exigent circumstances exception (Idaho) · Go Syfert
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exigent circumstances exception in Idaho

33 Idaho opinions name it 2 courts 1978–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Idaho courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (30)

CaseFollowedCited
Michigan v. Tylergreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 12 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1999–2022
2 sentences

2022Instead, the totality of circumstances surrounding a warrantless blood draw must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to assure the two essential requirements of the exigent circumstances exception are met: “there is [1] a compelling need for official action and [2] no time to secure a warrant.” See id. at 149 (quoting Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499 , 509–510 (1978)).

2019“The exigent circumstances exception does not apply where there is time to secure a warrant.” State v. Robinson, 144 Idaho 496, 501 , 163 P.3d 1208, 1213 (Ct. App. 2007) (citing Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 (1978); State v. Worthington, 138 Idaho 470, 472 , 65 P.3d 211, 213 (Ct. App. 2002)). 6 officers arrived, observed, and questioned the woman who answered the door, was not objectively reasonable.” The district court continued: The officers’ response after only smelling marijuana was not appropriately tailored to the scope of the alleged exigency.

1112
Kentucky v. Kinggreen
scotus · 2011 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2014The exigent circumstances exception “applies when ‘the exigencies of the situation’ make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’” King, 563 U.S. at ___ , 131 S. Ct. at 1856 (alteration in original) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 394 (1978)).

2014The exigent circumstances exception “applies when ‘the exigencies of the situation’ make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’” King, 563 U.S. at ___ , 131 S. Ct. at 1856 (alteration in original) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 394 (1978)).

34
Mincey v. Arizonagreen
scotus · 1978 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2003–2014
2 sentences

2014The exigent circumstances exception “applies when ‘the exigencies of the situation’ make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’” King, 563 U.S. at ___ , 131 S. Ct. at 1856 (alteration in original) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 394 (1978)).

2014The exigent circumstances exception “applies when ‘the exigencies of the situation’ make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that [a] warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.’” King, 563 U.S. at ___ , 131 S. Ct. at 1856 (alteration in original) (quoting Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 394 (1978)).

34
State v. Worthingtongreen
idahoctapp · 2002 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2007–2019
2 sentences

2019“The exigent circumstances exception does not apply where there is time to secure a warrant.” State v. Robinson, 144 Idaho 496, 501 , 163 P.3d 1208, 1213 (Ct. App. 2007) (citing Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 (1978); State v. Worthington, 138 Idaho 470, 472 , 65 P.3d 211, 213 (Ct. App. 2002)). 6 officers arrived, observed, and questioned the woman who answered the door, was not objectively reasonable.” The district court continued: The officers’ response after only smelling marijuana was not appropriately tailored to the scope of the alleged exigency.

2019“The exigent circumstances exception does not apply where there is time to secure a warrant.” State v. Robinson, 144 Idaho 496, 501 , 163 P.3d 1208, 1213 (Ct. App. 2007) (citing Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 (1978); State v. Worthington, 138 Idaho 470, 472 , 65 P.3d 211, 213 (Ct. App. 2002)). 6 officers arrived, observed, and questioned the woman who answered the door, was not objectively reasonable.” The district court continued: The officers’ response after only smelling marijuana was not appropriately tailored to the scope of the alleged exigency.

33
State v. Barrettgreen
idahoctapp · 2003 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2006–2015
2 sentences

2015State v. Barrett, 138 Idaho 290, 293 , 62 P.3d 214, 217 (Ct. App. 2003).

2015State v. Barrett, 138 Idaho 290, 293 , 62 P.3d 214, 217 (Ct. App. 2003).

33
State v. Robinsongreen
idahoctapp · 2007 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2008–2019
2 sentences

2019“The exigent circumstances exception does not apply where there is time to secure a warrant.” State v. Robinson, 144 Idaho 496, 501 , 163 P.3d 1208, 1213 (Ct. App. 2007) (citing Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 (1978); State v. Worthington, 138 Idaho 470, 472 , 65 P.3d 211, 213 (Ct. App. 2002)). 6 officers arrived, observed, and questioned the woman who answered the door, was not objectively reasonable.” The district court continued: The officers’ response after only smelling marijuana was not appropriately tailored to the scope of the alleged exigency.

2019“The exigent circumstances exception does not apply where there is time to secure a warrant.” State v. Robinson, 144 Idaho 496, 501 , 163 P.3d 1208, 1213 (Ct. App. 2007) (citing Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 (1978); State v. Worthington, 138 Idaho 470, 472 , 65 P.3d 211, 213 (Ct. App. 2002)). 6 officers arrived, observed, and questioned the woman who answered the door, was not objectively reasonable.” The district court continued: The officers’ response after only smelling marijuana was not appropriately tailored to the scope of the alleged exigency.

23
State v. Araizagreen
idahoctapp · 2009 · cited in 3 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014
2 sentences

2013However, we note that, in State v. Araiza, 147 Idaho 371 , 209 P.3d 668 (Ct. App. 2009), we upheld the warrantless entry of a residence under the exigent circumstances doctrine given officers’ reasonable concern for the safety of the occupants. 3 III.

2013However, we note that, in State v. Araiza, 147 Idaho 371 , 209 P.3d 668 (Ct. App. 2009), we upheld the warrantless entry of a residence under the exigent circumstances doctrine given officers’ reasonable concern for the safety of the occupants. 3 III.

23
State v. Blancasgreen
idaho · 2022 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2022–2026
2 sentences

2026See Blancas, 170 Idaho at 636 , 515 P.3d at 723 .

2026We reaffirm “that to invoke the exigent circumstances exception to the Fourth Amendment, the State must prove, under the totality of circumstances, that a reasonable officer would have believed he was presented with a ‘now or never’ situation.” Blancas, 170 Idaho at 637 , 515 P.3d at 724 .

22
Payton v. New Yorkgreen
scotus · 1980 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014
2 sentences

2014Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 589-90 (1980).

2014Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 589-90 (1980).

22
State v. Wrengreen
idahoctapp · 1989 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2002–2008
2 sentences

2008The exigent circumstances exception allows agents of the state to conduct a warrantless search when there is a “compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant.” Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 , 98 S.Ct. 1942, 1949 , 56 L.Ed.2d 486, 498 (1978); State v. Wren, 115 Idaho 618, 624 , 768 P.2d 1351, 1357 (Ct.App.1989).

2008The exigent circumstances exception allows agents of the state to conduct a warrantless search when there is a “compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant.” Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 , 98 S.Ct. 1942, 1949 , 56 L.Ed.2d 486, 498 (1978); State v. Wren, 115 Idaho 618, 624 , 768 P.2d 1351, 1357 (Ct.App.1989).

22
State v. Rushogreen
idahoctapp · 1986 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1999–2003
2 sentences

2003At oral argument, Barrett relied upon an exigent circumstances standard as set forth in State v. Rusho, 110 Idaho 556, 559-60 , 716 P.2d 1328, 1331-32 (Ct.App.1986).

2003At oral argument, Barrett relied upon an exigent circumstances standard as set forth in State v. Rusho, 110 Idaho 556, 559-60 , 716 P.2d 1328, 1331-32 (Ct.App.1986).

22
State v. Pearson-Andersongreen
idahoctapp · 2001 · cited in 4 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2003–2012
2 sentences

2012As this case is factually akin to those cases discussing exigent circumstances, we look at those cases for guidance. 4 Another case discussing the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement that we find to be instructive is State v. Pearson-Anderson, 136 Idaho 847 , 41 P.3d 275 (Ct. App. 2001).

2012As this case is factually akin to those cases discussing exigent circumstances, we look at those cases for guidance. 4 Another case discussing the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement that we find to be instructive is State v. Pearson-Anderson, 136 Idaho 847 , 41 P.3d 275 (Ct. App. 2001).

14
Brigham City v. Stuartgreen
scotus · 2006 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2007–2013
2 sentences

2007The state contends that the magistrate erred because a crime need not be a felony to trigger the exigent circumstances exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement and because the officers’ actions did not exceed the scope of the evidence preservation exigency. “[W]arrants are generally required to search a person’s home or his person unless ‘the exigencies of the situation’ make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.” Brigham City, 547 U.S. at-, 126 S.Ct. at 1947 , 164 L.Ed.2d at 657 (quoting Minc

2007The state contends that the magistrate erred because a crime need not be a felony to trigger the exigent circumstances exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement and because the officers’ actions did not exceed the scope of the evidence preservation exigency. “[W]arrants are generally required to search a person’s home or his person unless ‘the exigencies of the situation’ make the needs of law enforcement so compelling that the warrantless search is objectively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.” Brigham City, 547 U.S. at-, 126 S.Ct. at 1947 , 164 L.Ed.2d at 657 (quoting Minc

12
State v. Wiedenheftgreen
idahoctapp · 2001 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2006–2009
2 sentences

2009Id. at 17 , 27 P.3d at 876 .

2006See State v. George, 127 Idaho 693, 699 , 905 P.2d 626, 632 (1995) (because the traffic stop did not violate defendant’s right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, the defendant obstructed the authorized duty of the officer by refusing to provide her driver’s license); Wiedenhefi, 136 Idaho at 15-16, 27 P.3d at 874-75 (whether defendant was entitled to obstruct the officer’s warrantless entry into her home depended on whether the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement applied).

12
State v. Sailasgreen
idahoctapp · 1996 · cited in 2 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2003–2008
2 sentences

2003A. Exigent Circumstances The exigent circumstances exception justifies a warrantless search when the facts known to the police at the time of the entry, along with reasonable inferences drawn thereupon, demonstrate a “compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant.” Pearson-Anderson, 136 Idaho at 849 , 41 P.3d at 277 ; Sailas, 129 Idaho at 434 , 925 P.2d at 1133 .

2003A. Exigent Circumstances The exigent circumstances exception justifies a warrantless search when the facts known to the police at the time of the entry, along with reasonable inferences drawn thereupon, demonstrate a “compelling need for official action and no time to secure a warrant.” Pearson-Anderson, 136 Idaho at 849 , 41 P.3d at 277 ; Sailas, 129 Idaho at 434 , 925 P.2d at 1133 .

12
Ornelas v. United Statesgreen
scotus · 1996 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
1 sentence

2022For that reason, we, as “a reviewing court should take care both to review findings of historical fact only 12 for clear error and . . . give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996); State v. Munoz, 149 Idaho 121, 127 , 233 P.3d 52, 58 (2010).

11
State v. Munozgreen
idaho · 2010 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2022–2022
2 sentences

2022For that reason, we, as “a reviewing court should take care both to review findings of historical fact only 12 for clear error and . . . give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996); State v. Munoz, 149 Idaho 121, 127 , 233 P.3d 52, 58 (2010).

2022For that reason, we, as “a reviewing court should take care both to review findings of historical fact only 12 for clear error and . . . give due weight to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law enforcement officers.” Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 699 (1996); State v. Munoz, 149 Idaho 121, 127 , 233 P.3d 52, 58 (2010).

11
State v. Micah Abraham Wulffgreen
idaho · 2014 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020See State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416, 420 , 337 P.3d 575, 579 (2014) (stating that the body’s metabolization of alcohol is one factor to consider in an exigent circumstances analysis).

2020See State v. Wulff, 157 Idaho 416, 420 , 337 P.3d 575, 579 (2014) (stating that the body’s metabolization of alcohol is one factor to consider in an exigent circumstances analysis).

11
State v. O'KEEFEgreen
idahoctapp · 2006 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020State v. O’Keefe, 143 Idaho 278, 283 , 141 P.3d 1147, 1152 (Ct. App. 2006).

2020State v. O’Keefe, 143 Idaho 278, 283 , 141 P.3d 1147, 1152 (Ct. App. 2006).

11
State v. Scheversgreen
idahoctapp · 1999 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013State v. Valdez-Molina, 127 Idaho 102, 106 , 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789 , 979 P.2d 659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999). 1 The magistrate’s rejection of the exigent circumstances doctrine as a basis for the warrantless entry has not been appealed and we need not address that issue.

2013State v. Valdez-Molina, 127 Idaho 102, 106 , 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789 , 979 P.2d 659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999). 1 The magistrate’s rejection of the exigent circumstances doctrine as a basis for the warrantless entry has not been appealed and we need not address that issue.

11
State v. Holmangreen
idahoctapp · 1985 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
1 sentence

2013In King, the Court held that “the exigent circumstances rule applies when the police do not gain entry to premises by means of an actual or threatened violation of the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at _____, 131 S.Ct. at 1862 . 5 707 P.2d 493, 498 (Ct. App. 1985).

11
State v. Valdez-Molinagreen
idaho · 1995 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013State v. Valdez-Molina, 127 Idaho 102, 106 , 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789 , 979 P.2d 659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999). 1 The magistrate’s rejection of the exigent circumstances doctrine as a basis for the warrantless entry has not been appealed and we need not address that issue.

2013State v. Valdez-Molina, 127 Idaho 102, 106 , 897 P.2d 993, 997 (1995); State v. Schevers, 132 Idaho 786, 789 , 979 P.2d 659, 662 (Ct. App. 1999). 1 The magistrate’s rejection of the exigent circumstances doctrine as a basis for the warrantless entry has not been appealed and we need not address that issue.

11
State v. Diazred
idaho · 2007 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2008–2008
2 sentences

2008See Diaz, 144 Idaho 300 , 160 P.3d 739 ; State v. Rodriguez, 128 Idaho 521 , 915 P.2d 1379 (Ct.App.1996).

2008See Diaz, 144 Idaho 300 , 160 P.3d 739 ; State v. Rodriguez, 128 Idaho 521 , 915 P.2d 1379 (Ct.App.1996).

11
Illinois v. McArthurgreen
scotus · 2001 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
State v. Holtongreen
idaho · 1999 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
11
State v. Georgegreen
idaho · 1995 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
United States v. Richard Colby Parr and Vincent Rendarogreen
ca11 · 1983 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Michigan v. Cliffordgreen
scotus · 1984 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
11
Minnesota v. Olsongreen
scotus · 1990 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
State v. Johnsongreen
idaho · 1986 · cited in 1 Idaho opinions naming this issue, 1999–1999
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Idaho. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (20)

CaseCitedYears
Missouri v. McNeely green
scotus · 2013
2 sentences

2022Instead, the totality of circumstances surrounding a warrantless blood draw must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis to assure the two essential requirements of the exigent circumstances exception are met: “there is [1] a compelling need for official action and [2] no time to secure a warrant.” See id. at 149 (quoting Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499 , 509–510 (1978)).

2016Indeed, the Supreme Court expressed disapproval of per, se exceptions to the warrant requirement and held that “the natural metabolization of alcohol in the bloodstream” did not present a “per se exigency that justifies an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement for non-eonsensual blood testing in all drunk-driving cases.” McNeely , at -, 133 S.Ct. at 1556 , 185 L.Ed.2d at 702 .

22016–2022
State v. Daniel Chernobieff green
idaho · 2016
2 sentences

2021The ringer testimony, although indicative of a concerning 6 breakdown in the after-hours warrant application process in Ada County at the time of Chernobieff’s arrest, see Chernobieff I, 161 Idaho at 541 , 387 P.3d at 794 , is of no consequence to the exigent circumstances analysis.

2021The ringer testimony, although indicative of a concerning 6 breakdown in the after-hours warrant application process in Ada County at the time of Chernobieff’s arrest, see Chernobieff I, 161 Idaho at 541 , 387 P.3d at 794 , is of no consequence to the exigent circumstances analysis.

22021–2022
State v. Reynolds green
idahoctapp · 2008
2 sentences

2012Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 (1978); Reynolds, 146 Idaho at 470 , 197 P.3d at 331 .

2012Michigan v. Tyler, 436 U.S. 499, 509 (1978); Reynolds, 146 Idaho at 470 , 197 P.3d at 331 .

22009–2012
Chernobieff v. State green
idaho · 2021
1 sentence

2022In Chernobieff II, we disavowed the good-cause statement in Chernobieff I as dicta, but we reiterated our admonition that “it is the responsibility of the trial courts to provide a reliable and effective system for warrant applications ‘both during regular office hours and through the night and on weekends.’ ” Chernobieff II, 168 Idaho at 104, 480 P.3d at 142 (quoting Chernobieff I, 161 Idaho at 541 , 387 P.3d at 794 ).

12022–2022
State v. Smith green
idaho · 2007
2 sentences

2021Smith, 144 Idaho at 485–86, 163 P.3d at 1197–98.

2021Smith, 144 Idaho at 485–86, 163 P.3d at 1197–98.

12021–2021
State v. Curl green
idaho · 1993
2 sentences

2020Nonetheless, the gravity of the offense remains an important factor in assessing the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement, as “[p]reventing someone from disposing of or hiding a murdered corpse is clearly much more of an emergency than keeping someone from flushing a few ounces of marijuana or other controlled substances down a toilet.” Curl, 125 Idaho at 225 n.1, 869 P.2d at 225 n.1.

2020Nonetheless, the gravity of the offense remains an important factor in assessing the exigent circumstances exception to the warrant requirement, as “[p]reventing someone from disposing of or hiding a murdered corpse is clearly much more of an emergency than keeping someone from flushing a few ounces of marijuana or other controlled substances down a toilet.” Curl, 125 Idaho at 225 n.1, 869 P.2d at 225 n.1.

12020–2020
State v. Rodriguez green
idahoctapp · 1996
2 sentences

2008See Diaz, 144 Idaho 300 , 160 P.3d 739 ; State v. Rodriguez, 128 Idaho 521 , 915 P.2d 1379 (Ct.App.1996).

2008See Diaz, 144 Idaho 300 , 160 P.3d 739 ; State v. Rodriguez, 128 Idaho 521 , 915 P.2d 1379 (Ct.App.1996).

12008–2008
Colten v. Kentucky green
scotus · 1972
12006–2006
State v. Buterbaugh green
idahoctapp · 2002
12006–2006
Schmerber v. California green
scotus · 1966
12002–2002
Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Hayden green
scotus · 1967
11999–1999
State v. Koziol green
minn · 1983
11989–1989
State v. Blake green
indctapp · 1984
11989–1989
State v. Niedermeyer green
orctapp · 1980
11989–1989
Gasset v. State green
fladistctapp · 1986
11989–1989
M/G Transport Services, Inc. v. Citizens Fidelity Bank & Trust Co. green
scotus · 1981
11989–1989
Williamson v. Kimbrough green
scotus · 1981
11989–1989
First National Bank v. Marquette National Bank green
scotus · 1981
11989–1989
Ker v. California green
scotus · 1963
11978–1978
People v. Maddox green
cal · 1956
11978–1978

Statutes the citing opinions construe

ID § Idaho Code § 18-8004 (5) ID § Idaho Code § 18-8002 (4) ID § Idaho Code § 19-603 (4) ID § Idaho Code § 18-705 (3) ID § Idaho Code § 18-8004C (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 133 (1975–2025) PA 115 (1974–2026) OH 106 (1978–2025) CA 82 (1977–2026) WA 71 (1973–2022) NJ 57 (1970–2026) WI 54 (1982–2026) IL 50 (1977–2025) IA 46 (1977–2025) MI 45 (1981–2025) OR 41 (1972–2021) CO 41 (1977–2026) FL 40 (1981–2024) NM 35 (1975–2022) VA 34 (1992–2026) ID 33 (1978–2026) MN 31 (1984–2025) NY 31 (1973–2024) TN 28 (1996–2020) IN 28 (1985–2025) SC 24 (1986–2023) MO 23 (1985–2019) CT 23 (1978–2023) ME 22 (1974–2024) UT 19 (1991–2025) ND 18 (1984–2019) LA 18 (1981–2026) DC 17 (1976–2018) GA 17 (1975–2026) KS 16 (1990–2022) MD 15 (1973–2026) MA 15 (1975–2025) NH 14 (1974–2018) AZ 13 (1984–2018) AL 13 (1976–2015) NC 13 (1983–2024) MT 13 (1996–2024) DE 11 (1974–2026) SD 11 (1978–2021) RI 10 (1983–2025) WV 9 (1985–2023) KY 9 (1979–2025) AR 7 (1992–2005) NV 7 (1989–2025) HI 6 (1981–2002) AK 5 (1993–2009) VT 5 (1982–2023) MS 4 (1997–2017) VI 2 (1984–2012) WY 2 (1987–2017) NE 2 (2015–2024)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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