concluded error (Washington) · Go Syfert
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concluded error in Washington

68 Washington opinions name it 2 courts 1943–2025 9 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Washington courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (8)

CaseFollowedCited
Marshall v. Thurston Countygreen
washctapp · 2011 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
2 sentences

2021Marshall, 165 Wn.

2021Marshall, 165 Wn.

22
State v. Williams-Walkergreen
wash · 2010 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Williams-Walker , 167 Wash.2d at 893-94, 898 , 225 P.3d 913 . ¶21 The court concluded that error had occurred.

2019"When the jury is instructed on a specific enhancement and makes its finding, the sentencing judge is bound by the jury's finding." Williams-Walker , 167 Wash.2d at 899 , 225 P.3d 913 . ¶22 The court reasoned that the juries' findings authorized in the special verdicts did not support the sentencing enhancements imposed by the courts and violated the defendants' constitutional rights under article 1, sections 21 and 22.

22
Gamboa v. Clarkgreen
wash · 2015 · cited in 2 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Finally, even in Gamboa, where the presumption of permissive use did apply, the court concluded that the presumption had not been rebutted by the Gamboas' maintenance because "[t]he Gamboas' occasional blading of the road did not interfere with the Clarks' use of the road in any manner." Gamboa, 183 Wn.2d at 40, 52 .

2018App. 256 , 321 P.3d 1236 (2014), aff’d, 183 Wn.2d 38 , 348 P.3d 1214 (2015). 7 No. 35308-7-III Estate of Jacobs, et us v. Roberts, et al presumptions that had grown up over the years, the court concluded that a presumption of neighborly accommodation applied, particularly in the absence of prior disputes over use of the property.

12
In re the Personal Restraint of Cracegreen
wash · 2012 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021
1 sentence

2021Crace, 174 Wn.2d at 838-39, 848 .

11
Beckles v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 2017 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
1 sentence

2020But in Beckles, the Court distinguished Johnson, noting that Johnson applied “the vagueness rule to a statute fixing permissible sentences.” Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 892 (emphasis added).

11
Elonis v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 2015 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
11
State v. Kirkmangreen
washctapp · 2005 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Teague v. Lanegreen
scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 Washington opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Washington. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (59)

CaseCitedYears
Virginia v. Black green
scotus · 2003
2 sentences

2016A majority of the Court concluded that this presumption failed to distinguish unprotected threats from protected speech because it might allow convictions "based solely on the fact of cross burning itself," including cross burnings in a play or at a political rally. !d., at 365-366, 123 S.Ct. 1536 (plurality opinion); id., at 386 , 123 S.Ct. 1536 (Souter, J., concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part) ("The provision will thus tend to draw nonthreatening ideological expression within the ambit ofthe prohibition of intimidating expression[.]").

2016A majority of the Court concluded that this presumption failed to distinguish unprotected threats from protected speech because it might allow convictions "based solely on the fact of cross burning itself," including cross burnings in a play or at a political rally. !d., at 365-366, 123 S.Ct. 1536 (plurality opinion); id., at 386 , 123 S.Ct. 1536 (Souter, J., concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part) ("The provision will thus tend to draw nonthreatening ideological expression within the ambit ofthe prohibition of intimidating expression[.]").

22016–2016
State v. Meggyesy green
washctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2013Id. at 701 .

2013Id. at 701 .

22013–2013
State v. Hoffman green
wash · 1991
2 sentences

2009Hoffman, 116 Wn.2d at 112 . ¶24 However in Ward, this court concluded that defense counsel’s tactical decision to pursue an all-or-nothing approach and to not request a lesser included instruction was ineffective because the decision was objectively unreasonable.

2009Hoffman, 116 Wash.2d at 112 , 804 P.2d 577 . ¶ 24 However in Ward , this court concluded that defense counsel's tactical decision to pursue an all or nothing approach and to not request a lesser included instruction was ineffective because the decision was objectively unreasonable.

22009–2009
State v. Ward green
washctapp · 2004
2 sentences

2009Ward, 125 Wn.

2009Ward, 125 Wash.App. at 250 , 104 P.3d 670 .

22009–2009
King v. Department of Labor & Industries green
washctapp · 1974
2 sentences

2005App. 1 , 528 P.2d 271 (1974), this court concluded that claim preclusion did not bar a claimant from seeking an award for aggravation of a psychiatric condition where the original claim had not led to an unambiguous finding regarding the condition’s cause.

2005In King v. Department of Labor & Industries, 12 Wash.App. 1 , 528 P.2d 271 (1974), this court concluded that claim preclusion did not bar a claimant from seeking an award for aggravation of a psychiatric condition where the original claim had not led to an unambiguous finding regarding the condition's cause.

22005–2005
State v. Serrano green
washctapp · 1999
2 sentences

2005Serrano, 95 Wn.

2005Serrano, 95 Wash.App. at 709 , 977 P.2d 47 .

22005–2005
City of Seattle v. Briggs green
washctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2004Briggs, 109 Wash. App. at 492 , 38 P.3d 349 .

2003The court concluded that the requirement that the offender have the weapon on his person “makes it far less likely [than in Anderson] that a person could be convicted under this section without knowledge of his or her criminal conduct.” Briggs, 109 Wn.

22003–2004
State v. Alvarado green
washctapp · 1998
2 sentences

2003Alvarado, 89 Wn.

2003Alvarado, 89 Wash.App. at 550 , 949 P.2d 831 .

22003–2003
In Re the Marriage of Kovacs green
wash · 1993
2 sentences

2001In In re Marriage of Kovacs, 121 Wn.2d 795, 809 , 854 P.2d 629 (1993), the Supreme Court held the Parenting Act “did not intend to create any presumption in favor of the primary caregiver but, to the contrary, intended to reject any such presumption.” To the extent the trial court’s finding applies a presumption in favor of Ms. Combs on the basis of her status as the temporary residential parent, it clearly was not based on tenable reasons and was an abuse of discretion.

2001In In re Marriage of Kovacs, 121 Wn.2d 795, 809 , 854 P.2d 629 (1993), the Supreme Court held the Parenting Act “did not intend to create any presumption in favor of the primary caregiver but, to the contrary, intended to reject any such presumption.” To the extent the trial court’s finding applies a presumption in favor of Ms. Combs on the basis of her status as the temporary residential parent, it clearly was not based on tenable reasons and was an abuse of discretion.

22001–2001
State v. Stein green
washctapp · 1999
2 sentences

2001State v. Stein, 94 Wash.App. at 625, 972 P.2d 505 .

2001State v. Stein, 94 Wn.

22001–2001
City of Mercer Island v. Steinmann green
washctapp · 1973
2 sentences

2001In short, the court concluded that the doctrine of equitable estoppel “will not be applied where its application would interfere with the discharge of governmental duties or where the officials on whose conduct estoppel is sought to be predicated acted beyond their power.” Steinmann, 9 Wn.

2001In short, the court concluded that the doctrine of equitable estoppel "will not be applied where its application would interfere with the discharge of governmental duties or where the officials on whose conduct estoppel is sought to be predicated acted beyond their power." City of Mercer Island, 9 Wash.App. at 481 , 513 P.2d 80 .

22001–2001
State v. Hutchinson green
wash · 1998
2 sentences

1999Id. [15] There is no excuse for the use of physical restraints in this case.

1999Id. 15 There is no excuse for the use of physical restraints in this case.

21999–1999
State v. Pelkey green
wash · 1987
2 sentences

1997Pelkey, 109 Wn.2d at 488 .

1997Pelkey, 109 Wash.2d at 488 , 745 P.2d 854 .

21997–1997
State v. Cates green
wash · 2015
1 sentence

2025Cates, 183 Wn.2d at 535-536 .

12025–2025
Simpson Tacoma Kraft Co. v. Department of Ecology green
· 1992
1 sentence

2023Id. at 648-49 .

12023–2023
Rafael Alexander Gutierrez v. State of Florida green
fla · 2015
1 sentence

2022The court concluded that the instruction “allowed the jury to weigh [the alleged victim’s] testimony more heavily than other evidence that was not inconsistent with consensual sex.” Id. at 234 .

12022–2022
State v. Barrow green
washctapp · 1991
2 sentences

2021App. 869, 874 , 809 P.2d 209 (1991), the court concluded that an instruction could have cured any prejudice resulting from the prosecutor’s statement during closing argument: “in order for you to find the defendant not guilty on either of these charges, you have to believe his testimony and you have to completely disbelieve the officers’ testimony.

2021You have to believe that the officers are lying.” Id. at 874-75 . 9 54206-4-II We affirm.

12021–2021
Kenney v. Abraham green
wash · 1939
2 sentences

2021Relying on Kenney v. Abraham, 199 Wash. 167, 170 , 90 P.2d 713 (1939), and other Washington cases, 3 the court reasoned that “a party must perform its duties and a failure to perform entitles the injured party to damages proximately caused by the breach” with limited exceptions. 4 Lake Hills, 14 Wn.

2021Relying on Kenney v. Abraham, 199 Wash. 167, 170 , 90 P.2d 713 (1939), and other Washington cases, 3 the court reasoned that “a party must perform its duties and a failure to perform entitles the injured party to damages proximately caused by the breach” with limited exceptions. 4 Lake Hills, 14 Wn.

12021–2021
Smith v. Skagit County green
wash · 1969
1 sentence

2021Id. at 743 . 38 Family of Damarius Butts et al. v. King County Exec.

12021–2021
State v. Bobenhouse green
wash · 2009
1 sentence

2020Bobenhouse, 166 Wn.2d at 894-95 .

12020–2020
Davis v. Cox green
washctapp · 2014
1 sentence

2020Id. at 535-36 .

12020–2020
Johnson v. United States green
scotus · 2015
1 sentence

2020The Court concluded that the clause was unconstitutionally vague because “the indeterminacy of the wide- ranging inquiry required by the . . . clause both denies fair notice to defendants and invites arbitrary enforcement by judges.” Johnson, 576 U.S. at 597 .

12020–2020
State v. Williams-Walker green
wash · 2010
12019–2019
State v. Powell green
wash · 2009
12019–2019
Montgomery v. Louisiana green
· 2016
1 sentence

2019The Court concluded that the rule stated in Miller was a “substantive holding that life without parole is an excessive sentence for children whose crimes reflect transient immaturity.” Id. at 735 .

12019–2019
Farina v. Department of Health neutral
washctapp · 1999
1 sentence

2019Farina, 94 Wn.

12019–2019
Jones v. Town of Hunts Point green
washctapp · 2011
1 sentence

2019Jones, 166 Wn.

12019–2019
Gamboa v. Clark green
washctapp · 2014
12018–2018
State v. Teems green
washctapp · 1997
12016–2016
In re the Personal Restraint of Brockie green
wash · 2013
12016–2016
State v. Brown green
sc · 1991
12016–2016
Dinner v. Thorp green
wash · 1959
12015–2015
Rickert v. Geppert green
wash · 1964
12015–2015
Richards v. Overlake Hospital Medical Center green
washctapp · 1990
12015–2015
Watson v. Hockett green
wash · 1986
12015–2015
State v. Braham green
washctapp · 1993
12014–2014
State v. Levy green
wash · 2006
12014–2014
State v. Ward green
washctapp · 2005
12009–2009
State v. Kirkman neutral
washctapp · 2005
12006–2006
City of Seattle v. Briggs neutral
washctapp · 2001
12004–2004

Statutes the citing opinions construe

WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 2.06.040 (16) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.030 (6) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.505 (5) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.535 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.04.110 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.36.021 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.46.020 (4) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 10.01.160 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 36.70C.040 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.41.040 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9.94A.703 (3) WA § Wash. Rev. Code § 9A.08.020 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 235 (1965–2026) IL 158 (1908–2026) TX 156 (1916–2026) FL 77 (1966–2025) MD 69 (1958–2025) WA 68 (1943–2025) PA 64 (1951–2026) MI 55 (1970–2026) NJ 52 (1958–2025) OR 47 (1966–2025) WI 47 (1962–2025) OH 44 (1978–2024) CT 42 (1976–2023) IN 35 (1982–2021) MN 35 (1939–2016) TN 33 (1997–2025) CO 32 (1959–2026) NY 31 (1975–2023) LA 30 (1954–2023) KS 29 (1982–2025) AZ 29 (1987–2026) NC 21 (1979–2025) MO 21 (1892–2019) UT 19 (1988–2026) IA 19 (1974–2025) MA 19 (1995–2025) AL 18 (1985–2016) ND 17 (1962–2020) DC 16 (1973–2022) NM 16 (1991–2023) NE 14 (1960–2022) AK 14 (1981–2025) OK 13 (1944–2025) NV 12 (1986–2018) KY 11 (1936–2021) HI 10 (1996–2018) ID 10 (1987–2023) VA 9 (1988–2020) SC 9 (1956–2021) GA 9 (1983–2022) MT 8 (1981–2022) VT 8 (1992–2026) MS 7 (1972–2021) WV 7 (1978–2014) DE 6 (1992–2026) RI 6 (1970–2001) ME 5 (1996–2016) WY 5 (2000–2025) AR 5 (1983–2009) NH 3 (2003–2012) SD 3 (1990–2023)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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