abuse of discretion standard (Vermont) · Go Syfert
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abuse of discretion standard in Vermont

76 Vermont opinions name it 2 courts 1964–2026 16 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Vermont courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (45)

CaseFollowedCited
State v. Aita Gurunggreen
vt · 2020 · cited in 4 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024An abuse of discretion is established where “an agency has declined to exercise its discretion or has done so on untenable or unreasonable grounds.” In re Joyce, 2018 VT 90, ¶ 12 , 208 Vt. 226 , 232 (internal quotation omitted); see State v. Gurung, 2020 VT 108, ¶ 36 , 214 Vt. 17 , 31.

2024An abuse of discretion is 5 established where “an agency has declined to exercise its discretion or has done so on untenable or unreasonable grounds.” In re Joyce, 2018 VT 90, ¶ 12 , 208 Vt. 226 , 232 (internal quotation omitted); see State v. Gurung, 2020 VT 108, ¶ 36 , 214 Vt. 17 , 31.

44
Turner v. Roman Catholic Diocesegreen
vt · 2009 · cited in 4 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
2 sentences

2024Diocese, 2009 VT 101, ¶ 14 , 186 Vt. 396, 408 (“Under an abuse-of-discretion standard, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court….”).

2024Diocese, 2009 VT 101, ¶ 14 , 186 Vt. 396, 408 (“Under an abuse-of-discretion standard, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court….”).

44
Vermont National Bank v. Clarkgreen
vt · 1991 · cited in 4 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2003–2018
2 sentences

2018Nat'l Bank v. Clark , 156 Vt. 143 , 145, 588 A.2d 621 , 622 (1991) ).

2018Nat'l Bank v. Clark , 156 Vt. 143 , 145, 588 A.2d 621 , 622 (1991) ).

34
Crosby v. Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co.green
· 1983 · cited in 3 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011Tea Co., 143 Vt. 537, 539 , 468 A.2d 567, 568 (1983) (per curiam) (affirming court’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion to reconsider summary judgment ruling using an abuse-of-discretion standard).

2011Tea Co., 143 Vt. 537, 539 , 468 A.2d 567, 568 (1983) (per curiam) (affirming court’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion to reconsider summary judgment ruling using an abuse-of-discretion standard).

33
State v. Snidegreen
vt · 1984 · cited in 2 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 1995–2025
2 sentences

2025Id. 2013 VT 81, ¶ 9 , 194 Vt. at 551 ; see State v. Snide, 144 Vt. 436, 440 (1984) (dismissal under Vt.

1995In 1989, the following sentence was added to V.R.Cr.E 48(b): “Unless the court directs that the dismissal is with prejudice, the dismissal shall be without prejudice.” The State reasons as follows in arguing that we should not apply an abuse-of-discretion standard in reviewing trial court decisions to dismiss criminal prosecutions in furtherance of justice: (1) we have applied an abuse-of-discretion standard in the past when reviewing Rule 48 dismissals, see State v. Snide, 144 Vt. 486 , 440, 479 A.2d 139, 142 (1984), but only for want of prosecution, and only before the 1989 amendment to Rule

22
State v. Richardsgreen
vt · 1983 · cited in 2 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020Under this abuse-of-discretion standard, we “will not readily overturn the trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial.” State v. Richards, 144 Vt. 16, 20-21 , 470 A.2d 1187, 1190 (1983). “[A] claim of error can be supported only where the trial’s court discretion was either totally withheld, or exercised on clearly untenable or unreasonable grounds.” Messier, 2005 VT 98, ¶ 15 . ¶ 25.

2020Under this abuse-of-discretion standard, we “will not readily overturn the trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial.” State v. Richards, 144 Vt. 16, 20-21 , 470 A.2d 1187, 1190 (1983). “[A] claim of error can be supported only where the trial’s court discretion was either totally withheld, or exercised on clearly untenable or unreasonable grounds.” Messier, 2005 VT 98, ¶ 15 . ¶ 25.

22
Herald Ass'n, Inc. v. Deangreen
vt · 2002 · cited in 2 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
2 sentences

2007When reviewing for abuse of discretion, we must determine whether the court, and BHA, “failed to exercise . . . discretion altogether or exercised it for reasons that are clearly untenable or unreasonable.” Herald Ass’n v. Dean, 174 Vt. 350, 360 , 816 A.2d 469, 478 (2002).

2007When reviewing for abuse of discretion, we must determine whether the court, and BHA, “failed to exercise . . . discretion altogether or exercised it for reasons that are clearly untenable or unreasonable.” Herald Ass’n v. Dean, 174 Vt. 350, 360 , 816 A.2d 469, 478 (2002).

22
Bevins v. Kinggreen
vt · 1983 · cited in 2 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006Bevins v. King, 143 Vt. 252, 254-55 , 465 A.2d 282, 283 (1983).

2006Bevins v. King, 143 Vt. 252, 254-55 , 465 A.2d 282, 283 (1983).

22
State v. Carteegreen
vt · 1993 · cited in 2 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002See State v. Cartee, 161 Vt. 73, 75 , 632 A.2d 1108, 1110 (1993).

2002See State v. Cartee, 161 Vt. 73, 75 , 632 A.2d 1108, 1110 (1993).

22
Quenneville v. Buttolphgreen
vt · 2003 · cited in 4 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2009–2024
2 sentences

2024“A trial court’s discretionary rulings are examined under an abuse of discretion standard of review, which requires a showing that the trial court has withheld its discretion entirely or that it was exercised for clearly untenable reasons or to a clearly untenable extent.” Quenneville v. Buttolph, 2003 VT 82, ¶ 11 , 175 Vt. 444 , 833 A.2d 1263 (quotation omitted).

2024“A trial court’s discretionary rulings are examined under an abuse of discretion standard of review, which requires a showing that the trial court has withheld its discretion entirely or that it was exercised for clearly untenable reasons or to a clearly untenable extent.” Quenneville v. Buttolph, 2003 VT 82, ¶ 11 , 175 Vt. 444 , 833 A.2d 1263 (quotation omitted).

14
HSBC Bank USA N.A. (Jeffrey C. Riley, Appellant) v. Scott A. McAllister and Eddy Muldergreen
vt · 2018 · cited in 2 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2019–2022
2 sentences

2022We examine a trial court’s discretionary rulings using “an abuse of discretion standard of review, which requires a showing that the trial court has withheld its discretion entirely or that it was exercised for clearly untenable reasons or to a clearly untenable extent.” HSBC Bank, 2018 VT 9, ¶ 8 (quotation omitted). “[A] trial court fails to exercise its discretion where it does not consider factors relevant to the statutorily mandated procedural requirements of a foreclosure sale, any requirements set out in the foreclosure judgment, and other factors implicating the fairness or integrity of

2019However, we review discretionary decisions of trial courts “under an abuse of discretion standard of review.” HSBC Bank USA N.A. v. McAllister, 2018 VT 9, ¶ 8 , 206 Vt. 445 , 182 A.3d 593 .

12
Gregory v. Poulin Auto Sales, Inc.green
vt · 2012 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026P'ship v. Town of Chelsea, 142 Vt. 538, 540 (1983); see also Gregory v. Poulin Auto Sales, Inc., 2012 VT 28 , § 17 Gmem.) (noting that a motion under either Rules 59 or 60 is addressed to the trial court's discretion); see also Kneebinding, Inc., 2018VT 101, at J 34 (reviewing a motion to reconsider under an abuse of discretion standard).

11
Chelsea Ltd. Partnership v. Town of Chelseagreen
vt · 1983 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026P'ship v. Town of Chelsea, 142 Vt. 538, 540 (1983); see also Gregory v. Poulin Auto Sales, Inc., 2012 VT 28 , § 17 Gmem.) (noting that a motion under either Rules 59 or 60 is addressed to the trial court's discretion); see also Kneebinding, Inc., 2018VT 101, at J 34 (reviewing a motion to reconsider under an abuse of discretion standard).

11
Roy H.A. Watson III v. The Village at Northshore I Association, Inc.green
vt · 2018 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Watson, 2018 VT 8, ¶ 80 .

11
State v. Sauvegreen
vt · 1995 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See, e.g., State v. Sauve, 164 Vt. 134, 143 (1995) (concluding that Court would review trial court’s decision regarding whether to dismiss case in furtherance of justice for abuse of discretion given that “trial court is in a better position to weigh the relevant factors”).

11
Guiel v. Allstate Insurancegreen
vt · 2000 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
2 sentences

2025See Ovitt, 2009 VT 26, ¶ 5 ; see also Guiel, 170 Vt. at 470-72 , 756 A.2d at 782-83 .

2025See Ovitt, 2009 VT 26, ¶ 5 ; see also Guiel, 170 Vt. at 470-72 , 756 A.2d at 782-83 .

11
Ovitt v. American Home Assurance Co.green
vt · 2009 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025See Ovitt, 2009 VT 26, ¶ 5 ; see also Guiel, 170 Vt. at 470-72 , 756 A.2d at 782-83 .

11
In re C.L.S., Juvenilegreen
vt · 2021 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024See V.R.A.P. 28(a)(4)(B) (providing that appellant’s principal brief must include “a concise statement of the applicable standard of review” for each issue presented); In re C.L.S., 2021 VT 25, ¶ 9 (noting that we “apply a deferential standard of review to a court’s exercise of its discretion under Rule 60(b)(6)”).

11
Taranjit Kaur MAGHU v. Prabhjot SINGH Prabhjot Singh v. Taranjit Kaur Maghugreen
vt · 2018 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
Unifund CCR Partners v. Daniel Zimmergreen
vt · 2016 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
11
State v. Lumumbagreen
vt · 2014 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
11
State v. Mosesgreen
vt · 1992 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
State v. Pelleringreen
vt · 2010 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015
11
Rocissono v. Spykesgreen
vt · 2000 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Napier v. Texasgreen
scotus · 1994 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
Frederick Lashley v. Paul K. Delogreen
ca8 · 1993 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
11
State v. Hamlingreen
vt · 1985 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
Hoague v. Cotagreen
vt · 1982 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012
11
State v. Corlissgreen
vt · 1998 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Hunt v. Village of Bristolgreen
vt · 1992 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
United States v. Johnnie L. Whitegreen
ca7 · 2001 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Ketchum v. Town of Dorsetgreen
vt · 2011 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
11
Davis v. Davisgreen
vt · 1959 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Clapp v. Clappgreen
vt · 1994 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Langlois v. Department of Employment & Traininggreen
vt · 1988 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
Luce v. Cushinggreen
vt · 2004 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
11
State v. Unwingreen
vt · 1980 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
State v. Lavalettegreen
vt · 1990 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
State v. Roygreen
vt · 1989 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11
State v. Chamberlaingreen
vt · 1973 · cited in 1 Vermont opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Vermont. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (35)

CaseCitedYears
In re Richard H. Joyce green
vt · 2018
2 sentences

2024An abuse of discretion is established where “an agency has declined to exercise its discretion or has done so on untenable or unreasonable grounds.” In re Joyce, 2018 VT 90, ¶ 12 , 208 Vt. 226 , 232 (internal quotation omitted); see State v. Gurung, 2020 VT 108, ¶ 36 , 214 Vt. 17 , 31.

2024An abuse of discretion is 5 established where “an agency has declined to exercise its discretion or has done so on untenable or unreasonable grounds.” In re Joyce, 2018 VT 90, ¶ 12 , 208 Vt. 226 , 232 (internal quotation omitted); see State v. Gurung, 2020 VT 108, ¶ 36 , 214 Vt. 17 , 31.

42024–2024
State v. Billy Joe Putnam green
vt · 2015
2 sentences

2016If defendant has preserved an objection in the trial court, “we review the imposition of particular probation conditions . . . under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” State v. Putnam, 2015 VT 113, ¶ 44 , 200 Vt. 257 , 130 A.3d 836 (quotation omitted).

2016If defendant has preserved an objection in the trial court, “we review the imposition of particular probation conditions . . . under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” State v. Putnam, 2015 VT 113, ¶ 44 , 200 Vt. 257 , 130 A.3d 836 (quotation omitted).

32015–2024
State v. Herrick green
vt · 2011
2 sentences

2020“If an irregularity is shown . . . the opposing party must show that the irregularity in fact had no effect on the jury.” State v. Herrick, 2011 VT 94, ¶ 13 , 190 Vt. 292 , 30 A.3d 1285 .

2020“If an irregularity is shown . . . the opposing party must show that the irregularity in fact had no effect on the jury.” State v. Herrick, 2011 VT 94, ¶ 13 , 190 Vt. 292 , 30 A.3d 1285 .

32019–2020
State v. Jeremy R. Amidon green
vt · 2018
2 sentences

2020Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, a defendant seeking “a mistrial based on alleged jury taint must show that an irregularity—i.e., anything creating any suspicion of 8 extraneous influences—had the capacity to influence jury deliberations.” State v. Amidon, 2018 VT 99, ¶¶ 14-15 , 208 Vt. 360 , 198 A.3d 27 (quotation omitted).

2020Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, a defendant seeking “a mistrial based on alleged jury taint must show that an irregularity—i.e., anything creating any suspicion of 8 extraneous influences—had the capacity to influence jury deliberations.” State v. Amidon, 2018 VT 99, ¶¶ 14-15 , 208 Vt. 360 , 198 A.3d 27 (quotation omitted).

22020–2020
State v. Yoh green
vt · 2006
2 sentences

2020The “more concrete federal plain- error test” is also a helpful “guide for applying our own plain-error standard.” State v. Yoh, 2006 VT 49A, ¶¶ 39-40, 180 Vt. 317 , 910 A.2d 853 . ¶ 24.

2020The “more concrete federal plain- error test” is also a helpful “guide for applying our own plain-error standard.” State v. Yoh, 2006 VT 49A, ¶¶ 39-40, 180 Vt. 317 , 910 A.2d 853 . ¶ 24.

22020–2020
State v. Jeffrey M. Ray green
vt · 2019
2 sentences

2020In determining whether plain error occurred, we are guided by “cases where we have applied the abuse-of-discretion standard.” See State v. Ray, 2019 VT 51, ¶ 9 , ___ Vt. ___, 216 A.3d 1274 .

2020In determining whether plain error occurred, we are guided by “cases where we have applied the abuse-of-discretion standard.” See State v. Ray, 2019 VT 51, ¶ 9 , ___ Vt. ___, 216 A.3d 1274 .

22020–2020
State v. Messier green
vt · 2005
2 sentences

2020Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, “a claim of error can be supported only where the trial’s court discretion was either totally withheld, or exercised on clearly untenable or unreasonable grounds.” State v. Messier, 2005 VT 98, ¶ 15 , 178 Vt. 412 , 885 A.2d 1193 . ¶ 13.

2020Under the abuse-of-discretion standard, “a claim of error can be supported only where the trial’s court discretion was either totally withheld, or exercised on clearly untenable or unreasonable grounds.” State v. Messier, 2005 VT 98, ¶ 15 , 178 Vt. 412 , 885 A.2d 1193 . ¶ 13.

22020–2020
985 Associates, Ltd. v. Daewoo Electronics America, Inc. green
vt · 2008
1 sentence

2026A motion to exclude expert testimony is similarly vested in the discretion of the trial court. 985 Associates, Ltd. v. Daewoo Electronics America, Inc., 2008 VT 14 , 1 9.

12026–2026
Ying Ji v. Heide green
vt · 2013
2 sentences

2025Id. 2013 VT 81, ¶ 9 , 194 Vt. at 551 ; see State v. Snide, 144 Vt. 436, 440 (1984) (dismissal under Vt.

2025Id. 2013 VT 81, ¶ 9 , 194 Vt. at 551 ; see State v. Snide, 144 Vt. 436, 440 (1984) (dismissal under Vt.

12025–2025
Raynes v. Rogers green
vt · 2008
1 sentence

2024Cf. Evans v. Cote, 2014 VT 104, ¶ 8 , 197 Vt. 523 (in reviewing “grant of injunction under an abuse-of-discretion standard, . . . [Supreme Court] will not reverse unless the findings are not supported by the evidence and the [lower] court's decision lacks any legal grounds to Decision on Appeal Page 2 of 4 24-CV-04071 Cadylynn Reason v Department of Corrections justify the result”); Raynes v. Rogers, 2008 Vt 52, ¶ 9, 183 Vt. 513 (in reviewing grant of RFA for abuse of discretion, court will uphold “findings if supported by the evidence and [] conclusions if supported by the findings”).

12024–2024
Evans v. Cote green
vt · 2014
2 sentences

2024Cf. Evans v. Cote, 2014 VT 104, ¶ 8 , 197 Vt. 523 (in reviewing “grant of injunction under an abuse-of-discretion standard, . . . [Supreme Court] will not reverse unless the findings are not supported by the evidence and the [lower] court's decision lacks any legal grounds to Decision on Appeal Page 2 of 4 24-CV-04071 Cadylynn Reason v Department of Corrections justify the result”); Raynes v. Rogers, 2008 Vt 52, ¶ 9, 183 Vt. 513 (in reviewing grant of RFA for abuse of discretion, court will uphold “findings if supported by the evidence and [] conclusions if supported by the findings”).

2024Cf. Evans v. Cote, 2014 VT 104, ¶ 8 , 197 Vt. 523 (in reviewing “grant of injunction under an abuse-of-discretion standard, . . . [Supreme Court] will not reverse unless the findings are not supported by the evidence and the [lower] court's decision lacks any legal grounds to Decision on Appeal Page 2 of 4 24-CV-04071 Cadylynn Reason v Department of Corrections justify the result”); Raynes v. Rogers, 2008 Vt 52, ¶ 9, 183 Vt. 513 (in reviewing grant of RFA for abuse of discretion, court will uphold “findings if supported by the evidence and [] conclusions if supported by the findings”).

12024–2024
In re B.B., Juvenile neutral
vt · 2019
1 sentence

2023In In re B.B., 2019 VT 86, ¶ 4 , 211 Vt. 272 , 224 A.3d 1149 , the youth appealed the trial court’s denial of youthful-offender status on the basis that the youth had not met his burden of demonstrating that public safety would be protected if he were granted youthful-offender status.

12023–2023
Bank of America, N.A. v. Seamus P. O'Kelly, Jennifer S. O'Kelly and State of Vermont Department of Taxes and Sandra J. Lockerby neutral
vt · 2018
12022–2022
State v. Gibney green
vt · 2003
12019–2019
State v. Bacon green
vt · 1999
12019–2019
Marconi Wireless Co. v. United States green
scotus · 1943
12018–2018
Cheryl J. Brown v. State of Vermont green
vt · 2018
12018–2018
State v. Matthew Webster green
vt · 2017
12018–2018
Sanders v. United States green
scotus · 1963
12018–2018
Remes v. Nordic Group, Inc. green
vt · 1999
12018–2018
In Re MacIntyre Fuels, Inc. green
vt · 2003
12018–2018
In re Petition of Rutland Renewable Energy, LLC for Certificate of Public Good Pursuant to 30 V.S.A. § 248 green
vt · 2016
12018–2018
State v. Willy Levitt green
vt · 2016
12018–2018
Shahi v. Madden green
vt · 2008
12018–2018
Shattuck v. Peck green
vt · 2013
12015–2015
State v. Casey neutral
vt · 2013
12014–2014
State v. Irving Oil Corp. green
vt · 2008
12013–2013
State v. Barrows green
vt · 2001
12013–2013
State v. Voorheis green
vt · 2004
12013–2013
Kevin Pappas v. Middle Earth Condominium Association Castle Rock Management Company green
ca2 · 1992
12012–2012
Wade v. Wade green
vt · 2005
12011–2011
Willey v. Willey green
vt · 2006
12009–2009
State v. French green
vt · 1989
12008–2008
State v. Keith green
vt · 1993
12008–2008
State v. Chamberlin neutral
vt · 1973
12008–2008

Statutes the citing opinions construe

VT § Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 28, § 724 (5) VT § Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 28, § 723 (4) VT § Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 2303 (3) VT § Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 13, § 3252 (3) VT § Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 23, § 1201 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 15264 (1977–2026) OH 6694 (1971–2026) CA 3798 (1957–2026) TN 3512 (1978–2026) IL 2286 (1898–2026) PA 2069 (1965–2026) WV 1906 (1994–2026) FL 1373 (1980–2026) NJ 1267 (1978–2026) MS 1162 (1990–2026) ID 1147 (1978–2026) AZ 951 (1957–2026) WA 864 (1970–2026) IN 844 (1976–2026) LA 730 (1984–2026) SD 685 (1982–2026) CT 648 (1975–2026) ND 645 (1982–2026) KS 624 (1966–2026) NC 603 (1981–2026) VA 564 (1991–2026) NM 554 (1985–2026) MN 524 (1983–2026) UT 521 (1927–2026) KY 500 (1988–2026) MD 498 (1972–2026) AR 434 (1989–2026) HI 423 (1983–2026) MI 402 (1973–2026) GA 323 (1930–2026) SC 293 (1982–2026) MO 288 (1979–2025) MA 266 (1974–2026) WY 262 (1983–2026) IA 200 (1947–2026) AK 198 (1974–2026) AL 181 (1981–2026) CO 177 (1978–2026) DE 145 (1979–2026) RI 134 (1989–2026) MT 132 (1983–2026) OK 119 (1992–2025) NV 118 (1979–2026) DC 106 (1976–2026) VT 76 (1964–2026) ME 65 (1980–2024) NE 60 (1991–2026) NY 51 (1978–2026) OR 50 (1996–2026) NH 45 (1987–2024) WI 25 (1970–2003) VI 21 (2004–2025) MP 7 (1990–2025) GU 3 (2021–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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