rationale underlying doctrine (Ohio) · Go Syfert
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rationale underlying doctrine in Ohio

43 Ohio opinions name it 3 courts 1982–2026 11 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Ohio courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (11)

CaseFollowedCited
Simmers v. Bentley Construction Co.green
ohio · 1992 · cited in 6 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2002–2019
2 sentences

2019Thus, the owner or occupier may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those dangers and take appropriate measures to protect themselves.' Armstrong at ¶ 5, quoting Simmers at 644, 597 N.E.2d 504 . {¶8} However, the open and obvious doctrine will not be applied if the attendant circumstances exception applies.

2018Co. , 64 Ohio St.3d 642 , 644, 597 N.E.2d 504 (1992).

16
Williams v. Lowe's of Bellfontaine, 8-06-25 (4-30-2007)green
ohioctapp · 2007 · cited in 2 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2025
2 sentences

2025Williams v. Lowe’s of Bellefontaine, 2007-Ohio-2045, ¶ 9 (3d Dist.).

2024Williams v. Lowe’s of Bellefontaine, 2007-Ohio-2045, ¶ 9 .

12
State v. Coregreen
ohioctapp · 2023 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“The ‘immediately apparent’ requirement is satisfied if the officer has probable cause to associate the object with criminal activity based on the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” State v. Wyatt, 2021-Ohio-3146, ¶ 33 (12th Dist.), citing State v. Grant, 2015-Ohio-2464 , ¶ 17 (12th Dist.). “‘[I]t need only be probable—that is, more likely than not—that the article possesses that criminal character.’” State v. Core, 2023-Ohio-4061, ¶ 31 (2d Dist.), quoting State v. Dunson, 2007-Ohio-6681, ¶ 20 (2d Dist.).

11
State v. Dunson, 22219 (12-14-2007)green
ohioctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“The ‘immediately apparent’ requirement is satisfied if the officer has probable cause to associate the object with criminal activity based on the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” State v. Wyatt, 2021-Ohio-3146, ¶ 33 (12th Dist.), citing State v. Grant, 2015-Ohio-2464 , ¶ 17 (12th Dist.). “‘[I]t need only be probable—that is, more likely than not—that the article possesses that criminal character.’” State v. Core, 2023-Ohio-4061, ¶ 31 (2d Dist.), quoting State v. Dunson, 2007-Ohio-6681, ¶ 20 (2d Dist.).

11
State v. Wyattgreen
ohioctapp · 2021 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025“The ‘immediately apparent’ requirement is satisfied if the officer has probable cause to associate the object with criminal activity based on the totality of the surrounding circumstances.” State v. Wyatt, 2021-Ohio-3146, ¶ 33 (12th Dist.), citing State v. Grant, 2015-Ohio-2464 , ¶ 17 (12th Dist.). “‘[I]t need only be probable—that is, more likely than not—that the article possesses that criminal character.’” State v. Core, 2023-Ohio-4061, ¶ 31 (2d Dist.), quoting State v. Dunson, 2007-Ohio-6681, ¶ 20 (2d Dist.).

11
State v. Hackettgreen
ohioctapp · 2007 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024“The rationale for a protective search, however, becomes attenuated with successive searches.” State v. Hackett, 2007-Ohio-1868, ¶ 16 (6th Dist.).

11
Ruckman v. Cubby Drilling, Inc.green
ohio · 1998 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2009–2009
1 sentence

2009Ruckman , at 121. {¶ 13} The deposition testimony of Galla is both illuminating and determinative in applying the above legal principles to the facts of this case.

11
Grava v. Parkman Townshipgreen
ohio · 1995 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2007–2007
1 sentence

2007See Grava v. Parkman (1993), 73 Ohio St.3d 379 , 382-383 .

11
Jordan v. De Georgegreen
scotus · 1951 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2006–2006
2 sentences

2006See Jordan v. De George (1951), 341 U.S. 223 , 71 S.Ct. 703 , 95 L.Ed. 886 (applying the doctrine to a deportation statute); Giaccio, 382 U.S. at 402 , 86 S.Ct. 518 , 15 L.Ed.2d 447 .

2006See Jordan v. De George (1951), 341 U.S. 223 , 71 S.Ct. 703 , 95 L.Ed. 886 (applying the doctrine to a deportation statute); Giaccio, 382 U.S. at 402 , 86 S.Ct. 518 , 15 L.Ed.2d 447 .

11
Elam v. Hyatt Legal Servicesgreen
ohio · 1989 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 2002–2002
2 sentences

2002As the court explained in Scholler : {¶ 57} "An attorney is immune from liability to third persons arising from his performance as an attorney in good faith on behalf of, and with the knowledge of his client, unless such third person is in privity with the client * * *." Id. ; see, also, Elam v. Hyatt Legal Serv. (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 175 , 176 , 541 N.E.2d 616 ; Sayyah v. Cutrell (2001), 143 Ohio App.3d 102 , 110 , 757 N.E.2d 779 . {¶ 58} In Simon v. Zipperstein , the court explained the rationale underlying the rule that absent privity, third persons may not sue an attorney for legal malprac

2002As the court explained in Scholler : {¶ 57} "An attorney is immune from liability to third persons arising from his performance as an attorney in good faith on behalf of, and with the knowledge of his client, unless such third person is in privity with the client * * *." Id. ; see, also, Elam v. Hyatt Legal Serv. (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 175 , 176 , 541 N.E.2d 616 ; Sayyah v. Cutrell (2001), 143 Ohio App.3d 102 , 110 , 757 N.E.2d 779 . {¶ 58} In Simon v. Zipperstein , the court explained the rationale underlying the rule that absent privity, third persons may not sue an attorney for legal malprac

11
Scot Lad Foods, Inc. v. Secretary of Stategreen
ohio · 1981 · cited in 1 Ohio opinions naming this issue, 1984–1984
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Ohio. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (27)

CaseCitedYears
Armstrong v. Best Buy Co. green
ohio · 2003
2 sentences

2025Thus, the owner or occupier may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those 12 dangers and take appropriate measures to protect themselves.’” Id., quoting Simmers v. Bentley Constr.

2023Thus, the owner or occupier may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises 6 will discover those dangers and take appropriate measures to protect themselves.’” Armstrong v. Best Buy Co., 99 Ohio St.3d 79 , 2003-Ohio-2573 , ¶ 5, quoting Simmers v. Bentley Constr.

102006–2025
Sidle v. Humphrey green
ohio · 1968
2 sentences

2007Sidle v. Humphrey (1968), 13 Ohio St.2d 45 , 42 O.O.2d 96 , 233 N.E.2d 589, approved and followed." Armstrong at syllabus. {¶ 10} The Armstrong court reiterated the rationale behind the open and obvious doctrine, stating: "The rationale underlying this doctrine is `that the open and obvious nature of the hazard itself serves as a warning.

2007Sidle v. Humphrey (1968), 13 Ohio St.2d 45 , 42 O.O.2d 96 , 233 N.E.2d 589, approved and followed." Armstrong at syllabus. {¶ 10} The Armstrong court reiterated the rationale behind the open and obvious doctrine, stating: "The rationale underlying this doctrine is `that the open and obvious nature of the hazard itself serves as a warning.

72005–2026
Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co. green
ohio · 1992
2 sentences

2008Thus, the owner or occupier may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those dangers and take appropriate measures to protect themselves." Simmers v. Bentley Constr Co. , 64 Ohio St.3d 642 , 644 , 1992-Ohio-42 , 597 N.E.2d 504 . {¶ 19} A business ordinarily owes its business invitees a duty of ordinary care in maintaining the premises in a reasonably safe condition and has the duty to warn its invitees of latent or hidden dangers.

2007Thus, the owner or occupier may reasonably expect that persons entering the premises will discover those dangers and take appropriate measures to protect themselves." Simmers v. Bentley Constr Co. , 64 Ohio St.3d 642 , 644 , 1992-Ohio-42 , 597 N.E.2d 504 . {¶ 10} A shopkeeper ordinarily owes its business invitees a duty of ordinary care in maintaining the premises in a reasonably safe condition and has the duty to warn its invitees of latent or hidden dangers.

32002–2008
Minnesota v. Dickerson green
scotus · 1993
2 sentences

2025“The rationale underlying this doctrine is that the detection of such contraband involved ‘no invasion of the suspect’s privacy beyond that already authorized by the officer’s search for weapons. . .’” Id., quoting Dickerson at 373 .

2024The rationale underlying this doctrine is that the detection of such contraband involved “no invasion of the suspect’s privacy beyond that already authorized by the officer’s search for weapons * * *.” Id. {¶17} “A second-pat down search has been found to be justified when the officer who conducted the second pat-down search did not observe the first pat down or was concerned with the adequacy of the first pat down.” State v. Garrett, 2018- Ohio-4530, ¶ 56 (2d Dist.).

22024–2025
City of Hubbard ex rel. Creed v. Sauline green
ohio · 1996
2 sentences

2005Creed v. Sauline (1996), 74 Ohio St.3d 402 , 404 .

2004Creed v. Sauline (1996), 74 Ohio St.3d 402 , 404 .

22004–2005
Early v. Damon's Restaurant, Unpublished Decision (6-29-2006) green
ohioctapp · 2006
1 sentence

2022Early v. Damon’s Restaurant, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-1342, 2006-Ohio-3311, ¶ 7 . 1 A business invitee is one who is upon the premises of another by invitation, express or implied, for some purpose that is beneficial to the owner.

12022–2022
Nolan v. Nolan green
ohio · 1984
1 sentence

2019“The rationale underlying this doctrine is to maintain consistent results in a case by conclusively settling issues that have previously been litigated.” Id. {¶12} Here, this Court resolved the parties’ prior appeal and cross-appeal on procedural grounds without considering the merits of whether the trial court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of the Frys under Option I.

12019–2019
Fry v. Speelman neutral
ohioctapp · 2017
1 sentence

2019Fry, 2017-Ohio-5478, at ¶ 14 .

12019–2019
Kearns v. Huckaby, Unpublished Decision (10-2-2006) green
ohioctapp · 2006
1 sentence

2014This is true even if there are misstatements and misrepresentations by the seller, so long as such are not "so reprehensible in nature as to constitute fraud." Id., citing Traverse v. Long, 165 Ohio St. 249 , 252 (1956). {¶ 22} The rationale underlying the doctrine is that "a party has no right to rely on certain representations regarding the property when the true facts are equally open to both parties." Huckaby at ¶ 18.

12014–2014
Traverse v. Long green
ohio · 1956
1 sentence

2014This is true even if there are misstatements and misrepresentations by the seller, so long as such are not "so reprehensible in nature as to constitute fraud." Id., citing Traverse v. Long, 165 Ohio St. 249 , 252 (1956). {¶ 22} The rationale underlying the doctrine is that "a party has no right to rely on certain representations regarding the property when the true facts are equally open to both parties." Huckaby at ¶ 18.

12014–2014
Shields v. King green
ohioctapp · 1973
1 sentence

2013Degen, citing Hake, 23 Ohio St.2d at 66-67 . {¶ 60} In Hansen v. Wal-Mart, supra, this court recognized the rationale underlying the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor and how the theory applies when injuries occur in a public place: “‘The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur is founded on an absence of specific proof of acts or omissions constituting negligence, and the particular justice of the doctrine rests upon the foundation that the true cause of the occurrence, whether innocent or culpable, is within the knowledge or access of the defendant and not within the plaintiffs knowledge or accessible to

12013–2013
Hake v. George Wiedemann Brewing Co. green
ohio · 1970
1 sentence

2013Degen, citing Hake, 23 Ohio St.2d at 66-67 . {¶ 60} In Hansen v. Wal-Mart, supra, this court recognized the rationale underlying the doctrine of res ipsa loquitor and how the theory applies when injuries occur in a public place: “‘The doctrine of res ipsa loquitur is founded on an absence of specific proof of acts or omissions constituting negligence, and the particular justice of the doctrine rests upon the foundation that the true cause of the occurrence, whether innocent or culpable, is within the knowledge or access of the defendant and not within the plaintiffs knowledge or accessible to

12013–2013
Grayned v. City of Rockford green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

2006Grayned, 408 U.S. at 108-109 , 92 S.Ct. 2294 , 33 L.Ed.2d 222 ; Papachristou v. Jacksonville (1972), 405 U.S. 156 , 92 S.Ct. 839 , 31 L.Ed.2d 110 . {¶ 87} The vagueness doctrine is usually applied in criminal law and First Amendment claims, but neither the rationale underlying the doctrine nor the case law interpreting it suggests that it should not be applied in any case in which the statute challenged substantially affects other fundamental constitutional rights.

2006Grayned, 408 U.S. at 108-109 , 92 S.Ct. 2294 , 33 L.Ed.2d 222 ; Papachristou v. Jacksonville (1972), 405 U.S. 156 , 92 S.Ct. 839 , 31 L.Ed.2d 110 . {¶ 87} The vagueness doctrine is usually applied in criminal law and First Amendment claims, but neither the rationale underlying the doctrine nor the case law interpreting it suggests that it should not be applied in any case in which the statute challenged substantially affects other fundamental constitutional rights.

12006–2006
Giaccio v. Pennsylvania green
scotus · 1965
2 sentences

2006See Jordan v. De George (1951), 341 U.S. 223 , 71 S.Ct. 703 , 95 L.Ed. 886 (applying the doctrine to a deportation statute); Giaccio, 382 U.S. at 402 , 86 S.Ct. 518 , 15 L.Ed.2d 447 .

2006See Jordan v. De George (1951), 341 U.S. 223 , 71 S.Ct. 703 , 95 L.Ed. 886 (applying the doctrine to a deportation statute); Giaccio, 382 U.S. at 402 , 86 S.Ct. 518 , 15 L.Ed.2d 447 .

12006–2006
Papachristou v. City of Jacksonville green
scotus · 1972
2 sentences

2006Grayned, 408 U.S. at 108-109 , 92 S.Ct. 2294 , 33 L.Ed.2d 222 ; Papachristou v. Jacksonville (1972), 405 U.S. 156 , 92 S.Ct. 839 , 31 L.Ed.2d 110 . {¶ 87} The vagueness doctrine is usually applied in criminal law and First Amendment claims, but neither the rationale underlying the doctrine nor the case law interpreting it suggests that it should not be applied in any case in which the statute challenged substantially affects other fundamental constitutional rights.

2006Grayned, 408 U.S. at 108-109 , 92 S.Ct. 2294 , 33 L.Ed.2d 222 ; Papachristou v. Jacksonville (1972), 405 U.S. 156 , 92 S.Ct. 839 , 31 L.Ed.2d 110 . {¶ 87} The vagueness doctrine is usually applied in criminal law and First Amendment claims, but neither the rationale underlying the doctrine nor the case law interpreting it suggests that it should not be applied in any case in which the statute challenged substantially affects other fundamental constitutional rights.

12006–2006
Scholler v. Scholler green
ohio · 1984
1 sentence

2002As the court explained in Scholler : {¶ 57} "An attorney is immune from liability to third persons arising from his performance as an attorney in good faith on behalf of, and with the knowledge of his client, unless such third person is in privity with the client * * *." Id. ; see, also, Elam v. Hyatt Legal Serv. (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 175 , 176 , 541 N.E.2d 616 ; Sayyah v. Cutrell (2001), 143 Ohio App.3d 102 , 110 , 757 N.E.2d 779 . {¶ 58} In Simon v. Zipperstein , the court explained the rationale underlying the rule that absent privity, third persons may not sue an attorney for legal malprac

12002–2002
Simon v. Zipperstein green
ohio · 1987
2 sentences

2002To allow indiscriminate third-party actions against attorneys of necessity would create a conflict of interest at all times, so that the attorney might well be reluctant to offer proper representation to his client in fear of some third-party actions against the attorney himself." (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 74 , 76 , 512 N.E.2d 636 .

2002To allow indiscriminate third-party actions against attorneys of necessity would create a conflict of interest at all times, so that the attorney might well be reluctant to offer proper representation to his client in fear of some third-party actions against the attorney himself." (1987), 32 Ohio St.3d 74 , 76 , 512 N.E.2d 636 .

12002–2002
D'ANTORIO v. State green
alaska · 1996
1 sentence

2002D'Antorio v. State (Alaska 1996), 926 P.2d 1158 , 1166 .

12002–2002
Sayyah v. Cutrell green
ohioctapp · 2001
2 sentences

2002As the court explained in Scholler : {¶ 57} "An attorney is immune from liability to third persons arising from his performance as an attorney in good faith on behalf of, and with the knowledge of his client, unless such third person is in privity with the client * * *." Id. ; see, also, Elam v. Hyatt Legal Serv. (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 175 , 176 , 541 N.E.2d 616 ; Sayyah v. Cutrell (2001), 143 Ohio App.3d 102 , 110 , 757 N.E.2d 779 . {¶ 58} In Simon v. Zipperstein , the court explained the rationale underlying the rule that absent privity, third persons may not sue an attorney for legal malprac

2002As the court explained in Scholler : {¶ 57} "An attorney is immune from liability to third persons arising from his performance as an attorney in good faith on behalf of, and with the knowledge of his client, unless such third person is in privity with the client * * *." Id. ; see, also, Elam v. Hyatt Legal Serv. (1989), 44 Ohio St.3d 175 , 176 , 541 N.E.2d 616 ; Sayyah v. Cutrell (2001), 143 Ohio App.3d 102 , 110 , 757 N.E.2d 779 . {¶ 58} In Simon v. Zipperstein , the court explained the rationale underlying the rule that absent privity, third persons may not sue an attorney for legal malprac

12002–2002
Little Forest Medical Center v. Ohio Civil Rights Commission green
ohioctapp · 1993
1 sentence

2001Little Forest Medical Ctr. v. Ohio Civil Rights Comm . (1993), 91 Ohio App.3d 76 , 81 .

12001–2001
United States v. Hoar green
circtdma · 1821
12000–2000
State v. Duncan green
ohio · 1978
11998–1998
Primes v. Tyler green
ohio · 1975
11982–1982
Molitor v. Kaneland Community Unit District No. 302 green
ill · 1959
11982–1982
Muskopf v. Corning Hospital District red
cal · 1961
11982–1982
Sears v. City of Cincinnati green
ohio · 1972
11982–1982
Hyde v. City of Lakewood green
ohio · 1965
11982–1982

Where else courts name it

CA 89 (1964–2025) IL 78 (1970–2026) NY 60 (1956–2026) OH 43 (1982–2026) TX 40 (1990–2022) CT 35 (1983–2022) MD 32 (1980–2024) PA 27 (1976–2025) MO 26 (1970–2024) NJ 15 (1978–2025) WA 13 (1971–2016) GA 13 (1978–2024) MI 13 (1974–2021) IN 13 (1973–2020) IA 12 (1988–2023) FL 11 (1968–2011) TN 10 (1993–2018) DC 10 (1978–2017) NC 9 (1987–2018) WI 9 (1971–2024) NM 8 (2000–2019) MN 8 (1993–2019) NH 8 (1972–2002) LA 8 (1967–2014) CO 8 (1986–2026) VA 8 (1990–2017) WV 7 (1983–2015) WY 7 (1970–2017) AL 7 (1977–2016) MT 6 (1998–2008) ND 6 (1985–2005) DE 6 (1974–2023) UT 6 (1993–2022) ME 6 (1969–2018) AZ 5 (1984–2012) NE 5 (1983–2002) VT 4 (1985–2022) RI 4 (1970–2014) HI 4 (1995–2019) MS 3 (1980–1998) SC 3 (1996–2004) NV 3 (1998–2011) MA 3 (1981–2004) OR 2 (1999–2008)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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