypothesis that the defendant [was] innocent." Davis , 505 So.2d at 1305 .	3	1988–1999
Massachusetts v. Upton green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 1993Under the totality of the circumstances test of Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), and Massachusetts v. Upton, 466 U.S. 727 , 104 S.Ct. 2085 , 80 L.Ed.2d 721 (1984), this affidavit contains sufficient indicia of reliability of the informant’s information and provides a substantial basis for crediting the hearsay of the confidential informant. “[T]he legal sufficiency of a search warrant affidavit should not be determined by a process of isolated dissection. 1993Under the totality of the circumstances test of Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 , 103 S.Ct. 2317 , 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983), and Massachusetts v. Upton, 466 U.S. 727 , 104 S.Ct. 2085 , 80 L.Ed.2d 721 (1984), this affidavit contains sufficient indicia of reliability of the informant’s information and provides a substantial basis for crediting the hearsay of the confidential informant. “[T]he legal sufficiency of a search warrant affidavit should not be determined by a process of isolated dissection.	3	1985–1993
Louis West v. United States green ca5 · 1968 2 sentences 1984West v. United States , 399 F.2d 467 (5th Cir. 1968). 1977“Using those criteria pronounced in West v. United States, supra, we now proceed to examine the totality of the circumstances under which the confession of the appellant was made.” 1.	3	1977–1984
Neil v. Biggers green scotus · 1972 2 sentences 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa	3	1983–1983
Coleman v. Alabama green scotus · 1970 2 sentences 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa 1983In Brazell v. State , 369 So.2d 25 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978), this court stated that: "Whether an out-of-court identification procedure has violated due process depends upon the `totality of the circumstances.' Stovall , [ 388 U.S. 293 , 87 S.Ct. 1967 , 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 ] supra; Simmons v. United States , 390 U.S. 377 , 88 S.Ct. 967 , 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968); Coleman , [ 399 U.S. 1 , 90 S.Ct. 1999 , 26 L.Ed.2d 387 ] supra; Biggers , [ 409 U.S. 188 , 93 S.Ct. 375 , 34 L.Ed.2d 401 ] supra. This totality of the circumstances test is the standard in deciding whether an identification procedure is unnecessa	3	1983–1983
Rider v. State green alacrimapp · 1989 2 sentences 2011Applying the totality-of-the-circumstances standard, the court found that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of either physical force or a threat, express or implied. 544 So.2d at 996 . 1991Applying the totality-of-the-circumstances standard, the court found that the evidence was insufficient to support a finding of either physical force or a threat, express or implied. 544 So.2d at 996 .	2	1991–2011
Magwood v. State green alacrimapp · 1985 2 sentences 1999Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State, 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd, 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986). 1998Edwards v. Arizona , 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State , 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd , 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied , 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986).	2	1998–1999
Ex Parte Magwood green ala · 1986 2 sentences 1999Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State, 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd, 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986). 1998Edwards v. Arizona , 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State , 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd , 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied , 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986).	2	1998–1999
Edwards v. Arizona green scotus · 1981 2 sentences 1999Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State, 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd, 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986). 1999Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State, 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd, 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986).	2	1998–1999
McComb v. Jacksonville Paper Co. green scotus · 1949 2 sentences 1999Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State, 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd, 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986). 1998Edwards v. Arizona , 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State , 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd , 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied , 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986).	2	1998–1999
Walker v. Illinois green scotus · 1986 2 sentences 1999Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State, 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd, 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986). 1999Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 , 101 S.Ct. 1880 , 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981); Magwood v. State, 494 So.2d 124 (Ala.Cr.App. 1985), aff'd, 494 So.2d 154 (Ala.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 995 , 107 S.Ct. 599 , 93 L.Ed.2d 599 (1986).	2	1998–1999
Beecher v. Alabama green scotus · 1967 2 sentences 1996Boulden v. Holman , 394 U.S. 478 [, 89 S.Ct. 1138 , 22 L.Ed.2d 433 ] (1969); Beecher v. Alabama , 389 U.S. 35 [, 88 S.Ct. 189 , 19 L.Ed.2d 35 ] (1967); Eakes v. State , 387 So.2d 855 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978). `The true test of determining whether extra-judicial confessions are voluntary is whether the defendant's will was overborne at the time he confessed and therefore not the product of a rational intellect and a free will. 1996Boulden v. Holman , 394 U.S. 478 [, 89 S.Ct. 1138 , 22 L.Ed.2d 433 ] (1969); Beecher v. Alabama , 389 U.S. 35 [, 88 S.Ct. 189 , 19 L.Ed.2d 35 ] (1967); Eakes v. State , 387 So.2d 855 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978). `The true test of determining whether extra-judicial confessions are voluntary is whether the defendant's will was overborne at the time he confessed and therefore not the product of a rational intellect and a free will.	2	1995–1996
Boulden v. Holman green scotus · 1969 2 sentences 1996Boulden v. Holman , 394 U.S. 478 [, 89 S.Ct. 1138 , 22 L.Ed.2d 433 ] (1969); Beecher v. Alabama , 389 U.S. 35 [, 88 S.Ct. 189 , 19 L.Ed.2d 35 ] (1967); Eakes v. State , 387 So.2d 855 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978). `The true test of determining whether extra-judicial confessions are voluntary is whether the defendant's will was overborne at the time he confessed and therefore not the product of a rational intellect and a free will. 1996Boulden v. Holman , 394 U.S. 478 [, 89 S.Ct. 1138 , 22 L.Ed.2d 433 ] (1969); Beecher v. Alabama , 389 U.S. 35 [, 88 S.Ct. 189 , 19 L.Ed.2d 35 ] (1967); Eakes v. State , 387 So.2d 855 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978). `The true test of determining whether extra-judicial confessions are voluntary is whether the defendant's will was overborne at the time he confessed and therefore not the product of a rational intellect and a free will.	2	1995–1996
Eakes v. State green alacrimapp · 1978 2 sentences 1996Boulden v. Holman , 394 U.S. 478 [, 89 S.Ct. 1138 , 22 L.Ed.2d 433 ] (1969); Beecher v. Alabama , 389 U.S. 35 [, 88 S.Ct. 189 , 19 L.Ed.2d 35 ] (1967); Eakes v. State , 387 So.2d 855 (Ala.Cr.App. 1978). `The true test of determining whether extra-judicial confessions are voluntary is whether the defendant's will was overborne at the time he confessed and therefore not the product of a rational intellect and a free will. 1995Boulden v. Holman, 394 U.S. 478 , 89 S.Ct. 1138 , 22 L.Ed.2d 433 (1969); Beecher v. Alabama, 389 U.S. 35 , 88 S.Ct. 189 , 19 L.Ed.2d 35 (1967); Eakes v. State, 387 So.2d 855 (Ala.Cr.App.1978).	2	1995–1996
Manson v. Brathwaite green scotus · 1977	2	1979–1984
Cobble v. State green alacrimapp · 1998	1	2025–2025
EC v. State green alacrimapp · 1992	1	2024–2024
Ex Parte Gaddy green ala · 1997	1	1998–1998
United States v. Henry T. Lane, A/K/A Dutch, A/K/A Henry T, (Two Cases) green cadc · 1979	1	1998–1998
Moorman v. State green alacrimapp · 1990	1	1998–1998
United States v. Harris green scotus · 1971	1	1996–1996
Ex Parte Beck green ala · 1985	1	1996–1996
Zatko v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of California green scotus · 1991	1	1996–1996
Stott v. Caspari green scotus · 1991	1	1996–1996
Griffith v. United States green scotus · 1991	1	1996–1996
Barnett v. State neutral alacrimapp · 1995	1	1995–1995
Jorden v. Estelle green scotus · 1982	1	1995–1995
Crawford v. Little green scotus · 1982	1	1995–1995
Fisher v. Washington green scotus · 1982	1	1995–1995
North Carolina v. Butler red scotus · 1979	1	1994–1994
Parrish v. State green alacrimapp · 1985	1	1991–1991
Ex Parte Weeks green ala · 1988	1	1991–1991

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 13A-1-9 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-5-40 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-6-61 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 630 (1972–2026) OH 373 (1984–2026) TX 296 (1971–2026) IL 179 (1974–2026) NC 174 (1978–2026) NJ 166 (1983–2026) CA 147 (1977–2026) TN 133 (1971–2026) LA 106 (1978–2025) MN 99 (1983–2025) GA 96 (1976–2026) WA 93 (1982–2026) AL 90 (1977–2025) CO 89 (1981–2026) FL 89 (1981–2025) WI 88 (1973–2026) ID 77 (1979–2026) MD 77 (1975–2026) KS 75 (1976–2026) VA 74 (1986–2026) CT 68 (1982–2026) MI 68 (1970–2026) MS 57 (1985–2026) ND 57 (1988–2023) IN 52 (1983–2026) UT 48 (1980–2026) IA 46 (1970–2025) MT 43 (1984–2024) AR 41 (1983–2024) NE 40 (1983–2026) ME 40 (1979–2022) MO 38 (1966–2025) DE 34 (1978–2026) NM 33 (1990–2026) MA 33 (1983–2026) NH 32 (1980–2023) AZ 32 (1982–2023) SC 32 (1985–2023) HI 32 (1994–2025) KY 30 (1999–2026) DC 27 (1976–2026) RI 26 (1984–2026) SD 25 (1980–2019) NY 23 (1981–2025) VT 22 (1987–2023) OR 18 (1982–2026) NV 17 (1986–2026) WY 11 (1988–2022) WV 11 (1978–2021) OK 8 (1979–2021) AK 6 (1987–2019) VI 3 (2009–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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