inevitable discovery doctrine in Louisiana

62 Louisiana opinions name it 2 courts 1984–2025 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Louisiana courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. Welchgreen la · 1984 · cited in 15 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1991–2020 2 sentences 2008These three jur-isprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine, [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991). 2002These Lthree jurisprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine. [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991).	9	15
Wong Sun v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1963 · cited in 7 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1993–2012 2 sentences 2008These three jur-isprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine, [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991). 2008These three jur-isprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine, [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991).	5	7
Nix v. Williamsgreen scotus · 1984 · cited in 30 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1984–2025 2 sentences 2025Application of the inevitable discovery doctrine thus “involves no speculative elements but focuses on demonstrated historical facts capable of ready verification or impeachment....” Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. at 444 , 104 S.Ct. at 2509 n. 5; State v. Vigne, 820 So.2d at 539 . 2025Application of the inevitable discovery doctrine thus “involves no speculative elements but focuses on demonstrated historical facts capable of ready verification or impeachment....” Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. at 444 , 104 S.Ct. at 2509 n. 5; State v. Vigne, 820 So.2d at 539 .	3	30
State v. Nelsongreen la · 1984 · cited in 4 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1996–2014 2 sentences 2014Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984); State v. Nelson, 459 So.2d 510 (La.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1030 , 105 S.Ct. 2050 , 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985); State v. Clark, 499 So.2d 332 (La.App. 4th Cir.1986). 2000Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984); State v. Nelson, 459 So.2d 510 (La.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1030 , 105 S.Ct. 2050 , 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985); State v. Clark, 499 So.2d 332 (La.App. 4th Cir.1986).	2	4
Murray v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1988 · cited in 13 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2002–2025 2 sentences 2025The inevitable discovery doctrine “is in reality an extrapolation from the independent source doctrine: Because the tainted evidence would be admissible if in fact discovered through an independent source, it should be admissible if it inevitably would have been discovered.” Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 539 , 108 S.Ct. 2529, 2534 , 101 L.Ed.2d 472 (1988). 2025The inevitable discovery doctrine “is in reality an extrapolation from the independent source doctrine: Because the tainted evidence would be admissible if in fact discovered through an independent source, it should be admissible if it inevitably would have been discovered.” Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 539 , 108 S.Ct. 2529, 2534 , 101 L.Ed.2d 472 (1988).	1	13
State v. Leegreen la · 2008 · cited in 12 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2008–2025 2 sentences 2025In the case of State v. Lee, 05-2098 (La. 1/16/08), 976 So.2d 109, 127 , the Louisiana Supreme Court summarized the inevitable discovery doctrine as follows: One of the theories courts use in addressing “fruit of the poisonous tree” issues is the inevitable discovery rule. 2025In the case of State v. Lee, 05-2098 (La. 1/16/08), 976 So.2d 109, 127 , the Louisiana Supreme Court summarized the inevitable discovery doctrine as follows: One of the theories courts use in addressing “fruit of the poisonous tree” issues is the inevitable discovery rule.	1	12
State v. Vignegreen la · 2002 · cited in 10 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2006–2025 2 sentences 2025Application of the inevitable discovery doctrine thus “involves no speculative elements but focuses on demonstrated historical facts capable of ready verification or impeachment....” Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. at 444 , 104 S.Ct. at 2509 n. 5; State v. Vigne, 820 So.2d at 539 . 2025Application of the inevitable discovery doctrine thus “involves no speculative elements but focuses on demonstrated historical facts capable of ready verification or impeachment....” Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. at 444 , 104 S.Ct. at 2509 n. 5; State v. Vigne, 820 So.2d at 539 .	1	10
State v. Guygreen lactapp · 1991 · cited in 10 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1993–2020 2 sentences 2008These three jur-isprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine, [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991). 2002These Lthree jurisprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine. [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991).	1	10
State v. Clarkgreen lactapp · 1986 · cited in 4 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1992–2014 2 sentences 2014Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984); State v. Nelson, 459 So.2d 510 (La.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1030 , 105 S.Ct. 2050 , 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985); State v. Clark, 499 So.2d 332 (La.App. 4th Cir.1986). 2000Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984); State v. Nelson, 459 So.2d 510 (La.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1030 , 105 S.Ct. 2050 , 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985); State v. Clark, 499 So.2d 332 (La.App. 4th Cir.1986).	1	4
State v. Irbygreen lactapp · 1994 · cited in 4 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1995–2008 2 sentences 2008See also State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Irby, 93-2220 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/4/94) , 632 So.2d 801 . 2001See also State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Irby, 93-2220 (La.App. 4 Cir. 2/4/94) , 632 So.2d 801 .	1	4
Boyd v. North Carolinagreen scotus · 1985 · cited in 3 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1996–2014 2 sentences 2014Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984); State v. Nelson, 459 So.2d 510 (La.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1030 , 105 S.Ct. 2050 , 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985); State v. Clark, 499 So.2d 332 (La.App. 4th Cir.1986). 2000Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984); State v. Nelson, 459 So.2d 510 (La.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1030 , 105 S.Ct. 2050 , 85 L.Ed.2d 322 (1985); State v. Clark, 499 So.2d 332 (La.App. 4th Cir.1986).	1	3
State v. Jonesgreen lactapp · 2013 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2016–2017 2 sentences 2017State v. Jones, 12-0438, p. 21 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/13/13), 119 So.3d 9, 17 (citing State v. Martello, 98-2066, p. 13 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/17/99), 748 So.2d 1192, 1201 ). 2016On application for rehearing, we amended the opinion for clarification “to delete any suggestion that the search incident to arrest exception [wa]s applicable,” emphasizing that “the search incident to arrest exception does not apply here because the defendant .was handcuffed and downstairs.” Id., p. 20, 119 So.3d at 22-23 .	1	2
LK v. Reedgreen la · 1994 · cited in 2 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1995–1997 2 sentences 1997See also State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Irby, 93-2220 (La.App. 4th Cir. 2/4/94), 632 So.2d 801 , writ den. 94-0580 (La.4/29/94), 637 So.2d 461 . 1995See State v. Irby, 93-2220 (La.App. 4th Cir. 2/4/94) 632 So.2d 801 , writ denied, 94-0580 (La. 4/29/94) 637 So.2d 461 .	1	2
State v. Brockgreen la · 2017 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021 1 sentence 2021See State v. Brock, 2015- 2165 ( La. 2/ 24/ 17), 210 So. 3d 276 , 277 n. 1 ( per curiam) ("[ a] lthough, as the court of appeal reasoned, it is conceivable that an exception to the warrant requirement could apply in cases involving pharmacy records, the burden was on the S] tate to prove that an exception applied to the initial warrantless search.	1	1
State v. Edwardsgreen la · 1983 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019See United States v. Gant, 759 F.2d 484, 487-89 (5th Cir. 1985); State v. Vigne, 01-2940, p. 9 (La. 6/21/02), 820 So.2d 533, 539 (citing Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 444 , 104 S.Ct. 2501, 2509 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984)); State v. Edwards, 434 So.2d 395, 397 (La. 1983).	1	1
United States v. Richard Allen Gant, John Roger Casquilla, and Deborah Corrinne Schneidergreen ca5 · 1985 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019 1 sentence 2019See United States v. Gant, 759 F.2d 484, 487-89 (5th Cir. 1985); State v. Vigne, 01-2940, p. 9 (La. 6/21/02), 820 So.2d 533, 539 (citing Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 444 , 104 S.Ct. 2501, 2509 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984)); State v. Edwards, 434 So.2d 395, 397 (La. 1983).	1	1
United States v. Elder, Mark A.green ca7 · 2006 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2010–2010 1 sentence 2010See Murray v. United States, 487 U.S. 533, 539 , 108 S.Ct. 2529, 2534 , 101 L.Ed.2d 472 (1988)(“The inevitable discovery doctrine, with its distinct requirements, is in reality an extrapolation from the independent source doctrine: Since the tainted evidence would be admissible if in fact discovered through an independent source, it should be admissible if it inevitably would have been discovered.”); see also United States v. Elder, 466 F.3d 1090, 1091 (7th Cir.2006)(“The usual understanding of that doctrine is that the exclusionary rule should not be applied when all the steps required to obt	1	1
State v. Jamesgreen lactapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008	1	1
State v. Drakegreen la · 1999 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005	1	1
State v. Drakegreen lactapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005	1	1
State v. Melbertgreen lactapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001	1	1
State v. Shiversgreen la · 1977 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001	1	1
State v. Cookgreen lactapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001	1	1
State v. Knappergreen lactapp · 1993 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999	1	1
State v. Harrisgreen lactapp · 1987 · cited in 1 Louisiana opinions naming this issue, 1992–1992	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Louisiana. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (18)

Case	Cited	Years
United States v. Crews green scotus · 1980 2 sentences 2008These three jur-isprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine, [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991). 2008These three jur-isprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine, [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991).	18	1991–2020
Bush v. Winn-Dixie of Louisiana, Inc. green la · 1991 2 sentences 2008These three jur-isprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine, [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991). 2002These Lthree jurisprudentially created doctrines which prevent the suppression of evidence are: (1) the independent source doctrine, (2) the inevitable discovery doctrine, and (3) the attenuation doctrine. [footnote omitted] Wong Sun v. U.S., 371 U.S. 471, 487 , 83 S.Ct. 407, 417 , 9 L.Ed.2d 441, 455 (1963); U.S. v. Crews, 445 U.S. 463 , 100 S.Ct. 1244 , 63 L.Ed.2d 537 (1980); State v. Welch, 449 So.2d 468 (La.1984); State v. Guy, 575 So.2d 429 (La.App. 4 Cir.1991), writ denied 578 So.2d 930 (La.1991).	6	1993–2012
State v. Jones green lactapp · 1998 2 sentences 2013State v. Martello, 98-2066, p. 13 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/17/99), 748 So.2d 1192, 1201 ; State v. Jones, 98-0963, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/24/98), 720 So.2d 1, 5 . 1999For a discussion of the doctrine of inevitable discovery, see State v. Jones, 98-0963, pp. 7-8 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/24/98), 720 So.2d 1 .	3	1999–2013
State v. Martello green lactapp · 1999 2 sentences 2017State v. Jones, 12-0438, p. 21 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/13/13), 119 So.3d 9, 17 (citing State v. Martello, 98-2066, p. 13 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/17/99), 748 So.2d 1192, 1201 ). 2013State v. Martello, 98-2066, p. 13 (La.App. 4 Cir. 11/17/99), 748 So.2d 1192, 1201 ; State v. Jones, 98-0963, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/24/98), 720 So.2d 1, 5 .	2	2013–2017
State v. Tassin neutral lactapp · 2000 2 sentences 2008Thus, the Court was presumably aware of Belton at the time Zito was handed down. [3] This Court further held that "the search could not be justified under the exception for a vehicular inventory search because there was no indication that steps to impound defendant's vehicle were considered." Tassin, 758 So.2d at 354 . 2005"In Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 446-47 , 104 S.Ct. 2501, 2510-11 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984), the [United States] Supreme Court held that the exclusionary rule does not apply when the State proves that the unconstitutionally obtained evidence would inevitably have been found in a constitutional manner." State v. Tassin, 99-1692, p. 4 (La.App. 4 Cir. 3/15/00), 758 So.2d 351, 354 .	2	2005–2008
State v. Guidry green lactapp · 2004 1 sentence 2017In State v. Guidry , 03-625 (La.App. 5 Cir. 1/27/04) , 866 So.2d 944 , the trial court granted the defendant's motion to suppress based on a defective warrant.	1	2017–2017
State v. Hill green la · 1998 1 sentence 2017State v. Hill , 97-2551 (La. 11/6/98), 725 So.2d 1282 .	1	2017–2017
State v. McGraw green lactapp · 2008 1 sentence 2016Inevitable Discovery Doctrine In State v. McGraw, 43,778 (La.App.2d Cir.12/10/08), 1 So.3d 645 , writ denied, 09-0317 (La.11/6/09), 21 So.3d 297 , this court stated that, under the inevitable discovery doctrine, evidence found as a result of a violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights would be admissible if the prosecution can establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the information ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered, citing Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984).	1	2016–2016
State v. Dotie green la · 2009 1 sentence 2016Inevitable Discovery Doctrine In State v. McGraw, 43,778 (La.App.2d Cir.12/10/08), 1 So.3d 645 , writ denied, 09-0317 (La.11/6/09), 21 So.3d 297 , this court stated that, under the inevitable discovery doctrine, evidence found as a result of a violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights would be admissible if the prosecution can establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the information ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered, citing Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 , 104 S.Ct. 2501 , 81 L.Ed.2d 377 (1984).	1	2016–2016
State v. Fournette green lactapp · 2008 1 sentence 2013This Court thus held “because the warrant was not based upon any information gleaned from the illegal entry, it was not tainted by that entry, and the inevitable discovery doctrine would apply in this case if the search warrant was lawfully issued.” Id.	1	2013–2013
State v. Flores green la · 2010 1 sentence 2013Id. at p. 3, 37 So.3d at 998 .	1	2013–2013
State v. Morton green lactapp · 2008 1 sentence 2009Morion, 08-164 at 9-10, 993 So.2d at 658 .	1	2009–2009
State v. Scull green lactapp · 1994 1 sentence 2008This court has held that a "trial court is vested with great discretion when ruling on motion to suppress." State v. Scull, 93-2360, p. 9 (La.App. 4 Cir. 6/30/94), 639 So.2d 1239, 1245 .	1	2008–2008
Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States green scotus · 1920	1	2001–2001
State v. Fisher green la · 1998	1	2000–2000
State v. Knapper neutral la · 1994	1	1999–1999
State v. Rodriguez neutral la · 1995	1	1997–1997
State v. Stokes green la · 1987	1	1992–1992

Statutes the citing opinions construe

LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:967 (15) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:95.1 (8) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:30.1 (7) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 40:966 (7) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 15:438 (5) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:24 (4) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 3 (4) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:10 (3) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 14:108.1 (3) LA § La. Rev. Stat. § 15:301.1 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 125 (1985–2026) OH 111 (1984–2026) CA 101 (1978–2026) NJ 85 (1979–2026) FL 75 (1983–2025) IL 74 (1980–2026) NY 67 (1975–2024) LA 62 (1984–2025) WA 60 (1982–2024) TX 58 (1981–2025) VA 51 (1986–2026) MI 48 (1978–2026) OR 45 (1976–2025) MA 42 (1985–2025) GA 40 (1999–2025) CT 37 (1986–2021) AZ 35 (1978–2025) ID 33 (1984–2026) NM 32 (1980–2023) KS 29 (1989–2022) WI 28 (1988–2026) MO 28 (1984–2025) TN 28 (1983–2026) NC 25 (1992–2024) IN 25 (1988–2018) MD 25 (1980–2025) ND 24 (1980–2023) MN 23 (1980–2024) CO 22 (1983–2025) IA 21 (1979–2025) DE 20 (1981–2026) UT 20 (1991–2025) AL 18 (1986–2026) DC 18 (1978–2025) ME 17 (1980–2025) NE 16 (1984–2024) SC 15 (2006–2024) MT 13 (2000–2020) AK 11 (1982–2008) WV 11 (2002–2024) SD 10 (1984–2024) KY 9 (2002–2024) HI 9 (1995–2023) NV 6 (1982–2024) NH 6 (1979–2021) OK 6 (1994–2023) MS 6 (2002–2026) AR 5 (1988–2019) RI 4 (2004–2024) VT 2 (2007–2007) WY 2 (2003–2022)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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