abuse of discretion standard (West Virginia) · Go Syfert
← West Virginia issues

abuse of discretion standard in West Virginia

1,906 West Virginia opinions name it 2 courts 1994–2026 363 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by West Virginia courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (58)

CaseFollowedCited
Tennant v. Marion Health Care Foundation, Inc.green
wva · 1995 · cited in 83 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1995–2025
2 sentences

2025Va. 97, 104 , 459 S.E.2d 374, 381 (1995), the SCAWV noted that “[a]s a general proposition, we review a circuit court’s rulings on a motion for a new trial under an abuse of discretion standard.” (citation omitted).

2025Va. 97, 104 , 459 S.E.2d 374, 381 (1995) (“we review a circuit court's ruling on a motion for a new trial under an abuse of discretion standard.”).

4483
State v. Rodoussakisgreen
wva · 1998 · cited in 179 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2000–2026
2 sentences

2026“A trial court’s evidentiary rulings, as well as its application of the Rules of Evidence, are subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.” Syllabus Point 4, State v. Rodoussakis, 204 W.

2026Va. 58 , 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998) (“A trial court’s evidentiary rulings, as well as its application of the Rules of Evidence, are subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.”). 9 With respect to the petitioner’s claim that the circuit court erred in denying her motions for judgment of acquittal and for a new trial on the ground that the evidence was insufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, we have held that [i]n reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by a circuit court, we apply a two-pronged deferential standard of review.

28179
State v. Guthriegreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 26 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2023
2 sentences

2023Touching on one of these exceptions, we have acknowledged that “[a]lthough most rulings of a trial court regarding the admission of evidence are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, . . . an appellate court reviews de novo the legal analysis underlying a trial court’s decision.” State v. Guthrie, 194 W.

2023However, “when an objection to a jury instruction involves the trial court’s expression and formulation of the jury charge, this Court will review under an abuse of discretion standard.” Id. [W]e review jury instructions to determine whether, taken as a whole and in light of the evidence, they mislead the jury or state the law incorrectly to the prejudice of the objecting party.

1926
West v. National Mines Corp.green
wva · 1981 · cited in 19 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2023
2 sentences

2023We review the final order granting the temporary injunction and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, West v. National Mines Corp., 168 W.Va. 578, 590 , 285 S.E.2d 670, 678 (1981), we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard, and we review questions of law de novo.

2023We review the final order granting the temporary injunction and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, West v. National Mines Corp., 168 W.Va. 578, 590 , 285 S.E.2d 670, 678 (1981), we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard, and we review questions of law de novo.

1919
Sanson v. Brandywine Homes, Inc.green
wva · 2004 · cited in 15 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2011–2024
2 sentences

2021Va. 307, 310 , 599 S.E.2d 730, 733 (2004) (“We . . . apply the abuse of discretion standard of review to an award of attorneys’ fees.”).

2020See also Sanson v. Brandywine Homes, Inc., 215 W.Va. 307, 310 , 599 S.E.2d 730, 733 (2004) (“We . . . apply the abuse of discretion standard of review to an award of attorney’s fees.”); Syl. pt. 2, Daily Gazette Co., Inc. v. West Virginia Dev.

1515
State v. Marplegreen
wva · 1996 · cited in 15 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2000–2023
2 sentences

2023Va. 47, 51 , 475 S.E.2d 47, 51 (1996) (“The evidentiary rulings of a circuit court . . . are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.”).

2021We have further recognized that “[i]t is well settled that a trial court’s rulings on the admissibility of evidence, ‘including those affecting constitutional rights, are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.’” State v. Kaufman, 227 W.Va. 537, 548 , 711 S.E.2d 607, 618 (2011) (citing State v. Marple, 197 W.Va. 47, 51 , 475 S.E.2d 47, 51 (1996)). 4 State v. David K., 238 W.

1515
Gribben v. Kirkgreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 17 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1997–2025
2 sentences

2024Va. 488, 500 , 466 S.E.2d 147, 159 (1995) (“Under the abuse of discretion standard, we will not disturb a circuit court’s decision unless Mr. Dement and J.B.’s incriminating statements were eventually recanted, there is evidence supporting the veracity of these statements, such as the fact that Mr. Dement’s first confessions to family members were largely consistent with his initial confessions to law enforcement.

2017Our standard of review for an award of prejudgment interest was set forth in Gribben, et al v. Kirk, 195 W.Va. 488, 500 , 466 S.E.2d 147, 159 (1995), in which this Court provided: In reviewing a circuit court’s award of prejudgment interest, we usually apply an abuse of discretion standard.

1417
Caruso v. Pearcegreen
wva · 2009 · cited in 15 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2026
2 sentences

2026Va. 544, 547 , 678 S.E.2d 50, 53 (2009) (“We review a circuit court’s order dismissing a case for inactivity pursuant to Rule 41(b) under an abuse of discretion standard.”).

2025On appeal, “[w]e review a circuit court's order dismissing a case for inactivity pursuant to Rule 41(b) under an abuse of discretion standard.” Caruso v. Pearce, 223 W.

1315
McDougal v. McCammongreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 92 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1995–2025
2 sentences

2025Va. 138 , 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995), that “[w]here the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.” Additionally, “[a]bsent a few exceptions, this Court will review evidentiary and procedural rulings of the circuit court under an abuse of discretion standard.” Syl Pt. 1, in part, McDougal v. McCammon, 193 W.

2023Absent a few exceptions, this Court will review evidentiary . . . rulings of the circuit court under an abuse of discretion standard.’ Syllabus Point 1, in part, McDougal v. McCammon, 193 W.Va. 229 , 455 S.E.2d 788 (1995).” Syl.

1292
State v. Lowerygreen
wva · 2008 · cited in 18 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2009–2026
2 sentences

2026We have indicated that “[t]he decision to grant or deny a motion for mistrial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.” State v. Lowery, 222 W.

2026This Court has held: “The decision to grant or deny a motion for mistrial is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.” State v. Lowery, 222 W.

1218
Wells v. KEY COMMUNICATIONS, LLCgreen
wva · 2010 · cited in 12 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2026
1112
Hensley v. West Virginia Department of Health & Human Resourcesgreen
wva · 1998 · cited in 12 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1999–2020
1112
Gentry v. Mangumgreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 14 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2015
2 sentences

2005In Gribben v. Kirk, 195 W.Va. 488 , 466 S.E.2d 147 (1995), this Court explained the abuse of discretion standard as follows: "Under the abuse of discretion standard, we will not disturb a circuit court's decision unless the circuit court makes a clear error of judgment or exceeds the bounds of permissible choices in the circumstances." 195 W.Va. at 500 , 466 S.E.2d at 159 ; see also Gentry v. Mangum, 195 W.Va. 512 , 520 n. 6, 466 S.E.2d 171 , 179 n. 6 (1995) ("In general, an abuse of discretion occurs when a material factor deserving significant weight is ignored, when an improper factor is re

2005In Gribben v. Kirk, 195 W.Va. 488 , 466 S.E.2d 147 (1995), this Court explained the abuse of discretion standard as follows: "Under the abuse of discretion standard, we will not disturb a circuit court's decision unless the circuit court makes a clear error of judgment or exceeds the bounds of permissible choices in the circumstances." 195 W.Va. at 500 , 466 S.E.2d at 159 ; see also Gentry v. Mangum, 195 W.Va. 512 , 520 n. 6, 466 S.E.2d 171 , 179 n. 6 (1995) ("In general, an abuse of discretion occurs when a material factor deserving significant weight is ignored, when an improper factor is re

1014
Phillips v. Foxgreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 14 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1995–2013
2 sentences

1999As indicated in Phillips v. Fox, 193 W.Va. 657 , 458 S.E.2d 327 (1995), the final order and the ultimate disposition in such a circumstance should be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.

1999As indicated in Phillips v. Fox, 193 W.Va. 657 , 458 S.E.2d 327 (1995), the final order and the ultimate disposition in such a circumstance should be reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.

1014
State v. Loukgreen
wva · 1983 · cited in 10 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2003–2013
1010
Carr v. Hancockgreen
wva · 2004 · cited in 126 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2005–2026
2 sentences

2026Va. 474 , 607 S.E.2d 803 (2004) (“In reviewing a final order entered by a circuit court judge upon a review of, or upon a refusal to review, a final order of a family court judge, we review the findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard, and the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion standard.

2022This principle is encompassed in our standard of review for family law cases: “we review the findings of fact made by the family court judge under the clearly erroneous standard, and the application of law to the facts under an abuse of discretion standard.” Syl., in part, Carr v. Hancock, 216 W.

9126
State v. McGinnisgreen
wva · 1994 · cited in 22 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2024
2 sentences

2021Ultimately, “we review the trial court’s decision to admit evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b) under an abuse of discretion standard.” State v. McGinnis, 193 W.

2020While Rule 404(b)(1) prohibits “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act . . . to prove a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character[,]” Rule 404(b)(2) provides that “[t]his evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident. . . .” This Court reviews “the trial court’s decision to admit evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b) under an abuse of discretion standard.” McGinnis, 193 W.

822
Bartles v. Hinklegreen
wva · 1996 · cited in 10 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2024
810
Burnside v. Burnsidegreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 37 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1995–2019
2 sentences

2012We have previously held that “[a]b-sent a few exceptions, this Court will review evidentiary and procedural rulings of the circuit court under an abuse of discretion standard,” Syllabus Point 1, in part, McDougal v. McCammon, 193 W.Va. 229 , 455 S.E.2d 788 (1995), and that “questions of law and statutory interpretation are subject to de novo review.” Syllabus Point 1, Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W.Va. 263 , 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995).

2012We have previously held that “[a]b-sent a few exceptions, this Court will review evidentiary and procedural rulings of the circuit court under an abuse of discretion standard,” Syllabus Point 1, in part, McDougal v. McCammon, 193 W.Va. 229 , 455 S.E.2d 788 (1995), and that “questions of law and statutory interpretation are subject to de novo review.” Syllabus Point 1, Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W.Va. 263 , 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995).

737
Mathena v. Hainesgreen
wva · 2006 · cited in 456 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2006–2026
2 sentences

2026We review the final order and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law are subject to a de novo review.” Syllabus Point 1, Mathena v. Haines, 219 W.

2024We review the final order and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law are subject to a de novo review.” Syl. pt. 1, Mathena v. Haines, 219 W.Va. 417 , 633 S.E.2d 771 (2006).

6456
State v. Derrgreen
wva · 1994 · cited in 27 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1994–2024
2 sentences

2024Va. 165, 168 , 451 S.E.2d 731, 734 (1994) (“Whether facts are sufficient to justify the delivery of a particular instruction is reviewed by this Court under an abuse of discretion standard.”).

2023Va. 165 , 451 S.E.2d 731 (1994). i 4. “‘The formulation of jury instructions is within the broad discretion of a circuit court, and a circuit court’s giving of an instruction is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard.

627
State v. Peyattgreen
wva · 1983 · cited in 12 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2002–2014
612
Burdette v. Burdette Realty Improvement, Inc.green
wva · 2003 · cited in 7 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2004–2022
67
State v. Kaufmangreen
wva · 2011 · cited in 7 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2012–2022
67
State v. Beardgreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 6 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2024
66
Beto v. Stewartgreen
wva · 2003 · cited in 6 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2004–2022
66
Burgess v. Porterfieldgreen
wva · 1996 · cited in 136 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2026
2 sentences

2026Va. 254 , 617 S.E.2d 801 (2005) cites Syllabus Point 4 of Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W.Va. 178 , 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996) for the proposition that “[t]his Court reviews the circuit court’s final order and ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard.

2026Va. 254 , 617 S.E.2d 801 (2005) cites Syllabus Point 4 of Burgess v. Porterfield, 196 W.Va. 178 , 469 S.E.2d 114 (1996) for the proposition that “[t]his Court reviews the circuit court’s final order and ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard.

5136
State v. Swimsgreen
wva · 2002 · cited in 7 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2002–2022
57
State v. Wadegreen
wva · 1997 · cited in 6 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1998–2013
56
Graham v. Wallacegreen
wva · 2003 · cited in 5 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2020
55
State v. Phillipsgreen
wva · 1995 · cited in 5 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1997–2002
55
Banker v. Bankergreen
wva · 1996 · cited in 11 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2005
411
State v. Edward Charles L.green
wva · 1990 · cited in 7 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1994–2023
47
DeVane v. Kennedygreen
wva · 1999 · cited in 6 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2002–2020
46
State v. Thorntongreen
wva · 2011 · cited in 5 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2013–2023
45
Reynolds v. City Hospital, Inc.green
wva · 2000 · cited in 5 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2010–2015
45
State v. Headgreen
wva · 1996 · cited in 129 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1997–2026
2 sentences

2026We review the decision on the Rule 35 motion under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying facts are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and interpretations of statutes and rules are subject to a de novo review.’ Syllabus point 1, State v. Head, 198 W.Va. 298 , 480 S.E.2d 507 (1996).” Syl.

2026We review the decision on the Rule 35 motion under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying facts are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and interpretations of statutes and rules are subject to a de novo review.’ Syllabus point 1, State v. Head, 198 W.Va. 298 , 480 S.E.2d 507 (1996).” Syl.

3129
Carter v. Cartergreen
wva · 1996 · cited in 19 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1996–2024
2 sentences

2024Va. 239 , 470 S.E.2d 193 (1996) (holding that an abuse of discretion standard applies to contempt rulings).

2024Va. 239 , 470 S.E.2d 193 (1996) (holding that an abuse of discretion standard applies to contempt rulings).

319
Riner v. Newbraughgreen
wva · 2002 · cited in 8 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 2004–2024
38
State v. Millergreen
wva · 1996 · cited in 6 West Virginia opinions naming this issue, 1999–2022
36

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in West Virginia. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (22)

CaseCitedYears
Walker v. West Virginia Ethics Commission. green
wva · 1997
2 sentences

2017Beaver urges application of the standard of review set forth in syllabus point two of Walker v. West Virginia Ethics Commission, 201 W.Va. 108 , 492 S.E.2d 167 (1997), which provides that the final order and ultimate disposition are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard, and questions of law are reviewed de novo. 10 Beaver also requests in its appellate brief that “this matter be referred to the Business Court Division for further development.” Under West Virginia Trial Court Rule 29.06, a party may seek to refer a matter to the bus

2017Beaver urges application of the standard of review set forth in syllabus point two of Walker v. West Virginia Ethics Commission, 201 W.Va. 108 , 492 S.E.2d 167 (1997), which provides that the final order and ultimate disposition are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard, and questions of law are reviewed de novo. 10 Beaver also requests in its appellate brief that “this matter be referred to the Business Court Division for further development.” Under West Virginia Trial Court Rule 29.06, a party may seek to refer a matter to the bus

331999–2023
McCormick v. Allstate Insurance green
wva · 1996
2 sentences

2023We review the final order and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard.” Syllabus Point 1, McCormick v. Allstate Insurance Co., 197 W.Va. 415 , 475 S.E.2d 507 (1996).

2023We review the final order and the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the circuit court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard.” Syllabus Point 1, McCormick v. Allstate Insurance Co., 197 W.Va. 415 , 475 S.E.2d 507 (1996).

271996–2026
State v. Vance green
wva · 2000
2 sentences

2002In this regard, we stated in syllabus point 4 of State v. Rodoussakis, 204 W.Va. 58 , 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998), that “[a] trial court’s evidentiaiy rulings, as well as its application of the Rules of Evidence, are subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.” We formulated a more concise standard of review applicable to the denial of a motion for new trial in syllabus point 8 of State v. Vance, 207 W.Va. 640 , 535 S.E.2d 484 (2000), as follows: In reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by a circuit court, we apply a two-pronged deferential standard of review.

2002In this regard, we stated in syllabus point 4 of State v. Rodoussakis, 204 W.Va. 58 , 511 S.E.2d 469 (1998), that “[a] trial court’s evidentiaiy rulings, as well as its application of the Rules of Evidence, are subject to review under an abuse of discretion standard.” We formulated a more concise standard of review applicable to the denial of a motion for new trial in syllabus point 8 of State v. Vance, 207 W.Va. 640 , 535 S.E.2d 484 (2000), as follows: In reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by a circuit court, we apply a two-pronged deferential standard of review.

272002–2022
Perdue v. Coiner green
wva · 1973
2 sentences

2022Pt. 1, Mathena v. Haines, 219 W.Va. 417 , 633 S.E.2d 771 (2006). .... “‘A court having jurisdiction over habeas corpus proceedings may deny a petition for a writ of habeas corpus without a hearing and without appointing counsel for the petitioner if the petition, exhibits, affidavits or other documentary evidence filed therewith show to such court’s satisfaction that the petitioner is entitled to no relief.’ Syllabus Point 1, Perdue v. Coiner, 156 W.Va. 467 , 194 7 The first ground for relief in petitioner’s instant habeas petition has six subparts.

2022Pt. 1, Mathena v. Haines, 219 W.Va. 417 , 633 S.E.2d 771 (2006). .... “‘A court having jurisdiction over habeas corpus proceedings may deny a petition for a writ of habeas corpus without a hearing and without appointing counsel for the petitioner if the petition, exhibits, affidavits or other documentary evidence filed therewith show to such court’s satisfaction that the petitioner is entitled to no relief.’ Syllabus Point 1, Perdue v. Coiner, 156 W.Va. 467 , 194 S.E.2d 657 (1973).” Syl.

232016–2022
Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A.L. green
wva · 1995
2 sentences

2025Va. 138 , 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995), that “[w]here the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review.” Additionally, “[a]bsent a few exceptions, this Court will review evidentiary and procedural rulings of the circuit court under an abuse of discretion standard.” Syl Pt. 1, in part, McDougal v. McCammon, 193 W.

2017Va. 138 , 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995). 6 Finally, “[t]he decision to award or not to award attorneys’ fees rests in the sound discretion of the circuit court, and the exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal except in cases of abuse.” Beto v. Stewart, 213 W.Va. 355, 359 , 582 S.E.2d 802, 806 (2003); see also Sanson v. Brandywine Homes, Inc., 215 W.Va. 307, 310 , 599 S.E.2d 730, 733 (2004) (“We . . . apply the abuse of discretion standard of review to an award of attorneys’ fees.”).

172001–2025
Wells v. Key Communications, L.L.C. green
wva · 2010
132013–2026
State Ex Rel. McGraw v. Imperial Marketing green
wva · 1996
122002–2023
Nichols v. Nichols green
wva · 1977
111996–2020
Bond v. Bond green
wva · 1959
102000–2021
State v. White green
wva · 2011
102013–2018
Daily Gazette Co. v. West Virginia Development Office green
wva · 1999
82011–2020
Marriage of Staton v. Staton green
wva · 2005
82006–2010
Ball v. Wills green
wva · 1993
72011–2020
Cummings v. Cummings neutral
wva · 1982
72011–2020
Lucas v. Lucas green
wva · 2003
62004–2022
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
52014–2025
Burke-Parsons-Bowlby Corp. v. Rice green
wva · 2012
52013–2025
Perrine v. E.I. Du Pont De Nemours & Co. green
wva · 2010
52013–2024
Smith v. First Community Bancshares, Inc. green
wva · 2002
52003–2023
In Re Tax Assessment of Foster Foundation's Woodlands Retirement Community green
wva · 2009
52013–2018
State v. LARRY M. neutral
wva · 2004
52013–2018
In Re S.W green
wva · 2015
42022–2026

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WV § W. Va. Code § 15A-5-3 (66)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 15264 (1977–2026) OH 6694 (1971–2026) CA 3798 (1957–2026) TN 3512 (1978–2026) IL 2286 (1898–2026) PA 2069 (1965–2026) WV 1906 (1994–2026) FL 1373 (1980–2026) NJ 1267 (1978–2026) MS 1162 (1990–2026) ID 1147 (1978–2026) AZ 951 (1957–2026) WA 864 (1970–2026) IN 844 (1976–2026) LA 730 (1984–2026) SD 685 (1982–2026) CT 648 (1975–2026) ND 645 (1982–2026) KS 624 (1966–2026) NC 603 (1981–2026) VA 564 (1991–2026) NM 554 (1985–2026) MN 524 (1983–2026) UT 521 (1927–2026) KY 500 (1988–2026) MD 498 (1972–2026) AR 434 (1989–2026) HI 423 (1983–2026) MI 402 (1973–2026) GA 323 (1930–2026) SC 293 (1982–2026) MO 288 (1979–2025) MA 266 (1974–2026) WY 262 (1983–2026) IA 200 (1947–2026) AK 198 (1974–2026) AL 181 (1981–2026) CO 177 (1978–2026) DE 145 (1979–2026) RI 134 (1989–2026) MT 132 (1983–2026) OK 119 (1992–2025) NV 118 (1979–2026) DC 106 (1976–2026) VT 76 (1964–2026) ME 65 (1980–2024) NE 60 (1991–2026) NY 51 (1978–2026) OR 50 (1996–2026) NH 45 (1987–2024) WI 25 (1970–2003) VI 21 (2004–2025) MP 7 (1990–2025) GU 3 (2021–2026)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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