exigent circumstances exception in New Jersey

57 New Jersey opinions name it 2 courts 1970–2026 13 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New Jersey courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (47)

Case	Followed	Cited
State v. DeLucagreen nj · 2001 · cited in 7 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2018–2024 2 sentences 2024Consequently, the application of the exigent-circumstances exception demands a "fact-sensitive, objective analysis." DeLuca, 168 N.J. at 632 . 2024Generally, when the State invokes the exigent- circumstances exception to justify a warrantless search [or seizure], it must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the search was premised on probable cause and (2) law enforcement acted in an objectively reasonable manner to meet an exigency that did not permit time to secure a warrant. [Manning, 240 N.J. at 333.] A-1860-21 19 In Johnson, the Court identified factors to consider when determining whether law enforcement faced exigent circumstances, including "the urgency of the situation, the time it will take to secure a warrant, the	6	7
State v. Boltegreen nj · 1989 · cited in 8 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–2026 2 sentences 2022Bolte, 115 N.J. at 597-98 ; see also J.A., 233 N.J. at 449 (noting the United States Supreme “Court’s longstanding recognition that ‘“hot pursuit” cases fall within the exigent-circumstances exception to the warrant requirement’” (quoting Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 218 (1981)). 2020Consideration of the exigent circumstances exception "demands a fact-sensitive, objective analysis." Id. at 292 (quoting State v. Deluca, 168 N.J. 626, 632 (2001)). [S]ome factors to be considered in determining whether law enforcement officials faced such circumstances are the urgency of the situation, the time it will take to secure a warrant, the seriousness of the crime under investigation, and the threat that evidence will be destroyed or lost or that the physical well-being of people will be endangered unless immediate action is taken. [State v. Johnson, 193 N.J. 528 , 552–53 (2008) (cit	3	8
State v. Hutchinsgreen nj · 1989 · cited in 5 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–2020 2 sentences 1990Only recently, our Supreme Court in State v. Hutchins, 116 N.J. 457 , 561 A. 2d 1142 (1989) and State v. Lewis, 116 N.J. 477 , 561 A. 2d 1153 (1989), had occasion to consider the parameters of the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirements 568 as they apply to a private home. 1990Only recently, our Supreme Court in State v. Hutchins, 116 N.J. 457 , 561 A. 2d 1142 (1989) and State v. Lewis, 116 N.J. 477 , 561 A. 2d 1153 (1989), had occasion to consider the parameters of the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirements 568 as they apply to a private home.	3	5
State v. William L. Witt(074468)green nj · 2015 · cited in 6 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2018–2024 2 sentences 2024In Witt, our Supreme Court abandoned the exigent-circumstances standard for warrantless searches of automobiles set forth in State v. Cooke, 163 N.J. 657 (2000), and State v. Pena-Flores, 198 N.J. 6 (2009), in favor of returning to the exigency test established in State v. Alston, 88 N.J. 211 (1981). 223 N.J. at 450 . 2022In Witt, our Supreme Court addressed whether the exigent circumstances test for a warrantless search of an automobile "is unsound in principle and A-1443-20 17 unworkable in practice." 223 N.J. at 414 .	2	6
Missouri v. McNeelygreen scotus · 2013 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2014–2025 2 sentences 2014Ed. 2d at 705-06 (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).] The Court described the analysis in Schmerber as "fit[ting] comfortably within our case law applying the exigent circumstances exception." Id. at ____, 133 S. Ct. at 1560 , 185 L. 2014Ed. 2d at 705-06 (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted).] The Court described the analysis in Schmerber as "fit[ting] comfortably within our case law applying the exigent circumstances exception." Id. at ____, 133 S. Ct. at 1560 , 185 L.	2	3
State v. Smithgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1974 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–2024 2 sentences 2024Generally, when the State invokes the exigent- circumstances exception to justify a warrantless search [or seizure], it must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the search was premised on probable cause and (2) law enforcement acted in an objectively reasonable manner to meet an exigency that did not permit time to secure a warrant. [Manning, 240 N.J. at 333.] A-1860-21 19 In Johnson, the Court identified factors to consider when determining whether law enforcement faced exigent circumstances, including "the urgency of the situation, the time it will take to secure a warrant, the 1989We upheld the search on the ground that the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement applied because the officers had probable cause to believe that the defendant had purchased narcotics and was in possession of them at the time of the stop, and a search warrant might have been obtained only by "risking a probability of the disappearance of defendant and destruction of the object of the search...." State v. Smith, supra, 129 N.J.	2	3
In re Interest of J.A.green nj · 2018 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2022 2 sentences 2022Bolte, 115 N.J. at 597-98 ; see also J.A., 233 N.J. at 449 (noting the United States Supreme “Court’s longstanding recognition that ‘“hot pursuit” cases fall within the exigent-circumstances exception to the warrant requirement’” (quoting Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 218 (1981)). 2022“Because the ‘hot pursuit’ doctrine is a subset of the exigent-circumstances exception to the warrant requirement, the touchstones that would justify a warrantless entry remain the possible destruction of evidence and the threat of violence by the suspect.” J.A., 233 N.J. at 449 (citations omitted).	2	2
Steagald v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1981 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2018–2022 2 sentences 2022Bolte, 115 N.J. at 597-98 ; see also J.A., 233 N.J. at 449 (noting the United States Supreme “Court’s longstanding recognition that ‘“hot pursuit” cases fall within the exigent-circumstances exception to the warrant requirement’” (quoting Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 218 (1981)). 2018Regarding the weight assigned to the respective considerations, we have recognized that "[p]olice safety and the preservation of evidence remain the preeminent determinants of exigency." Dunlap , 185 N.J. at 551 , 888 A.2d 1278 . **449 "The 'hot pursuit' of a defendant who poses a threat to public safety may in certain contexts constitute an exigent circumstance sufficient to support a warrantless home entry ...." Bolte , 115 N.J. at 598 , 560 A.2d 644 ; see also Steagald v. United States , 451 U.S. 204 , 218, 101 S.Ct. 1642 , 68 L.Ed.2d 38 (1981) (noting the Court's longstanding recognition t	2	2
Brooks v. Town of Ashlandgreen scotus · 1989 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1990–2017 2 sentences 2017See, e.g., State v. Bolte, 115 N.J. 579, 585-86 , 560 A.2d 644 (recognizing that combination of probable cause and exigency “may excuse police from compliance with the warrant requirement”), ce rt. denied, 493 U.S. 936 , 110 S.Ct. 330 , 107 L.Ed.2d 320 (1989). 2017See, e.g., State v. Bolte, 115 N.J. 579, 585-86 (recognizing that combination of probable cause and exigency “may excuse police from compliance with the warrant requirement”), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 936 , 110 S. Ct. 330 , 107 L.	2	2
Parten v. Ford Motor Co.green scotus · 1989 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1990–2017 2 sentences 2017See, e.g., State v. Bolte, 115 N.J. 579, 585-86 , 560 A.2d 644 (recognizing that combination of probable cause and exigency “may excuse police from compliance with the warrant requirement”), ce rt. denied, 493 U.S. 936 , 110 S.Ct. 330 , 107 L.Ed.2d 320 (1989). 2017See, e.g., State v. Bolte, 115 N.J. 579, 585-86 (recognizing that combination of probable cause and exigency “may excuse police from compliance with the warrant requirement”), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 936 , 110 S. Ct. 330 , 107 L.	2	2
State v. Scottgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1989 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 2 sentences 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A.2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev’d, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A.2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F.2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed.2d 1053 (1964). 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A.2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev’d, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A.2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F.2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed.2d 1053 (1964).	2	2
United States v. Salvatore J. Baronegreen ca2 · 1964 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 2 sentences 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A.2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev’d, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A.2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F.2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed.2d 1053 (1964). 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A. 2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev'd, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A. 2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F. 2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed. 2d 1053 (1964).	2	2
State v. Scottgreen nj · 1990 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001 2 sentences 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A.2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev’d, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A.2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F.2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed.2d 1053 (1964). 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A.2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev’d, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A.2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F.2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed.2d 1053 (1964).	2	2
Johnson v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1948 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–1999 2 sentences 1999Finally, on this issue, we take note of what the United States Supreme Court said about the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement: "There are exceptional circumstances in which, on balancing the need for effective law enforcement against the right of privacy, it may be contended that a magistrate's warrant for search may be dispensed with." Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 14-15 , 68 S.Ct. 367, 369 , 92 L.Ed. 436, 440-41 (1948). 1999Finally, on this issue, we take note of what the United States Supreme Court said about the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement: "There are exceptional circumstances in which, on balancing the need for effective law enforcement against the right of privacy, it may be contended that a magistrate's warrant for search may be dispensed with." Johnson v. United States, 333 U.S. 10, 14-15 , 68 S.Ct. 367, 369 , 92 L.Ed. 436, 440-41 (1948).	2	2
State v. Valenciagreen nj · 1983 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–1994 2 sentences 1994United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42-43 , 96 S.Ct. 2406, 2409 , 49 L.Ed. 2d 300, 305 (1976) (the potential destruction of evidence); State v. Bruzzese, supra, 94 N.J. at 218 , 463 A. 2d 320 ; State v. Valencia, 93 N.J. 126, 136 , 459 A. 2d 1149 (1983) ("To sustain a warrantless search, the State must ordinarily demonstrate that exigent circumstances prevented obtaining a written warrant and that probable cause for the search existed.") The State claims that the outstanding warrant against Collier, along with the flight of Collier and defendant into a known drug location, met the exigent c 1994United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42-43 , 96 S.Ct. 2406, 2409 , 49 L.Ed. 2d 300, 305 (1976) (the potential destruction of evidence); State v. Bruzzese, supra, 94 N.J. at 218 , 463 A. 2d 320 ; State v. Valencia, 93 N.J. 126, 136 , 459 A. 2d 1149 (1983) ("To sustain a warrantless search, the State must ordinarily demonstrate that exigent circumstances prevented obtaining a written warrant and that probable cause for the search existed.") The State claims that the outstanding warrant against Collier, along with the flight of Collier and defendant into a known drug location, met the exigent c	2	2
State v. Naturilegreen njsuperctappdiv · 1964 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1970–1975	2	2
State v. Edmondsgreen nj · 2012 · cited in 4 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2018–2025 2 sentences 2025Edmonds, 211 N.J. at 130, 141 . 2019One principal exception to the warrant requirement, as applied to the search of a home, is the exigent circumstances doctrine. “[I]f police officers ‘possess an objectively reasonable basis to believe’ that prompt action is needed to meet an imminent danger, then neither the Fourth Amendment nor Article I, Paragraph 7 demand that the officers ‘delay potential lifesaving measures while critical and precious time is expended 16 obtaining a warrant.’” Edmonds, 211 N.J. at 133 (quoting Frankel, 179 N.J. at 599 ).	1	4
Schmerber v. Californiagreen scotus · 1966 · cited in 4 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2015–2025 2 sentences 2025At the time of the trial court's written opinion on March 6, 2015, New Jersey followed Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 770-71 (1966), which held the exigent circumstances exception permits the compelled taking of blood when elapsed time would lead to a dissipation of BAC. 2015In the context of the exigent-circumstances exception, the United States Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of a warrantless blood draw from a suspected drunk driver in its 1966 decision in Schmerber, supra, 384 U.S. 757 , 86 S.Ct. 1826 , 16 L.Ed. 2d 908 .	1	4
State v. Pena-Floresred nj · 2009 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2015–2024 2 sentences 2024In Witt, our Supreme Court abandoned the exigent-circumstances standard for warrantless searches of automobiles set forth in State v. Cooke, 163 N.J. 657 (2000), and State v. Pena-Flores, 198 N.J. 6 (2009), in favor of returning to the exigency test established in State v. Alston, 88 N.J. 211 (1981). 223 N.J. at 450 . 2020State v. Pena-Flores, 198 N.J. 6, 28 (2009).3 The exception is justified by: "(1) the ready mobility of the vehicle and the inherent potential for loss or destruction of evidence before a warrant is obtained; and (2) the decreased expectation of privacy in motor vehicles, which are subject to extensive government regulation." Id. at 20 . 3 In 2015, the Supreme Court abandoned the exigent circumstances standard because it was "unsound in principle and unworkable in practice . . . ." State v. Witt, 223 N.J. 409, 447 (2015).	1	3
State v. Cassidygreen nj · 2004 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2015–2018 2 sentences 2015One such exception to the warrant requirement is the exigent-circumstances doctrine, State v. Cassidy, 179 N.J. 150, 160 , 843 A.2d 1132 (2004), and another is the emergency-aid doctrine, Frankel, supra, 179 N.J. at 598, 847 A.2d 561 . 2015One such exception to the warrant requirement is the exigent-circumstances doctrine, State v. Cassidy, 179 N.J. 150, 160 , 843 A.2d 1132 (2004), and another is the emergency-aid doctrine, Frankel, supra, 179 N.J. at 598, 847 A.2d 561 .	1	3
Vale v. Louisianagreen scotus · 1970 · cited in 3 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1975–1989 2 sentences 1989Nor were they about to be removed from the jurisdiction. [Vale v. Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 34-35 [ 90 S.Ct. 1969, 1971-72 ] 26 L.Ed.2d 409, 413-14 (1970) (citations omitted).] We also noted in Hutchins that numerous federal courts have applied the exigent-circumstances exception in the context of warrantless home entries in drug cases. 1989Nor were they about to be removed from the jurisdiction. [Vale v. Louisiana, 399 U.S. 30, 34-35 [ 90 S.Ct. 1969, 1971-72 ] 26 L.Ed.2d 409, 413-14 (1970) (citations omitted).] We also noted in Hutchins that numerous federal courts have applied the exigent-circumstances exception in the context of warrantless home entries in drug cases.	1	3
State v. Nishinagreen nj · 2003 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2008–2021 2 sentences 2021The application of exigent circumstances "demands a fact-sensitive, objective analysis." State v. Nishina, 175 N.J. 502, 517 (2003); see also State v. DeLuca, 168 N.J. 626, 632 (2001) (finding that application of the exigent- circumstances exception demands a fact sensitive, objective analysis); Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 , 402 (2014) (finding that the exigent circumstances analysis is necessarily case-by-case and fact sensitive). 2021The application of exigent circumstances "demands a fact-sensitive, objective analysis." State v. Nishina, 175 N.J. 502, 517 (2003); see also State v. DeLuca, 168 N.J. 626, 632 (2001) (finding that application of the exigent- circumstances exception demands a fact sensitive, objective analysis); Riley v. California, 573 U.S. 373 , 402 (2014) (finding that the exigent circumstances analysis is necessarily case-by-case and fact sensitive).	1	2
State v. Bruzzesegreen nj · 1983 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1994–2021 2 sentences 2021Consequently, the application of the exigent circumstances exception demands a "fact-sensitive, objective analysis." Johnson, 193 N.J. at 552 (citing State v. Bruzzese, 94 N.J. 210, 219 (1983)). 1994United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42-43 , 96 S.Ct. 2406, 2409 , 49 L.Ed. 2d 300, 305 (1976) (the potential destruction of evidence); State v. Bruzzese, supra, 94 N.J. at 218 , 463 A. 2d 320 ; State v. Valencia, 93 N.J. 126, 136 , 459 A. 2d 1149 (1983) ("To sustain a warrantless search, the State must ordinarily demonstrate that exigent circumstances prevented obtaining a written warrant and that probable cause for the search existed.") The State claims that the outstanding warrant against Collier, along with the flight of Collier and defendant into a known drug location, met the exigent c	1	2
State v. Frankelgreen nj · 2004 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2015–2019 2 sentences 2019One principal exception to the warrant requirement, as applied to the search of a home, is the exigent circumstances doctrine. “[I]f police officers ‘possess an objectively reasonable basis to believe’ that prompt action is needed to meet an imminent danger, then neither the Fourth Amendment nor Article I, Paragraph 7 demand that the officers ‘delay potential lifesaving measures while critical and precious time is expended 16 obtaining a warrant.’” Edmonds, 211 N.J. at 133 (quoting Frankel, 179 N.J. at 599 ). 2015One such exception to the warrant requirement is the exigent-circumstances doctrine, State v. Cassidy, 179 N.J. 150, 160 , 843 A.2d 1132 (2004), and another is the emergency-aid doctrine, Frankel, supra, 179 N.J. at 598, 847 A.2d 561 .	1	2
United States v. Santanagreen scotus · 1976 · cited in 2 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 1989–1994 2 sentences 1994United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42-43 , 96 S.Ct. 2406, 2409 , 49 L.Ed. 2d 300, 305 (1976) (the potential destruction of evidence); State v. Bruzzese, supra, 94 N.J. at 218 , 463 A. 2d 320 ; State v. Valencia, 93 N.J. 126, 136 , 459 A. 2d 1149 (1983) ("To sustain a warrantless search, the State must ordinarily demonstrate that exigent circumstances prevented obtaining a written warrant and that probable cause for the search existed.") The State claims that the outstanding warrant against Collier, along with the flight of Collier and defendant into a known drug location, met the exigent c 1994United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42-43 , 96 S.Ct. 2406, 2409 , 49 L.Ed. 2d 300, 305 (1976) (the potential destruction of evidence); State v. Bruzzese, supra, 94 N.J. at 218 , 463 A. 2d 320 ; State v. Valencia, 93 N.J. 126, 136 , 459 A. 2d 1149 (1983) ("To sustain a warrantless search, the State must ordinarily demonstrate that exigent circumstances prevented obtaining a written warrant and that probable cause for the search existed.") The State claims that the outstanding warrant against Collier, along with the flight of Collier and defendant into a known drug location, met the exigent c	1	2
Michigan v. Tylergreen scotus · 1978 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025	1	1
State v. Zalcberggreen nj · 2018 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021	1	1
McDonald v. United Statesgreen scotus · 1948 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021	1	1
State v. Wilsongreen njsuperctappdiv · 2003 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021	1	1
State v. Laboogreen njsuperctappdiv · 2007 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021	1	1
State v. Timothy Adkins (073803)green nj · 2015 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2021–2021	1	1
State v. Alvarezgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1990 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020	1	1
State v. Browngreen njsuperctappdiv · 2018 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020	1	1
State v. Antoine D. Watts(074556)green nj · 2015 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020	1	1
State v. Myersgreen njsuperctappdiv · 2003 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017	1	1
Illinois v. McArthurgreen scotus · 2001 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017	1	1
State v. Tischiogreen nj · 1987 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017	1	1
State v. Speidgreen njsuperctappdiv · 1992 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017	1	1
Coffin v. Jacksongreen scotus · 1989 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017	1	1
Commonwealth v. Mottagreen mass · 1997 · cited in 1 New Jersey opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New Jersey. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (33)

Case	Cited	Years
State v. Johnson green nj · 2008 2 sentences 2024Generally, when the State invokes the exigent- circumstances exception to justify a warrantless search [or seizure], it must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that (1) the search was premised on probable cause and (2) law enforcement acted in an objectively reasonable manner to meet an exigency that did not permit time to secure a warrant. [Manning, 240 N.J. at 333.] A-1860-21 19 In Johnson, the Court identified factors to consider when determining whether law enforcement faced exigent circumstances, including "the urgency of the situation, the time it will take to secure a warrant, the 2021Consequently, the application of the exigent circumstances exception demands a "fact-sensitive, objective analysis." Johnson, 193 N.J. at 552 (citing State v. Bruzzese, 94 N.J. 210, 219 (1983)).	5	2015–2024
State v. Walker green nj · 2013 2 sentences 2022Instead, the court applied the doctrine of exigent circumstances, citing State v. Walker, 213 N.J. 281 (2013), to support denial of the motion. 2017To satisfy the exigent circumstances exception, the State must establish that the “exigent circumstances were not police-created.” Walker, supra, 213 N.J. at 295 , 62 A.3d 897 .	3	2017–2022
State v. Alston green nj · 1981 2 sentences 2024In Witt, our Supreme Court abandoned the exigent-circumstances standard for warrantless searches of automobiles set forth in State v. Cooke, 163 N.J. 657 (2000), and State v. Pena-Flores, 198 N.J. 6 (2009), in favor of returning to the exigency test established in State v. Alston, 88 N.J. 211 (1981). 223 N.J. at 450 . 2015Citing Article I, Paragraph 7 of New Jersey’s State Constitution, the Court returns to the standard articulated in State v. Alston, 88 N.J. 211 (1981), for warrantless searches of automobiles based on probable cause: The automobile exception authorizes the warrantless search of an automobile only when the police have probable cause to believe that the vehicle contains contraband or evidence of an offense and the circumstances giving rise to probable cause are unforeseeable and spontaneous. 1.	2	2015–2024
Welsh v. Wisconsin green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 1989The Court noted: Moreover, although no exigency is created simply because there is probable cause to believe that a serious crime has been committed, see Payton, application of the exigent-circumstances exception in the context of a home entry should rarely be sanctioned when there is probable cause to believe that only a minor offense, such as the kind at issue in this case, has been committed. [Id. at 753, 104 S.Ct. at 2099 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 745 .] The State’s concession before the Appellate Division that Officer Liss lacked probable cause, when he entered the house, to believe that Bolte was 1989The Court itself has acknowledged that it has "[left] to the lower courts the initial application of the exigent circumstances exception." Welsh v. Wisconsin, supra, 466 U.S. at 749 , 104 S.Ct. at 2097 , 80 L.Ed.2d at 743 . 5 Although the court in Warden did not then refer to it as such, the Supreme Court subsequently in Santana considered Warden a “hot pursuit" case.	2	1989–2018
In the Matter of Brady green nj · 2009 2 sentences 2015Pena-Flores, supra, 198 N.J. at 30 , 965 A.2d 114 (quoting State v. Johnson, 193 N.J. 528 , 556 n. 7, 940 A.2d 1185 (2008)). 2009To inform the exigent-circumstances analysis in an automobile-stop case, which it applied in Pena-Flores and Fuller, the majority set forth a number of factors to be considered, such as the time of day; the location of the stop; the nature of the neighborhood; the unfolding of the events establishing probable cause; the ratio of officers to suspects; the existence of confederates who know the location of the car and could remove it or its contents; whether the arrest was observed by passersby who could tamper with the car or its contents; whether it would be safe to leave the car unguarded and	2	2009–2015
Johnson v. New York green scotus · 1964 2 sentences 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A.2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev’d, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A.2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F.2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed.2d 1053 (1964). 2001See State v. Scott, 231 N.J.Super. 258, 274-75 , 555 A. 2d 667 (App.Div.1989) (Ashbey, J., concurring and dissenting), rev'd, 118 N.J. 406 , 571 A. 2d 1304 (1990); United States v. Barone, 330 F. 2d 543, 545 (2nd Cir.), cert. denied, 377 U.S. 1004 , 84 S.Ct. 1940 , 12 L.Ed. 2d 1053 (1964).	2	2001–2001
State v. Lewis green nj · 1989	2	1990–1992
Harold B. Dorman v. United States green cadc · 1970	2	1989–1989
Carroll v. United States green scotus · 1925	2	1978–1988
State v. Cooke red nj · 2000	1	2024–2024
United States v. Edwards green scotus · 1974	1	2020–2020
State v. Gary Lunsford (075691) green nj · 2016	1	2020–2020
State v. Dunlap green nj · 2006	1	2018–2018
State v. Penalber green njsuperctappdiv · 2006	1	2018–2018
State v. Josey green njsuperctappdiv · 1996	1	2017–2017
In re Beckerman green nj · 2013	1	2017–2017
State v. DeLane green njsuperctappdiv · 1986	1	2017–2017
State v. Onque green nj · 1996	1	2017–2017
State of New Jersey v. Robert L. Evans green njsuperctappdiv · 2017	1	2017–2017
Robertson v. Jones green scotus · 1988	1	2017–2017
Americana Corp. v. State Highway & Transportation Commissioner green scotus · 1988	1	2017–2017
Georgetown University v. Gay Rights Coalition of Georgetown University Law Center green scotus · 1988	1	2017–2017
State of New Jersey v. William L. Witt green njsuperctappdiv · 2014	1	2015–2015
Kramer v. Hopper green scotus · 1981	1	2013–2013
Johnson v. United States green scotus · 1981	1	2013–2013
Gamble v. Hess green scotus · 1981	1	2013–2013
Flippo v. West Virginia green scotus · 1999	1	2000–2000
State v. Wright green njsuperctappdiv · 1986	1	1992–1992
Clarke v. Dave's Long Bar, Inc. neutral nj · 1974	1	1989–1989
State v. Bolte green njsuperctappdiv · 1988	1	1989–1989
State v. Miller green njsuperctappdiv · 1978	1	1989–1989
State v. Hannah green njsuperctappdiv · 1973	1	1989–1989
Payton v. New York green scotus · 1980	1	1988–1988

Statutes the citing opinions construe

NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-5 (11) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:35-5 (8) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:35-10 (7) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-4 (7) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:43-7.2 (6) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:44-1 (6) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:11-3 (5) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:12-1 (4) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-7 (4) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 39:4-50 (4) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:39-3 (3) NJ § N.J. Stat. § 2C:43-6 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 133 (1975–2025) PA 115 (1974–2026) OH 106 (1978–2025) CA 82 (1977–2026) WA 71 (1973–2022) NJ 57 (1970–2026) WI 54 (1982–2026) IL 50 (1977–2025) IA 46 (1977–2025) MI 45 (1981–2025) OR 41 (1972–2021) CO 41 (1977–2026) FL 40 (1981–2024) NM 35 (1975–2022) VA 34 (1992–2026) ID 33 (1978–2026) MN 31 (1984–2025) NY 31 (1973–2024) TN 28 (1996–2020) IN 28 (1985–2025) SC 24 (1986–2023) MO 23 (1985–2019) CT 23 (1978–2023) ME 22 (1974–2024) UT 19 (1991–2025) ND 18 (1984–2019) LA 18 (1981–2026) DC 17 (1976–2018) GA 17 (1975–2026) KS 16 (1990–2022) MD 15 (1973–2026) MA 15 (1975–2025) NH 14 (1974–2018) AZ 13 (1984–2018) AL 13 (1976–2015) NC 13 (1983–2024) MT 13 (1996–2024) DE 11 (1974–2026) SD 11 (1978–2021) RI 10 (1983–2025) WV 9 (1985–2023) KY 9 (1979–2025) AR 7 (1992–2005) NV 7 (1989–2025) HI 6 (1981–2002) AK 5 (1993–2009) VT 5 (1982–2023) MS 4 (1997–2017) VI 2 (1984–2012) WY 2 (1987–2017) NE 2 (2015–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

← Caselaw search · G Cite Topics · Brief Check