blood alcohol test (Illinois) · Go Syfert
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blood alcohol test in Illinois

94 Illinois opinions name it 2 courts 1972–2024 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Illinois courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (24)

CaseFollowedCited
People v. Wegielnikgreen
ill · 1992 · cited in 13 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1993–2006
2 sentences

2006Further, in looking at this state’s consent statute (625 ILCS 5/11— 501.1 (West 2002)), our supreme court has stated the following: “The implied-consent statute serves the legislative purpose of promoting highway safety by assisting in the determination of whether drivers suspected of intoxication are in fact under the influence of alcohol. [Citation.] The threat of summary suspension for refusing to take a blood-alcohol test motivates drivers to take the test, thereby allowing the State to obtain objective evidence of intoxication.” People v. Wegielnik, 152 Ill. 2d 418, 425 , 605 N.E.2d 487,

2006Further, in looking at this state’s consent statute (625 ILCS 5/11— 501.1 (West 2002)), our supreme court has stated the following: “The implied-consent statute serves the legislative purpose of promoting highway safety by assisting in the determination of whether drivers suspected of intoxication are in fact under the influence of alcohol. [Citation.] The threat of summary suspension for refusing to take a blood-alcohol test motivates drivers to take the test, thereby allowing the State to obtain objective evidence of intoxication.” People v. Wegielnik, 152 Ill. 2d 418, 425 , 605 N.E.2d 487,

513
People v. Espositogreen
ill · 1988 · cited in 5 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1992–1998
2 sentences

1998See also People v. Esposito, 121 Ill. 2d 491, 510 (1988); 7A Am.

1998See also People v. Esposito , 121 Ill. 2d 491, 510 (1988); 7A Am.

25
People v. Coffingreen
illappct · 1999 · cited in 3 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2008
2 sentences

2008App. 3d 595, 598-600 , 712 N.E.2d 909, 911-12 (1999) (holding that the State is not estopped from using the result of a blood-alcohol test performed on a blood sample obtained in a hospital emergency room to prosecute the defendant for DUI even though the State previously used the defendant's refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test to obtain summary suspension of his driver's license as the positions taken by the State were not factually inconsistent).

2008App. 3d 595, 598-600 , 712 N.E.2d 909, 911-12 (1999) (holding that the State is not estopped from using the result of a blood-alcohol test performed on a blood sample obtained in a hospital emergency room to prosecute the defendant for DUI even though the State previously used the defendant’s refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test to obtain summary suspension of his driver’s license as the positions taken by the State were not factually inconsistent).

23
People v. Eghangreen
illappct · 2003 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016Compare People v. Eghan, 344 Ill.

2016Compare People v. Eghan, 344 Ill.

22
People v. Careygreen
illappct · 2008 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011To the extent that defendant argues that the toxicology results of his blood and urine tests should have been suppressed because they were obtained after his arrest in the absence of Miranda warnings, we reiterate that "police inquiry into whether a suspect would submit to a blood-alcohol test [is] not interrogation within the meaning of Miranda . " People v. Bell, 261 Ill.App.3d 980, 981 , 202 Ill.Dec. 559 , 638 N.E.2d 205, 206 (1994); see also People v. Carey, 386 Ill.App.3d 254, 267 , 325 Ill.Dec. 848 , 898 N.E.2d 1127, 1139 (2008) (results of a State-compelled blood-alcohol test constitute

2011To the extent that defendant argues that the toxicology results of his blood and urine tests should have been suppressed because they were obtained after his arrest in the absence of Miranda warnings, we reiterate that "police inquiry into whether a suspect would submit to a blood-alcohol test [is] not interrogation within the meaning of Miranda . " People v. Bell, 261 Ill.App.3d 980, 981 , 202 Ill.Dec. 559 , 638 N.E.2d 205, 206 (1994); see also People v. Carey, 386 Ill.App.3d 254, 267 , 325 Ill.Dec. 848 , 898 N.E.2d 1127, 1139 (2008) (results of a State-compelled blood-alcohol test constitute

22
People v. Bellgreen
illappct · 1994 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
2 sentences

2011To the extent that defendant argues that the toxicology results of his blood and urine tests should have been suppressed because they were obtained after his arrest in the absence of Miranda warnings, we reiterate that "police inquiry into whether a suspect would submit to a blood-alcohol test [is] not interrogation within the meaning of Miranda . " People v. Bell, 261 Ill.App.3d 980, 981 , 202 Ill.Dec. 559 , 638 N.E.2d 205, 206 (1994); see also People v. Carey, 386 Ill.App.3d 254, 267 , 325 Ill.Dec. 848 , 898 N.E.2d 1127, 1139 (2008) (results of a State-compelled blood-alcohol test constitute

2011To the extent that defendant argues that the toxicology results of his blood and urine tests should have been suppressed because they were obtained after his arrest in the absence of Miranda warnings, we reiterate that "police inquiry into whether a suspect would submit to a blood-alcohol test [is] not interrogation within the meaning of Miranda . " People v. Bell, 261 Ill.App.3d 980, 981 , 202 Ill.Dec. 559 , 638 N.E.2d 205, 206 (1994); see also People v. Carey, 386 Ill.App.3d 254, 267 , 325 Ill.Dec. 848 , 898 N.E.2d 1127, 1139 (2008) (results of a State-compelled blood-alcohol test constitute

22
People v. Millergreen
illappct · 1988 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
2 sentences

2005See People v. Miller , 166 Ill.

2005See People v. Miller, 166 Ill.

22
People v. Gayfieldgreen
illappct · 1994 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002App. 3d at 598 (holding that the State is not estopped from using results of a blood-alcohol test performed on blood sample obtained in a hospital emergency room to prosecute the defendant for DUI, even though the State previously used defendant’s refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test to obtain summary suspension of driver’s license; the positions taken by the State were not factually inconsistent); People v. Gayfield, 261 Ill.

2002App.3d at 598 , 238 Ill.Dec. 805 , 712 N.E.2d 909 (holding that the State is not estopped from using results of a blood-alcohol test performed on blood sample obtained in a hospital emergency room to prosecute the defendant for DUI, even though the State previously used defendant's refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test to obtain summary suspension of driver's license; the positions taken by the State were not factually inconsistent); People v. Gayfield, 261 Ill.App.3d 379, 386 , 199 Ill.Dec. 123 , 633 N.E.2d 919 (1994) (holding that the State did not take contradictory positions in two pro

22
People v. Wisbrockgreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002App.3d at 598 , 238 Ill.Dec. 805 , 712 N.E.2d 909 (holding that the State is not estopped from using results of a blood-alcohol test performed on blood sample obtained in a hospital emergency room to prosecute the defendant for DUI, even though the State previously used defendant's refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test to obtain summary suspension of driver's license; the positions taken by the State were not factually inconsistent); People v. Gayfield, 261 Ill.App.3d 379, 386 , 199 Ill.Dec. 123 , 633 N.E.2d 919 (1994) (holding that the State did not take contradictory positions in two pro

2002App.3d at 598 , 238 Ill.Dec. 805 , 712 N.E.2d 909 (holding that the State is not estopped from using results of a blood-alcohol test performed on blood sample obtained in a hospital emergency room to prosecute the defendant for DUI, even though the State previously used defendant's refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test to obtain summary suspension of driver's license; the positions taken by the State were not factually inconsistent); People v. Gayfield, 261 Ill.App.3d 379, 386 , 199 Ill.Dec. 123 , 633 N.E.2d 919 (1994) (holding that the State did not take contradictory positions in two pro

22
People v. Wilbergreen
illappct · 1996 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
2 sentences

2000See People v. Wilber , 279 Ill.

2000See People v. Wilber, 279 Ill.

22
Marshall v. Osborngreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1998–1998
2 sentences

1998See Marshall , 213 Ill.

1998See Marshall, 213 Ill.

22
South Dakota v. Nevillegreen
scotus · 1983 · cited in 10 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1983–1994
2 sentences

1992Ed. 2d at 760 , 103 S. Ct. at 923 .) Due process does not require that police warn drivers of the consequences of refusing to take a blood-alcohol test pursuant to an implied-consent statute.

1990Ed. 2d 748, 759 , 103 S. Ct. 916, 923 ; People v. Rolfingsmeyer (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 137, 142 .) The Neville Court specifically stated that a police officer’s inquiry as to whether a defendant will take a blood-alcohol test is not an interrogation within the context of Miranda.

110
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusettsgreen
scotus · 2009 · cited in 4 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2012–2015
2 sentences

2013Second, Justice Thomas, a deciding vote, wrote a concurrence distancing himself from consideration of the purpose of the out-of-court statement and repeating his prior position that the confrontation clause is implicated only by extrajudicial statements “ ‘contained in formalized testimonial materials.’ ” Id. at 329 (Thomas, J., concurring) (quoting White v. Illinois, 502 U.S. 346, 365 (1992) (Thomas, J., concurring in part and concurring in the judgment, joined by Scalia, J.)). ¶ 53 In Bullcoming v. New Mexico, 564 U.S. ___ , 131 S. Ct. 2705 (2011), the Supreme Court considered whether a defe

2012Id. at ___ n.6, 131 S. Ct. at 2714 n.6. ¶ 109 As applied to the facts of this case, the blood-alcohol test results were testimonial in nature because the report was “created solely for an ‘evidentiary purpose’ *** in aid of a police investigation.” Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2717 (quoting Melendez-Diaz, 557 U.S. at ___ , 129 S. Ct. at 2532 ).

14
People v. Fortneygreen
illappct · 1998 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2018–2019
2 sentences

2019App. 3d at 540 (quoting People v. Fortney, 297 Ill.

2018App. 3d at 540 , 325 Ill.Dec. 599 , 898 N.E.2d 646 (quoting People v. Fortney , 297 Ill.

12
People v. Steppangreen
ill · 1985 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2018–2019
2 sentences

2019App. 3d at 678 (citing People v. Steppan, 105 Ill. 2d 310, 316 (1985)). ¶ 30 In keeping with Ernst and the language of section 11-501.4-1, we find no error in Trooper Krzysiak’s consideration of the results of the hospital’s blood alcohol test in determining whether there were reasonable grounds to believe defendant was driving under the influence of alcohol.

2018App. 3d at 678 , 244 Ill.Dec. 264 , 725 N.E.2d 59 (citing People v. Steppan , 105 Ill. 2d 310 , 316, 85 Ill.Dec. 495 , 473 N.E.2d 1300 (1985) ). ¶ 30 In keeping with Ernst and the language of section 11-501.4-1, we find no error in Troop Krzysiak's consideration of the results of the hospital's blood alcohol test in determining whether there were reasonable grounds to believe defendant was driving under the influence of alcohol.

12
People v. Kirbygreen
illappct · 1986 · cited in 2 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1992–1993
12
People v. Johnsongreen
ill · 2006 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
11
White v. Illinoisgreen
scotus · 1992 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
11
People v. Ayresgreen
illappct · 1992 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
People v. Byrdgreen
illappct · 1991 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2005–2005
11
People v. Hartgreen
illappct · 2000 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
People v. Hathawaygreen
illappct · 1994 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1996–1996
11
People v. Walljaspergreen
illappct · 1981 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11
People v. Wolskgreen
illappct · 1983 · cited in 1 Illinois opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Illinois. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (50)

CaseCitedYears
Schmerber v. California green
scotus · 1966
2 sentences

1990Ed. 2d 908 , 86 S. Ct. 1826 , the Supreme Court in Neville held that the admission into evidence of a motorist’s refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test did not constitute a fifth amendment violation and thus was not protected by the privilege against self-incrimination.

1979App. 3d 700 , 338 N.E.2d 480 , held another portion of the section applicable to a charge of involuntary manslaughter even though the section is captioned “Article V, Driving While Intoxicated, Transporting Alcoholic Liquor, and Reckless Driving.” As to the refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test, Schmerber v. California (1966), 384 U.S. 757 , 16 L.

51972–2021
Bullcoming v. New Mexico green
scotus · 2011
2 sentences

2015Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2709 . ¶ 48 In vacating the defendant’s conviction, the Bullcoming Court stressed that the blood-alcohol test results were testimonial in nature because the report was created solely for an “ ‘evidentiary purpose’ ” in aid of a police investigation.

2015Id. at ___, 131 S. Ct. at 2709 . ¶ 48 In vacating the defendant’s conviction, the Bullcoming Court stressed that the blood-alcohol test results were testimonial in nature because the report was created solely for an “ ‘evidentiary purpose’ ” in aid of a police investigation.

42012–2015
People v. Rolfingsmeyer green
ill · 1984
2 sentences

1998(People v. Rolfingsmeyer (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 137, 139 .) The threat of summary suspension for refusing to take a blood-alcohol test motivates drivers to take the test, thereby allowing the State to obtain objective evidence of intoxication.” Wegielnik, 152 Ill. 2d at 425 .

1998As this court has explained, “The implied-consent statute serves the legislative purpose of promoting highway safety by assisting in the determination of whether drivers suspected of intoxication are in fact under the influence of alcohol. ( People v. Rolfingsmeyer (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 137, 139 .) The threat of summary suspension for refusing to take a blood-alcohol test motivates drivers to take the test, thereby allowing the State to obtain objective evidence of intoxication.” Wegielnik , 152 Ill. 2d at 425 .

41990–1998
Cuellar v. Hout green
illappct · 1988
2 sentences

2008Cuellar v. Hout, 168 Ill.

1999In Cuellar, the court concluded that, “[sjince this is not a prosecution for driving under the influence and section 11—501.2(a) of the Illinois Vehicle Code does not apply, the ordinary standards of admissibility apply to the evidence of the blood-alcohol test.” Cuellar, 168 Ill.

31999–2008
People v. Henderson green
ill · 2013
2 sentences

2024Id. 8 ¶ 21 Defendant argues that a motion to suppress the blood-alcohol test results on grounds that the warrantless blood search violated his fourth amendment rights would have been meritorious and that the trial outcome would have been different had the evidence been suppressed.

2024Id. 8 ¶ 21 Defendant argues that a motion to suppress the blood-alcohol test results on grounds that the warrantless blood search violated his fourth amendment rights would have been meritorious and that the trial outcome would have been different had the evidence been suppressed.

22024–2024
People v. Wozniak green
illappct · 1990
2 sentences

2021Wozniak, 199 Ill.

2020Wozniak, 199 Ill.

22020–2021
People v. Fonner green
illappct · 2008
2 sentences

2019Rather, the trooper merely testified to his knowledge of the blood alcohol test results as one piece of background information that, in combination with other factors, led him to effectuate an arrest of defendant for driving under the influence. ¶ 34 “To determine whether reasonable grounds and/or probable cause existed for a defendant’s arrest, a court ‘must determine whether a reasonable and prudent person, having the knowledge possessed by the officer at the time of the arrest, would believe the defendant committed the offense.’ ” Fonner, 385 Ill.

2018App. 3d at 539 -40 , 325 Ill.Dec. 599 , 898 N.E.2d 646 (in proceedings on a petition to rescind a statutory summary suspension "reasonable grounds" is synonymous with "probable cause"). ¶ 32 We find that, by permitting and, in fact, requiring the release of the blood alcohol test results to law enforcement when there has been a motor vehicle collision, it is reasonable to conclude that the legislature, in enacting section 11-501.4-1, intended that the blood alcohol test results would be used by law enforcement to determine reasonable grounds to believe a defendant has been driving impaired for

22018–2019
People v. Nohren green
illappct · 1996
2 sentences

2015Nohren, 283 Ill.

2015Nohren, 283 Ill.

22015–2015
People v. Krueger green
illappct · 1991
2 sentences

2012As most DUI arrests are of motorists who have been driving or in control of vehicles on the highway, the necessary finding of reasonable cause will generally be tantamount to a finding that the arrest was legal, and a finding of no probable cause will necessitate rescission of the suspension even where the motorist failed or refused to take a blood-alcohol test." (Emphasis added.) People v. Krueger, 208 Ill.App.3d at 906 , 153 Ill.Dec. 759 , 567 N.E.2d 717 . ¶ 33 The Krueger court then succinctly held that, under the Vehicle Code, the Secretary of State's power to suspend a driver's license is

2012As most DUI arrests are of motorists who have been driving or in control of vehicles on the highway, the necessary finding of reasonable cause will generally be tantamount to a finding that the arrest was legal, and a finding of no probable cause will necessitate rescission of the suspension even where the motorist failed or refused to take a blood-alcohol test." (Emphasis added.) People v. Krueger, 208 Ill.App.3d at 906 , 153 Ill.Dec. 759 , 567 N.E.2d 717 . ¶ 33 The Krueger court then succinctly held that, under the Vehicle Code, the Secretary of State's power to suspend a driver's license is

22012–2012
Fink v. Ryan green
ill · 1996
2 sentences

2011In Fink, 174 Ill. 2d at 311 , this implied-consent statute was held constitutional because it was narrowly drawn to apply only to drivers involved in more serious accidents, in which the expectation of privacy is diminished and the administration of the blood-alcohol test is minimally intrusive.

2011In Fink, 174 Ill. 2d at 311 , this implied-consent statute was held constitutional because it was narrowly drawn to apply only to drivers involved in more serious accidents, in which the expectation of privacy is diminished and the administration of the blood-alcohol test is minimally intrusive.

22011–2011
People v. Newberry green
ill · 1995
2 sentences

2006XIV), and, on the authority of People v. Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d 310 , 652 N.E.2d 288 (1995), and Rule 415(g)(i) (134 Ill. 2d R. 415(g)(i)), he requested a suppression of the blood alcohol analysis.

2006XIV), and, on the authority of People v. Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d 310 , 652 N.E.2d 288 (1995), and Rule 415(g)(i) (134 Ill. 2d R. 415(g)(i)), he requested a suppression of the blood alcohol analysis.

22006–2006
People v. Menssen green
illappct · 1994
2 sentences

2002A simple mathematical calculation would show that translating the serum-alcohol results to blood-alcohol level still places defendant in a state of intoxication.” Menssen, 263 Ill.

2002A simple mathematical calculation would show that trans­lating the serum-alcohol results to blood-alcohol level still places defendant in a state of intoxication." Menssen , 263 Ill.

22002–2002
Village of Algonquin v. Ford green
illappct · 1986
2 sentences

2001Village of Algonquin v. Ford, 145 Ill.

2001Village of Algonquin v. Ford , 145 Ill.

22001–2001
Petrillo v. Syntex Laboratories, Inc. green
illappct · 1986
2 sentences

2000The trial court ruled that this was a violation of the principles articulated in Petrillo v. Syntex Laboratories, Inc. , 148 Ill.

2000The trial court ruled that this was a violation of the principles articulated in Petrillo v. Syntex Laboratories, Inc., 148 Ill.

22000–2000
Village of Cary v. Jakubek green
illappct · 1984
2 sentences

1999The court in Kern found as follows: “[W]hile a defendant’s conditioning his taking of a blood-alcohol test on his ability to consult legal counsel may constitute a refusal (Village of Cary v. Jakubek (1984) 121 Ill.

1989Additionally, we note that while a defendant’s conditioning his taking of a blood-alcohol test on his ability to consult legal counsel may constitute a refusal (Village of Cary v. Jakubek (1984), 121 Ill.

21989–1999
People v. Honaker green
illappct · 1984
21985–1992
People v. Murphy green
ill · 1985
21988–1992
People v. Leffew green
illappct · 1975
21979–1983
Village of Bull Valley, Illinois v. Winterpacht green
illappct · 2012
12020–2020
People v. Hutchinson green
illappct · 2014
12020–2020
People v. Ernst green
illappct · 2000
12018–2018
People v. Hasselbring green
illappct · 2014
12017–2017
People v. Bauer green
illappct · 2010
12017–2017
People v. Hasselbring green
illappct · 2014
12017–2017
City of Seattle v. Ludvigsen green
wash · 2007
12009–2009
Ludvigsen v. City of Seattle green
wash · 2007
12009–2009
People Ex Rel. Fisher v. Carey green
ill · 1979
11996–1996
People v. Mueller green
illappct · 1991
11995–1995
People v. Reardon neutral
illappct · 1991
11995–1995
Wilson v. Clark green
ill · 1981
11994–1994
People v. Thomas green
illappct · 1990
11994–1994
People v. Lendabarker green
illappct · 1991
11994–1994
People v. Roberts green
illappct · 1983
11994–1994
Doyle v. Ohio green
scotus · 1976
11994–1994
Martinez v. Peterson green
neb · 1982
11992–1992
People v. Solzak green
illappct · 1984
11992–1992
Yokoyama v. Commissioner of Public Safety green
minnctapp · 1984
11992–1992
People v. Wegielnik neutral
illappct · 1990
11992–1992
State v. Hurbean green
ohioctapp · 1970
11992–1992
In Re Summary Susp. of Driver's License green
illappct · 1989
11991–1991

Statutes the citing opinions construe

IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501 (23) IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501.1 (17) IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501.2 (11) IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501.4 (6) IL § 625 ILCS 5/2-118.1 (6) IL § 625 ILCS 5/6-208.1 (6) IL § 720 ILCS 5/9-3 (6) IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-501.6 (4) IL § 720 ILCS 5/9-1 (4) IL § 55 ILCS 5/3-9005 (3) IL § 625 ILCS 5/11-401 (3) IL § 720 ILCS 5/4-6 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

PA 131 (1970–2026) TX 130 (1961–2026) FL 102 (1967–2023) GA 95 (1966–2025) IL 94 (1972–2024) CA 85 (1960–2024) MO 83 (1968–2024) OH 75 (1973–2025) NY 66 (1970–2023) WA 56 (1975–2024) ND 52 (1980–2020) TN 51 (1975–2025) LA 50 (1976–2021) CO 48 (1946–2024) ME 48 (1969–2025) KS 47 (1966–2024) ID 46 (1971–2025) MI 45 (1975–2025) MN 44 (1975–2015) OR 40 (1973–2026) AL 39 (1980–2015) NM 32 (1964–2025) AZ 31 (1967–2020) MA 28 (1984–2023) MS 28 (1984–2024) VA 25 (1966–2019) WI 25 (1977–2024) CT 23 (1988–2026) MT 21 (1971–2024) MD 20 (1984–2022) NJ 18 (1965–2021) KY 18 (1971–2025) NH 18 (1984–2020) NC 17 (1973–2026) IN 15 (1976–2016) IA 15 (1973–2021) WY 14 (1968–2022) OK 14 (1973–2014) HI 14 (1995–2020) SD 13 (1969–2022) NE 12 (1977–2020) AK 11 (1974–2001) SC 11 (1990–2014) VT 11 (1965–2024) AR 10 (1988–2015) UT 8 (1979–2009) NV 7 (1969–2013) WV 7 (1980–2021) DE 7 (1973–2019) RI 6 (1984–2004) DC 4 (1983–2001)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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