marital standard in Alabama

38 Alabama opinions name it 3 courts 1978–2026 4 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Alabama courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (25)

Case	Followed	Cited
Shewbart v. Shewbartgreen alacivapp · 2010 · cited in 9 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2018 2 sentences 2018Because of the broad discretionary power of a trial court over an award of periodic alimony, see Shewbart , 64 So.3d at 1087 , a petitioning spouse need only present sufficient evidence from which the trial court can reasonably infer the costs associated with the marital standard of living . 2018Insofar as the husband may be arguing that the wife failed to prove that she could not maintain the marital standard of living based on her own property and income, see Shewbart , 64 So.3d at 1088 (stating that, after establishing the marital standard of living, the petitioning spouse should establish his or her inability to achieve that same standard of living through the use of his or her separate estate, marital property awarded him or her, and his or her wage-earning capacity), we note that the record indicates that the wife initially worked as a legal secretary until the parties first chi	8	9
Scott v. Scottgreen alacivapp · 1984 · cited in 7 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2010–2017 2 sentences 2017See Scott v. Scott , 460 So.2d 1331 , 1332 (Ala. Civ. 2016See Scott v. Scott, 460 So.2d 1331, 1332 (Ala.Civ.App.1984).	7	7
Grocholski v. Grocholskigreen alacivapp · 2011 · cited in 4 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2014–2018 2 sentences 2018See generally Grocholski v. Grocholski , 89 So.3d 123 (Ala. Civ. 2018See generally Grocholski v. Grocholski , 89 So.3d 123 (Ala. Civ.	4	4
J.D.A. v. A.B.A.green alacivapp · 2013 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2014–2018 2 sentences 2018See J.D.A. , 142 So.3d at 624 (Moore, J., concurring in part, concurring in the result in part, and dissenting in part). 2015See J.D.A. v. A.B.A., 142 So.3d 603, 620-21 (Ala.Civ.App.2013) (Moore, J., concurring in part, concurring in the result in part, and dissenting in part).	3	3
Arnold v. Stategreen ala · 1977 · cited in 4 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1981–2011 2 sentences 2011In this article, discussing criminal communications, the author notes, ‘Such communications are concerned with the commission of a crime, not with the privacy of a marriage; the information sought has nothing to do with intimate marital relations and the privacy interests of husband and wife are not at stake.’ Id. at 753. ‘This privilege is akin to the attorney-client privilege, also designed to protect the confidences of the communicator, which has been held not to extend to communications in furtherance of criminal activity.’ Ammar, 714 F.2d at 258. “[The defendant] argues that the ‘crime-fr 1992Compare Arnold v. State , 353 So.2d 524 , 526 (Ala. 1977) (the waiver of the marital privilege belongs to the communicating spouse); Swain v. Terry , 454 So.2d 948 , 953-54 (Ala. 1984) (the waiver of the attorney-client privilege belongs solely to the client).	2	4
Orr v. Orrgreen alacivapp · 1979 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016Section 30-2-51(a), Ala.Code 1975, provides for “maintenance of a spouse,” which this court has construed to include periodic alimony, monetary installments payable to a dependent spouse to enable that spouse not only to live independently, but also to sustain, to the extent possible, the marital standard of living, O’Neal v. O’Neal, 678 So.2d 161 , 164 (Ala.Civ.App.1996), he., “the economic status quo,” Orr v. Orr., 374 So.2d 895, 897 (Ala.Civ.App.1979). 2016To come within the purview of § 30-2-51 so as to qualify for consideration of an award of periodic alimony, a spouse must first prove that he or she lacks a sufficient estate for his or her “maintenance.” That is, the petitioning spouse must establish to the satisfaction of the trial court that he or she cannot maintain the marital standard of living, i.e., “the economic status quo,” Orr v. Orr., 374 So.2d 895, 897 (Ala.Civ.App.1979), based on his or her own resources.	2	2
Pickett v. Pickettgreen alacivapp · 1998 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2014 2 sentences 2014See generally Pickett v. Pickett, 723 So.2d 71 (Ala.Civ.App.1998) (plurality) (holding that wife, who had been primary wage earner for first 10 years of the parties’ marriage, had received inadequate alimony to sustain the luxurious standard of living established during the last 6 years of the marriage after husband became a physician).” J.D.A. v. A.B.A., 142 So.3d 603, 620 (Ala.Civ.App.2013) (Moore, J., concurring in part, concurring in the result in part, and dissenting in part). 2013See generally Pickett v. Pickett, 723 So.2d 71 (Ala.Civ.App.1998) (plurality) (holding that wife, who had been primary wage earner for first 10 years of the parties’ marriage, had received inadequate alimony to sustain the luxurious standard of living established during the last 6 years of the marriage after husband became a physician).	2	2
Epps v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1981 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1990–1991	2	2
Long v. Longgreen alacivapp · 2012 · cited in 3 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2014–2016 2 sentences 2016We note that this court determined in Marshall v. Marshall, 168 So.3d 52, 58 (Ala.Civ.App.2014)(overruling in part Long v. Long, 109 So.3d 633 (Ala. Civ.App.2012)), that a spouse seeking periodic alimony must prove only, the costs associated with the specific aspect of the marital standard of living for which alimony is sought—for instance, housing costs. 2014Citing Long v. Long, 109 So.3d 633 (Ala.Civ.App.2012), the husband argues that the periodic-alimony award is not supported by substantial evidence because, he says, the wife did not prove (1) the parties’ standard of living during the marriage (“the marital standard of living”) and (2) all the monthly expenses she would incur after the divorce in order to maintain the marital standard of living.	1	3
O'Neal v. O'Nealgreen alacivapp · 1996 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016See O’Neal v. O’Neal, 678 So.2d 161 , 164 (Ala.Civ.App.1996).” 64 So.3d at 1088 . 2016Section 30-2-51(a), Ala.Code 1975, provides for “maintenance of a spouse,” which this court has construed to include periodic alimony, monetary installments payable to a dependent spouse to enable that spouse not only to live independently, but also to sustain, to the extent possible, the marital standard of living, O’Neal v. O’Neal, 678 So.2d 161 , 164 (Ala.Civ.App.1996), he., “the economic status quo,” Orr v. Orr., 374 So.2d 895, 897 (Ala.Civ.App.1979).	1	2
Marshall v. Marshallgreen alacivapp · 2014 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016 2 sentences 2016We note that this court determined in Marshall v. Marshall, 168 So.3d 52, 58 (Ala.Civ.App.2014)(overruling in part Long v. Long, 109 So.3d 633 (Ala. Civ.App.2012)), that a spouse seeking periodic alimony must prove only, the costs associated with the specific aspect of the marital standard of living for which alimony is sought—for instance, housing costs. 2016Long v. Long, 109 So.3d 633, 652 (Ala.Civ.App.2012), overruled on other grounds, Marshall v. Marshall, 168 So.3d 52 (Ala.Civ.App.2014).	1	2
United States v. Ammargreen ca3 · 1983 · cited in 2 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1986–2011 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 2011In this article, discussing criminal communications, the author notes, ‘Such communications are concerned with the commission of a crime, not with the privacy of a marriage; the information sought has nothing to do with intimate marital relations and the privacy interests of husband and wife are not at stake.’ Id. at 753. ‘This privilege is akin to the attorney-client privilege, also designed to protect the confidences of the communicator, which has been held not to extend to communications in furtherance of criminal activity.’ Ammar, 714 F.2d at 258. “[The defendant] argues that the ‘crime-fr	1	2
Alfred v. Alfredgreen alacivapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2017–2017	1	1
McCarron v. McCarrongreen alacivapp · 2014 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016	1	1
Kean v. Keangreen alacivapp · 2015 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016	1	1
Body v. Bodygreen alacivapp · 1971 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2015–2015	1	1
Vajner v. Vajnergreen alacivapp · 2012 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2014–2014	1	1
Ex Parte Elliottgreen ala · 2000 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
Stone v. Stonegreen alacivapp · 2009 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
Tompkins v. Tompkinsgreen alacivapp · 2002 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
Huggins v. Hugginsgreen alacivapp · 1976 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
Kelly v. Kellygreen alacivapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013	1	1
Ex Parte CAPgreen ala · 1996 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012	1	1
Caban v. Mohammedgreen scotus · 1979 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 2012–2012	1	1
Bairley v. Stategreen alacrimapp · 1981 · cited in 1 Alabama opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990	1	1

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

Case	Negative	Cited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Alabama. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (44)

Case	Cited	Years
Herboso v. Herboso green alacivapp · 2003 2 sentences 2025Herboso [v. Herboso, 881 So. 2d 454 (Ala. Civ. 2016The ability to pay may be proven by showing that the responding spouse has a sufficient separate estate, following the division of the marital property, see § 30-2-51(a), Ala. Code 1975, and/or sufficient earning capacity to consistently provide the petitioning spouse with the necessary funds to enable him or her to maintain the parties’ former marital standard of living, Herboso, supra. In considering the responding spouse’s ability to pay, the trial court should take into account all the financial obligations of the responding spouse, including those obligations created by the divorce judgme	8	2010–2025
Ex Parte Presse green ala · 1989 2 sentences 2012However, in Ex parte Presse, we recognized that the AUPA “espouses principles that seek to protect the sanctity of family relationships,” 554 So.2d at 412 , and we now apply those principles where the marital presumption is not applicable and the only issue is whether the man claiming to be the presumed father, “while the child is under the age of majority, ... receive[d] the child into his home and openly [held] out the child as his natural child or otherwise openly [held] out the child as his natural child and established] a significant parental relationship with the child by providing emoti 2004The presumed father’s presumption in the present case may in fact be based on § 26-17-5(a)(2), the provision under which a man is presumed to be the father of a child if the child is born after an attempted marriage “solemnized in apparent compliance with law” that “is or could be declared invalid.” In light of the statement in Ex parte Presse that the AUPA “espouses principles that seek to protect the sanctity of family relationships” and the court’s determination that the weightier presumption is, at all times, the marital presumption, Ex parte Presse, 554 So.2d at 412 , we do not consider t	5	2004–2018
Michael Craft v. State of Alabama. green alacrimapp · 2011 2 sentences 2025In applying this exception, this Court in Craft v. State, 90 So. 3d 197 (Ala. Crim. 2025In applying this exception, this Court in Craft v. State, 90 So. 3d 197 (Ala. Crim.	2	2025–2025
J.O.J. v. R.M. green alacivapp · 2015 2 sentences 2018He specifically cites only J.O.J. v. R.M. , 205 So.3d 726 (Ala. Civ. 2018He specifically cites only J.O.J. v. R.M. , 205 So.3d 726 (Ala. Civ.	2	2018–2018
Gutridge v. State green md · 1964 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983)	2	1986–2011
United States v. Billy Joe Entrekin green ca5 · 1980 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
Ostric v. Corporation of St. Mary's College green scotus · 1983 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
PRC Harris, Inc. v. Boeing Co. green scotus · 1983	2	1986–2011
United States v. William Augustus Broome, United States of America v. James Lee Spoone, United States of America v. Billie K. Spoone green ca4 · 1984 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
United States v. Judy Ann Archer and Jerry Vaughn Archer green ca5 · 1984	2	1986–2011
United States v. Nick Kapnison green ca10 · 1984 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
United States v. Jake Keller Neal green ca10 · 1984 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
Gill v. Commonwealth green kyctapphigh · 1964 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
United States v. Arnold J. Price, Charles R. Mitchell, William Pernar Mitchell, A/K/A Bill Mitchell, and Bobbi Mitchell green ca9 · 1978 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
State v. Smith green me · 1978	2	1986–2011
California v. Civil Aeronautics Board green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
Todd v. Associated Credit Bureau Services, Inc. green scotus · 1979	2	1986–2011
Mitchell v. United States green scotus · 1979 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
LoBue v. Nevada ex rel. Department of Highways green scotus · 1981 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
D'Arc v. D'Arc green scotus · 1981	2	1986–2011
Barham v. Welch green scotus · 1981 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
Sanchez-Colon v. Marsh green scotus · 1984	2	1986–2011
Rabauliman v. Territory of Guam green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
In re Sekerez green scotus · 1984 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
Ballard v. Virginia green scotus · 1985 2 sentences 2011United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 471 U.S. 1015 , 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1086 , 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 861 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 855 , 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983) 1986United States v. Kapnison, 743 F.2d 1450 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 2017 , 85 L.Ed.2d. 299 (1985); United States v. Neal, 743 F.2d 1441 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 105 S.Ct. 1848 , 85 L.Ed.2d 146 (1985); United States v. Archer, 733 F.2d 354 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___ 105 S.Ct. 196 , 83 L.Ed.2d. 128 (1984); United States v. Broome, 732 F.2d 363 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, ___ U.S.___, 105 S.Ct. 181 , 83 L.Ed.2d 116 (1984); United States v. Ammar, 714 F.2d 238 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 936 , 104 S.Ct. 344 , 78 L.Ed.2d 311 (1983); Un	2	1986–2011
Bellevue Fire Fighters Local 1604 v. City of Bellevue green scotus · 1985	2	1986–2011
Galloway v. Allsbrook green scotus · 1985	2	1986–2011
Rodgers v. Rodgers green alacivapp · 2016	1	2026–2026
Stanford v. Stanford green alacivapp · 2009	1	2017–2017
Ex Parte Bayliss green ala · 1989	1	2013–2013
Wagner v. Wagner green alacivapp · 2008	1	2013–2013
McGowin v. McGOWIN IV green alacivapp · 2008	1	2013–2013
Thrasher v. Wilburn green alacivapp · 1990	1	2013–2013
Lacy v. Gabriel green scotus · 1984	1	2011–2011
Moteles v. University of Pennsylvania green scotus · 1984	1	2011–2011
Smith v. Wyrick green scotus · 1984	1	2011–2011
CED'S, Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency green scotus · 1985	1	2011–2011
Neal v. United States green scotus · 1985	1	2011–2011
Ziglar v. State green alacrimapp · 1993	1	1995–1995
Ex Parte State Ex Rel. Attorney General neutral ala · 1978	1	1993–1993

Statutes the citing opinions construe

AL § Ala. Code § 30-2-51 (13) AL § Ala. Code § 26-17-5 (6) AL § Ala. Code § 13A-6-2 (4) AL § Ala. Code § 26-17-101 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 26-17-204 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 26-17-601 (3) AL § Ala. Code § 26-17-607 (3) USC § 10u.s.c.1408 (3)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

CA 163 (1956–2026) NY 131 (1975–2025) NJ 71 (1967–2026) IL 57 (1979–2024) FL 45 (1976–2018) OH 40 (1985–2023) AL 38 (1978–2026) MN 34 (1961–2025) UT 34 (1995–2025) TN 27 (1978–2015) GA 24 (1983–2024) WA 23 (1953–2018) MO 23 (1979–2024) CO 22 (1981–2026) NC 20 (1995–2025) IN 20 (1975–2026) PA 20 (1935–2025) AZ 19 (1974–2018) WI 18 (1967–2024) TX 17 (1972–2022) MI 15 (1965–2023) MA 15 (1980–2025) DC 15 (1976–2015) CT 12 (1995–2023) KY 11 (1988–2022) MD 11 (1996–2021) VT 11 (1988–2026) VA 10 (1996–2016) KS 10 (1977–2023) OR 9 (1972–2023) IA 8 (1978–2025) ME 7 (1971–2022) LA 7 (2014–2024) WY 7 (1978–2008) OK 6 (1999–2006) NV 6 (1980–2020) NH 6 (1989–2006) MS 6 (2000–2025) AK 5 (1980–2018) ID 5 (1925–2009) RI 5 (1998–2017) NM 5 (2003–2022) SC 4 (2005–2018) HI 4 (2003–2026) ND 4 (1993–1997) WV 3 (1987–2018) SD 3 (1986–2003) VI 3 (1997–2025) MT 2 (1981–2021) DE 2 (1994–2018)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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