53 Connecticut opinions name it 3 courts 1982–2026 4 in the last five years
The cases below were cited by Connecticut courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.
| Case | Followed | Cited |
|---|---|---|
State v. Ellisgreen2 sentences2020See State v. Ellis, 270 Conn. 337, 376 , 852 A.2d 676 (2004) ([i]t is the defendant’s burden on appeal to show that joinder was improper by proving substantial prejudice that could not be cured by the trial court’s instructions to the jury . . .).’’ (Emphasis omitted; internal quota- tion marks omitted.) State v. Payne, 303 Conn. 538 , 550 n.11, 34 A.3d 370 (2012). ‘‘Substantial prejudice does not necessarily result from [joinder] even [if the] evidence of one offense would not have been admissible at a separate trial involving the second offense. . . . 2020See State v. Ellis, 270 Conn. 337, 376 , 852 A.2d 676 (2004) ([i]t is the defendant’s burden on appeal to show that joinder was improper by proving substantial prejudice that could not be cured by the trial court’s instructions to the jury . . .).’’ (Emphasis omitted; internal quota- tion marks omitted.) State v. Payne, 303 Conn. 538 , 550 n.11, 34 A.3d 370 (2012). ‘‘Substantial prejudice does not necessarily result from [joinder] even [if the] evidence of one offense would not have been admissible at a separate trial involving the second offense. . . . | 5 | 5 |
Cleary v. Zoning Boardgreen2 sentences1994Krupa v. Farmington River power Co. , supra, 147 Conn. 153 , 156 . "[T]he inference of intent to waive must be based upon reasonably clear evidence." Advest Credit Corp. v. Pellicci's, Inc. , Superior Court, judicial district of Stamford/Norwalk at Stamford, Docket No. 09 39 00 (April 4, 1991, Mottolese, J.). "`The party claiming waiver has the burden of proving the claim.'" Connecticut National Bank v. Swanney Toyota , 8 CSCR 692 (June 9, 1993, Sullivan, J.), quoting Cleary v. Zoning Board , 153 Conn. 513 , 518 , 218 A.2d 523 (1966). 1994Krupa v. Farmington River power Co. , supra, 147 Conn. 153 , 156 . "[T]he inference of intent to waive must be based upon reasonably clear evidence." Advest Credit Corp. v. Pellicci's, Inc. , Superior Court, judicial district of Stamford/Norwalk at Stamford, Docket No. 09 39 00 (April 4, 1991, Mottolese, J.). "`The party claiming waiver has the burden of proving the claim.'" Connecticut National Bank v. Swanney Toyota , 8 CSCR 692 (June 9, 1993, Sullivan, J.), quoting Cleary v. Zoning Board , 153 Conn. 513 , 518 , 218 A.2d 523 (1966). | 1 | 3 |
O & G Industries, Inc. v. American Home Assurance Co.green1 sentence2024See O & G Industries, Inc. v. American Home Assurance Co., 204 Conn. App. 614 , 625, 254 A.3d 955 (2021) (‘‘defendant must prove the allegations in its special defenses by a fair prepon- derance of the evidence in a civil trial’’). | 1 | 1 |
Manning v. Michaelgreen2 sentences2009See Manning v. Michael, 188 Conn. 607, 618 , 452 A.2d 1157 (1982) (affirming trial court conclusion that defendant failed to meet burden of establishing he acted in self-defense). 2009See Manning v. Michael, 188 Conn. 607, 618 , 452 A.2d 1157 (1982) (affirming trial court conclusion that defendant failed to meet burden of establishing he acted in self-defense). | 1 | 1 |
| United States v. Columbus Country Clubgreen | 1 | 1 |
| Harty v. Eagle Indemnity Co.green | 1 | 1 |
| Case | Negative | Cited |
|---|---|---|
| No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Connecticut. Read the followed side critically anyway. | ||
| Case | Cited | Years |
|---|---|---|
Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services
green
2 sentences2000Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.’ ” Id., quoting Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990). 2000Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.’ ” Id., quoting Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990). | 10 | 1992–2000 |
State v. Payne
green
2 sentences2012In Payne , however, the court concluded that “[djespite our reallocation of the burden when the trial court is faced with the question of joinder of cases for trial, the defendant’s burden of proving error on appeal when we review the trial court’s order of joinder remains the same.” Id., 550 n.ll. 2012In Payne , however, the court concluded that “[djespite our reallocation of the burden when the trial court is faced with the question of joinder of cases for trial, the defendant’s burden of proving error on appeal when we review the trial court’s order of joinder remains the same.” Id., 550 n.11. | 3 | 2012–2020 |
Oxford Tire Supply, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services
green
2 sentences2002Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.” Oxford Tire Supply, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 253 Conn. 683, 690 , 755 A.2d 850 (2000). 2002Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.” Oxford Tire Supply, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 253 Conn. 683, 690 , 755 A.2d 850 (2000). | 3 | 2001–2002 |
Petco Insulation Co. v. Crystal
green
2 sentences2000Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.’ ” Id., quoting Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990). 2000Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.'" Id., quoting Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services , 213 Conn. 365 , 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990). | 3 | 1999–2000 |
New England Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services
green
2 sentences2003It is well established that “the burden of proving an error in a deficiency assessment is on the plaintiff . . . .” (Citations omitted.) New England Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 198 Conn. 624, 634 , 504 A.2d 506 (1986); see H. 2003It is well established that “the burden of proving an error in a deficiency assessment is on the plaintiff . . . .” (Citations omitted.) New England Yacht Sales, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 198 Conn. 624, 634 , 504 A.2d 506 (1986); see H. | 2 | 1995–2003 |
Cimochowski v. Hartford Public Schools
green
2 sentences2003Accordingly, the employee has the burden of proving a violation of important public policy." (Citations omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Cimochowski v. Hartford Public Schools , 261 Conn. 287 , 306 , 802 A.2d 800 (2002). 2003Accordingly, the employee has the burden of proving a violation of important public policy." (Citations omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Cimochowski v. Hartford Public Schools , 261 Conn. 287 , 306 , 802 A.2d 800 (2002). | 2 | 2003–2003 |
United Church of Christ v. Town of West Hartford
green
2 sentences2000Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990); United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo, 220 Conn. 749, 752-53 , 601 A.2d 1005 (1992); United Church of Christ v. West Hartford, 206 Conn. 711, 718-19 , 539 A.2d 573 (1988).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Common Fund v. Fairfield, 228 Conn. 375, 380-81 , 636 A.2d 795 (1994). 1994Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.” Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990); United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo, 220 Conn. 749, 752-53 , 601 A.2d 1005 (1992); United Church of Christ v. West Hartford, 206 Conn. 711, 718-19 , 539 A.2d 523 (1988). | 2 | 1994–2000 |
United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo
green
2 sentences1994Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.” Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990); United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo, 220 Conn. 749, 752-53 , 601 A.2d 1005 (1992); United Church of Christ v. West Hartford, 206 Conn. 711, 718-19 , 539 A.2d 523 (1988). 1994Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.” Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990); United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo, 220 Conn. 749, 752-53 , 601 A.2d 1005 (1992); United Church of Christ v. West Hartford, 206 Conn. 711, 718-19 , 539 A.2d 523 (1988). | 2 | 1994–2000 |
Old Farms Associates v. Commissioner of Revenue Services
green
2 sentences2026See General Statutes § 12-391 (h) (1); see also Alexandre v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, supra, 577 (“[i]t is well established that the burden of proving an error in a deficiency assessment is on the plaintiff” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Old Farms Associates v. Com- missioner of Revenue Services, 279 Conn. 465, 481 n.13, 903 A.2d 152 (2006) (taxpayer challenging assessment of property bears burden of establishing that property was overassessed). 2026See General Statutes § 12-391 (h) (1); see also Alexandre v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, supra, 577 (“[i]t is well established that the burden of proving an error in a deficiency assessment is on the plaintiff” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Old Farms Associates v. Com- missioner of Revenue Services, 279 Conn. 465, 481 n.13, 903 A.2d 152 (2006) (taxpayer challenging assessment of property bears burden of establishing that property was overassessed). | 1 | 2026–2026 |
Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services
green
2 sentences2025Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 297 Conn. 540, 547 , 1 A.3d 1033 (2010). 2025Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 297 Conn. 540, 547 , 1 A.3d 1033 (2010). | 1 | 2025–2025 |
State v. Aviles
green
2 sentences2024In support of her claim on appeal, the defendant first argues that the court should have held the plaintiff to the burden of proving its claim by a fair preponderance of the evidence15 but, instead, improperly applied a 15 Proof by a preponderance of the evidence means, after a consideration of all the evidence fairly and impartially, there is enough evidence to produce ‘‘a reasonable belief that what is sought to be proven is more likely true than not true.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Aviles, 277 Conn. 281, 317 , 891 A.2d 935 , cert. denied, 549 U.S. 840 , 127 S. Ct. 108 , 2024In support of her claim on appeal, the defendant first argues that the court should have held the plaintiff to the burden of proving its claim by a fair preponderance of the evidence15 but, instead, improperly applied a 15 Proof by a preponderance of the evidence means, after a consideration of all the evidence fairly and impartially, there is enough evidence to produce ‘‘a reasonable belief that what is sought to be proven is more likely true than not true.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Aviles, 277 Conn. 281, 317 , 891 A.2d 935 , cert. denied, 549 U.S. 840 , 127 S. Ct. 108 , | 1 | 2024–2024 |
Stephenson v. Comm'r of Corr.
neutral
1 sentence2020The defendant bears a heavy burden of showing that [joinder] resulted in sub- stantial injustice, and that any resulting prejudice was beyond the curative power of the court’s instructions.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. McKethan, 184 Conn. App. 187 , 194–95, 194 A.3d 293 , cert. denied, 330 Conn. 931 , 194 A.3d 779 (2018). ‘‘Despite our reallo- cation of the burden when the trial court is faced with the question of joinder of cases for trial, the defendant’s burden of proving error on appeal when we review the trial court’s order of joinder remains the same. | 1 | 2020–2020 |
State v. McKethan
green
2 sentences2020The defendant bears a heavy burden of showing that [joinder] resulted in sub- stantial injustice, and that any resulting prejudice was beyond the curative power of the court’s instructions.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. McKethan, 184 Conn. App. 187 , 194–95, 194 A.3d 293 , cert. denied, 330 Conn. 931 , 194 A.3d 779 (2018). ‘‘Despite our reallo- cation of the burden when the trial court is faced with the question of joinder of cases for trial, the defendant’s burden of proving error on appeal when we review the trial court’s order of joinder remains the same. 2020The defendant bears a heavy burden of showing that [joinder] resulted in sub- stantial injustice, and that any resulting prejudice was beyond the curative power of the court’s instructions.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. McKethan, 184 Conn. App. 187 , 194–95, 194 A.3d 293 , cert. denied, 330 Conn. 931 , 194 A.3d 779 (2018). ‘‘Despite our reallo- cation of the burden when the trial court is faced with the question of joinder of cases for trial, the defendant’s burden of proving error on appeal when we review the trial court’s order of joinder remains the same. | 1 | 2020–2020 |
United States v. Cronic
green
2 sentences2019"If the exceptional circumstances are present, then the holding of United States v. Cronic , 466 U.S. 648 , 659, 104 S.Ct. 2039 , 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984), controls, and a habeas petitioner is relieved of the burden of proving that defense counsel's concessions actually prejudiced the petitioner." The habeas court determined that the Cronic exception applies only when counsel entirely fails to function as an advocate and does not subject the state's case to meaningful adversarial testing. 2019"If the exceptional circumstances are present, then the holding of United States v. Cronic , 466 U.S. 648 , 659, 104 S.Ct. 2039 , 80 L.Ed.2d 657 (1984), controls, and a habeas petitioner is relieved of the burden of proving that defense counsel's concessions actually prejudiced the petitioner." The habeas court determined that the Cronic exception applies only when counsel entirely fails to function as an advocate and does not subject the state's case to meaningful adversarial testing. | 1 | 2019–2019 |
State v. Bree
green
2 sentences2013See State v. Ellis, 270 Conn. 337, 376 , 852 A.2d 676 (2004) ([i]t is the defendant’s burden on appeal to show that joinder was improper by proving substantial prejudice that could not be cured by the trial court’s instructions to the jury . . - .).” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Payne, supra, 303 Conn. 550 n.11 ; see also State v. LaFleur, 307 Conn. 115 , 157-58, 51 A.3d 1048 (2012); State v. Wilson, supra, 142 Conn. App. 801 ; State v. Bree, 136 Conn. App. 1, 9 , 43 A.3d 793 , cert. denied, 305 Conn. 926 , 47 A.3d 885 (2012). 2013See State v. Ellis, 270 Conn. 337, 376 , 852 A.2d 676 (2004) ([i]t is the defendant’s burden on appeal to show that joinder was improper by proving substantial prejudice that could not be cured by the trial court’s instructions to the jury . . - .).” (Emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Payne, supra, 303 Conn. 550 n.11 ; see also State v. LaFleur, 307 Conn. 115 , 157-58, 51 A.3d 1048 (2012); State v. Wilson, supra, 142 Conn. App. 801 ; State v. Bree, 136 Conn. App. 1, 9 , 43 A.3d 793 , cert. denied, 305 Conn. 926 , 47 A.3d 885 (2012). | 1 | 2013–2013 |
Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Pamela Law
green
2 sentences2010Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Law, 291 Conn. 525 , 532 n.8, 970 A.2d 57 (2009). 2010Third, the taxpayer must bear the burden of proving the error in an adverse assessment concerning an exemption.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Law, 291 Conn. 525 , 532 n.8, 970 A.2d 57 (2009). | 1 | 2010–2010 |
Thibodeau v. Design Group One Architects, LLC
green
2 sentences2003"In evaluating claims, [the court] look[s] to see whether the plaintiff has . . . alleged that his discharge violated any explicit statutory or constitutional provision . . . or whether, he alleged that his dismissal contravened any judicially conceived notion of public policy." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Thibodeau v. Design Group One Architects, LLC , 260 Conn. 691 , 699 , 802 A.2d 731 (2002). 2003"In evaluating claims, [the court] look[s] to see whether the plaintiff has . . . alleged that his discharge violated any explicit statutory or constitutional provision . . . or whether, he alleged that his dismissal contravened any judicially conceived notion of public policy." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Thibodeau v. Design Group One Architects, LLC , 260 Conn. 691 , 699 , 802 A.2d 731 (2002). | 1 | 2003–2003 |
Farmers & Mechanics Bank v. Kneller
green
1 sentence2003Farmers Mechanics Bank v. Kneller , 40 Conn. App. 115 , 125 (1996). | 1 | 2003–2003 |
Morris v. Hartford Courant Co.
green
1 sentence2002Id., 679 and n.2. | 1 | 2002–2002 |
Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Canaan Oil Co.
green
2 sentences2001Antignani v. Britt Airways, Inc ., 58 Conn. App. 109 , 114 , 753 A.2d 366 , cert. denied, 254 Conn. 911 , 759 A.2d 504 (2000), citing Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Canaan Oil Co ., 202 Conn. 234 , 237 , 520 A.2d 1008 (1987); see also Practice Book § 10-50 ; Pagani v. BT II, Ltd. 2001Antignani v. Britt Airways, Inc ., 58 Conn. App. 109 , 114 , 753 A.2d 366 , cert. denied, 254 Conn. 911 , 759 A.2d 504 (2000), citing Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Canaan Oil Co ., 202 Conn. 234 , 237 , 520 A.2d 1008 (1987); see also Practice Book § 10-50 ; Pagani v. BT II, Ltd. | 1 | 2001–2001 |
Antignani v. Britt Airways, Inc.
green
2 sentences2001Antignani v. Britt Airways, Inc ., 58 Conn. App. 109 , 114 , 753 A.2d 366 , cert. denied, 254 Conn. 911 , 759 A.2d 504 (2000), citing Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Canaan Oil Co ., 202 Conn. 234 , 237 , 520 A.2d 1008 (1987); see also Practice Book § 10-50 ; Pagani v. BT II, Ltd. 2001Antignani v. Britt Airways, Inc ., 58 Conn. App. 109 , 114 , 753 A.2d 366 , cert. denied, 254 Conn. 911 , 759 A.2d 504 (2000), citing Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Canaan Oil Co ., 202 Conn. 234 , 237 , 520 A.2d 1008 (1987); see also Practice Book § 10-50 ; Pagani v. BT II, Ltd. | 1 | 2001–2001 |
Fenton v. Connecticut Hospital Ass'n Workers' Compensation Trust
green
2 sentences2001Antignani v. Britt Airways, Inc ., 58 Conn. App. 109 , 114 , 753 A.2d 366 , cert. denied, 254 Conn. 911 , 759 A.2d 504 (2000), citing Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Canaan Oil Co ., 202 Conn. 234 , 237 , 520 A.2d 1008 (1987); see also Practice Book § 10-50 ; Pagani v. BT II, Ltd. 2001Antignani v. Britt Airways, Inc ., 58 Conn. App. 109 , 114 , 753 A.2d 366 , cert. denied, 254 Conn. 911 , 759 A.2d 504 (2000), citing Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Canaan Oil Co ., 202 Conn. 234 , 237 , 520 A.2d 1008 (1987); see also Practice Book § 10-50 ; Pagani v. BT II, Ltd. | 1 | 2001–2001 |
Common Fund v. Town of Fairfield
green
2 sentences2000Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990); United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo, 220 Conn. 749, 752-53 , 601 A.2d 1005 (1992); United Church of Christ v. West Hartford, 206 Conn. 711, 718-19 , 539 A.2d 573 (1988).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Common Fund v. Fairfield, 228 Conn. 375, 380-81 , 636 A.2d 795 (1994). 2000Plastic Tooling Aids Laboratory, Inc. v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 213 Conn. 365, 369 , 567 A.2d 1218 (1990); United Illuminating Co. v. Groppo, 220 Conn. 749, 752-53 , 601 A.2d 1005 (1992); United Church of Christ v. West Hartford, 206 Conn. 711, 718-19 , 539 A.2d 573 (1988).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Common Fund v. Fairfield, 228 Conn. 375, 380-81 , 636 A.2d 795 (1994). | 1 | 2000–2000 |
Rich-Taubman Associates v. Commissioner of Revenue Services
green
2 sentences1998Furthermore, “[i]t is axiomatic that a statute, even one providing for a tax exemption, should not be construed to effectuate a bizarre or irrational result.” Rich-Taubman Associates v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 236 Conn. 613, 621 , 674 A.2d 805 (1996). 1998Furthermore, “[i]t is axiomatic that a statute, even one providing for a tax exemption, should not be construed to effectuate a bizarre or irrational result.” Rich-Taubman Associates v. Commissioner of Revenue Services, 236 Conn. 613, 621 , 674 A.2d 805 (1996). | 1 | 1998–1998 |
Capozzi v. Luciano
green
1 sentence1998Capozzi v. Luciano, 174 Conn. 170 , 173 (1978). | 1 | 1998–1998 |
Young v. American Fidelity Ins. Co.
green
2 sentences1997Young v. American Fidelity Insurance Co., 2 Conn. App. 282 , 286 , 479 A.2d 244 (1984). 1997Young v. American Fidelity Insurance Co., 2 Conn. App. 282 , 286 , 479 A.2d 244 (1984). | 1 | 1997–1997 |
| Berin v. Olson green | 1 | 1996–1996 |
| Vigorito v. Allard green | 1 | 1995–1995 |
| Budlong v. Nadeau green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| State v. Hamilton green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| State v. Ong green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Menard & Co. Masonry Building Contractors v. Marshall Building Systems, Inc. green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Connecticut National Bank v. Swanney Toyota, No. 506919 (Jun. 9, 1993) neutral | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Krupa v. Farmington River Power Co. green | 1 | 1994–1994 |
| Tomasso Bros. v. October Twenty-Four, Inc. green | 1 | 1993–1993 |
| City of Hartford v. Freedom of Information Commission green | 1 | 1992–1992 |
| H. B. Sanson, Inc. v. Tax Commissioner green | 1 | 1991–1991 |
| Scovil v. Planning & Zoning Commission green | 1 | 1991–1991 |
| Harper v. Tax Commissioner green | 1 | 1990–1990 |
| Stop 'N Save, Inc. v. Department of Revenue Services green | 1 | 1990–1990 |
Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.
Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.