ruling rule (Utah) · Go Syfert
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ruling rule in Utah

30 Utah opinions name it 2 courts 1989–2026 5 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by Utah courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (19)

CaseFollowedCited
White v. Stategreen
utah · 1990 · cited in 4 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2014–2015
2 sentences

2015See id.

2015See id.

44
Dennett v. Ferbergreen
utahctapp · 2013 · cited in 3 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2017–2020
2 sentences

2020Indeed, a court’s “ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order and, thus, may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion.” Dennett v. Ferber, 2013 UT App 209, ¶ 3 , 309 P.3d 313 (per curiam) (quotation simplified).

2020Indeed, a court’s “ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order and, thus, may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion.” Dennett v. Ferber, 2013 UT App 209, ¶ 3 , 309 P.3d 313 (per curiam) (quotation simplified).

13
Kerr v. City of Salt Lakegreen
utah · 2013 · cited in 3 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2015–2018
2 sentences

2018See Kerr v. City of Salt Lake , 2013 UT 75 , ¶ 44, 322 P.3d 669 (stating that under the doctrine of invited error, "a litigant may not induce the trial court to make a ruling and then argue on appeal that the ruling was in error").

2018See Kerr v. City of Salt Lake , 2013 UT 75 , ¶ 44, 322 P.3d 669 (stating that under the doctrine of invited error, "a litigant may not induce the trial court to make a ruling and then argue on appeal that the ruling was in error").

13
State v. Beverlygreen
utah · 2018 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2025–2025
1 sentence

2025And in light of this deference, an appellate court reverses a district court’s ruling under rule 403 only if the ruling “was beyond the limits of reasonableness.” Beverly, 2018 UT 60, ¶ 56 (quotation simplified).

11
Pon v. Brewergreen
utahctapp · 2020 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2020–2020
2 sentences

2020Thus, an appellate court “lacks jurisdiction to resolve issues raised in a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion unless a new notice of appeal has been filed.” Dennett, 2013 UT App 209, ¶ 3 ; see also Pon v. Brewer, 2020 UT App 99, ¶ 7 , 468 P.3d 581 (“[I]f a party fails to file an amended notice of appeal after denial of a rule 60(b) motion, an appellate court lacks jurisdiction to consider issues raised in that motion.”).

2020Thus, an appellate court “lacks jurisdiction to resolve issues raised in a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion unless a new notice of appeal has been filed.” Dennett, 2013 UT App 209, ¶ 3 ; see also Pon v. Brewer, 2020 UT App 99, ¶ 7 , 468 P.3d 581 (“[I]f a party fails to file an amended notice of appeal after denial of a rule 60(b) motion, an appellate court lacks jurisdiction to consider issues raised in that motion.”).

11
Robinson v. Paul Ray Taylor, M.D.green
utah · 2015 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Jensen v. Intermountain Power Agency , 1999 UT 10 , ¶ 7, 977 P.2d 474 ; see also Perea v. State , 2017 UT App 67 , ¶ 6, 397 P.3d 770 (stating that "a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order" that usually "may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion" (quotation simplified)). ¶14 Fifth, Defendants contend that the trial court erred "in permitting inadmissible and prejudicial testimony throughout the trial." "We grant a trial court broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence and w

2019Jensen v. Intermountain Power Agency , 1999 UT 10 , ¶ 7, 977 P.2d 474 ; see also Perea v. State , 2017 UT App 67 , ¶ 6, 397 P.3d 770 (stating that "a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order" that usually "may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion" (quotation simplified)). ¶14 Fifth, Defendants contend that the trial court erred "in permitting inadmissible and prejudicial testimony throughout the trial." "We grant a trial court broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence and w

11
Perea v. Stategreen
utahctapp · 2017 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2019–2019
2 sentences

2019Jensen v. Intermountain Power Agency , 1999 UT 10 , ¶ 7, 977 P.2d 474 ; see also Perea v. State , 2017 UT App 67 , ¶ 6, 397 P.3d 770 (stating that "a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order" that usually "may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion" (quotation simplified)). ¶14 Fifth, Defendants contend that the trial court erred "in permitting inadmissible and prejudicial testimony throughout the trial." "We grant a trial court broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence and w

2019Jensen v. Intermountain Power Agency , 1999 UT 10 , ¶ 7, 977 P.2d 474 ; see also Perea v. State , 2017 UT App 67 , ¶ 6, 397 P.3d 770 (stating that "a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order" that usually "may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion" (quotation simplified)). ¶14 Fifth, Defendants contend that the trial court erred "in permitting inadmissible and prejudicial testimony throughout the trial." "We grant a trial court broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence and w

11
Trembly v. Mrs. Fields Cookiesgreen
utahctapp · 1994 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
2 sentences

2018Motions to "reconsider or revise nonfinal judgments ... are sanctioned by our rules," Gillett v. Price , 2006 UT 24 , ¶ 10, 135 P.3d 861 , and have been recognized as "a proper vehicle" to ask the court to reconsider a summary judgment decision, including where "there has been a change in the governing law," Trembly v. Mrs. Fields Cookies , 884 P.2d 1306 , 1311 (Utah Ct. App. 1994) (identifying factors that may weigh in favor of reconsidering a prior ruling under rule 54(b) ).

2018Motions to “reconsider or revise nonfinal judgments . . . are sanctioned by our rules,” Gillett v. Price, 2006 UT 24 , ¶ 10, 135 P.3d 861 , and have been recognized as “a proper vehicle” to ask the court to reconsider a summary judgment decision, including where “there has been a change in the governing law,” Trembly v. Mrs. Fields Cookies, 884 P.2d 1306, 1311 (Utah Ct. App. 1994) (identifying factors that may weigh in favor of reconsidering a prior ruling under rule 54(b)).

11
State v. Smithgreen
utah · 1995 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
1 sentence

2016See Scott v. HK Contractors, 2008 UT App 370, ¶ 8 , 196 P.3d 635 (holding that statements made two hours after an event did not qualify for admission under rule 8030), because "the exception requires that the statement be contemporaneous with the event"); see also State v. Smith, 909 P.2d 236, 240 (Utah 1995) (noting that rule 803(1)'s "'present sense impression'" exception requires statements to be "strictly contemporaneous" with the event or condition described), For this reason, we affirm the district court's ruling that rule 803(1) does not render Patricia's statements admissible to defeat

11
Scott v. HK CONTRACTORSgreen
utahctapp · 2008 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2016–2016
2 sentences

2016See Scott v. HK Contractors, 2008 UT App 370, ¶ 8 , 196 P.3d 635 (holding that statements made two hours after an event did not qualify for admission under rule 8030), because "the exception requires that the statement be contemporaneous with the event"); see also State v. Smith, 909 P.2d 236, 240 (Utah 1995) (noting that rule 803(1)'s "'present sense impression'" exception requires statements to be "strictly contemporaneous" with the event or condition described), For this reason, we affirm the district court's ruling that rule 803(1) does not render Patricia's statements admissible to defeat

2016See Scott v. HK Contractors, 2008 UT App 370, ¶ 8 , 196 P.3d 635 (holding that statements made two hours after an event did not qualify for admission under rule 8030), because "the exception requires that the statement be contemporaneous with the event"); see also State v. Smith, 909 P.2d 236, 240 (Utah 1995) (noting that rule 803(1)'s "'present sense impression'" exception requires statements to be "strictly contemporaneous" with the event or condition described), For this reason, we affirm the district court's ruling that rule 803(1) does not render Patricia's statements admissible to defeat

11
Amica Mutual Insurance Co. v. Schettlergreen
utahctapp · 1989 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2011–2011
1 sentence

2011Co. v. Schettler, 768 P.2d 950, 970 (Utah Ct.App.1989) (holding that a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion is a separate appealable order), and also did not file a direct appeal challenging the Amended Decree.

11
State v. Pearsongreen
utahctapp · 1991 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2003–2003
1 sentence

2003See id. at 582 .

11
Gillmor v. Wrightgreen
utah · 1993 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001See Gillmor v. Wright, 850 P.2d 431, 438-39 (Utah 1993) (Orme, J., concurring); see also Interlake Distributors, Inc. v. Old Mill Towne, 954 P.2d 1295, 1298 (Utah Ct.App.1998) (noting that second judge on the case replaced the first judge and thus became the same judicial officer; thus different judge could "overrule" prior judge's decision to deny attorney fees). *993 Just as Judge Stirba could have corrected her prior ruling at trial had she been convinced that she was wrong, Judge Quinn could treat this case as "his" case and correct the trial court's mistake as the evidence in the three-da

11
Interlake Distributors, Inc. v. Old Mill Townegreen
utahctapp · 1998 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
1 sentence

2001See Gillmor v. Wright, 850 P.2d 431, 438-39 (Utah 1993) (Orme, J., concurring); see also Interlake Distributors, Inc. v. Old Mill Towne, 954 P.2d 1295, 1298 (Utah Ct.App.1998) (noting that second judge on the case replaced the first judge and thus became the same judicial officer; thus different judge could "overrule" prior judge's decision to deny attorney fees). *993 Just as Judge Stirba could have corrected her prior ruling at trial had she been convinced that she was wrong, Judge Quinn could treat this case as "his" case and correct the trial court's mistake as the evidence in the three-da

11
Griffith v. Griffithgreen
utah · 1999 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 2000–2000
11
Bullock v. Utahgreen
scotus · 1990 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
State v. Bullockgreen
utah · 1989 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
Chadwick v. Nielsengreen
utahctapp · 1988 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1997–1997
11
State v. Cloudgreen
utah · 1986 · cited in 1 Utah opinions naming this issue, 1989–1989
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in Utah. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (17)

CaseCitedYears
Zavala v. Zavala green
utahctapp · 2016
2 sentences

2018The doctrine of invited error prohibits litigants from inducing the district court "to make a ruling and then argue on appeal that the ruling was in error." Zavala v. Zavala , 2016 UT App 6 , ¶ 21, 366 P.3d 422 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

2018The doctrine of invited error prohibits litigants from inducing the district court "to make a ruling and then argue on appeal that the ruling was in error." Zavala v. Zavala , 2016 UT App 6 , ¶ 21, 366 P.3d 422 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

22018–2018
State v. Geukgeuzian green
utah · 2004
2 sentences

2016The invited-error doctrine "is crafted to discourage[ ] parties from intentionally misleading the trial court so as to preserve a hidden ground for reversal on appeal" and "to give the trial court the first opportunity to address the claim of error," State v. Geukgeuzian, 2004 UT 16, ¶ 12 , 86 P.3d 742 (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). *427 ¶ 22 Father acknowledges that in the' district court he alleged a material and substantial change of circumstances, specifically, that Mother’s “relocations and conduct constituted changes in circumstances sufficient

2016The invited-error doctrine "is crafted to discourage[ ] parties from intentionally misleading the trial court so as to preserve a hidden ground for reversal on appeal" and "to give the trial court the first opportunity to address the claim of error," State v. Geukgeuzian, 2004 UT 16, ¶ 12 , 86 P.3d 742 (alteration in original) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). *427 ¶ 22 Father acknowledges that in the' district court he alleged a material and substantial change of circumstances, specifically, that Mother’s “relocations and conduct constituted changes in circumstances sufficient

22015–2016
Bluff v. Utah green
scotus · 2003
2 sentences

2010"A trial court's ruling under rule 408 is reviewed for abuse of discretion." State v. Bluff, 2002 UT 66, ¶ 47 , 52 P.3d 1210 , cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1172 , 123 S.Ct. 999 , 154 L.Ed.2d 914 (2003).

2010"A trial court's ruling under rule 408 is reviewed for abuse of discretion." State v. Bluff, 2002 UT 66, ¶ 47 , 52 P.3d 1210 , cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1172 , 123 S.Ct. 999 , 154 L.Ed.2d 914 (2003).

22010–2010
State v. Bluff green
utah · 2002
2 sentences

2010"A trial court's ruling under rule 408 is reviewed for abuse of discretion." State v. Bluff, 2002 UT 66, ¶ 47 , 52 P.3d 1210 , cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1172 , 123 S.Ct. 999 , 154 L.Ed.2d 914 (2003).

2010"A trial court's ruling under rule 408 is reviewed for abuse of discretion." State v. Bluff, 2002 UT 66, ¶ 47 , 52 P.3d 1210 , cert. denied, 537 U.S. 1172 , 123 S.Ct. 999 , 154 L.Ed.2d 914 (2003).

22010–2010
Poulson P.C. v. Smith green
utahctapp · 2026
1 sentence

2026We nevertheless agree that there is no evidence in the record of CMP’s client list as of the date of sale, and, absent that evidence, summary judgment on this claim was improper. 20230024-CA 46 2026 UT App 54 Cook Martin Poulson PC v. Smith ¶84 For us to determine that the date of sale did not occur until after the district court ruled that CMP could purchase Smith’s shares would require us to conclude that the date of sale could not occur until CMP made payment.

12026–2026
In re E.R. green
utah · 2021
1 sentence

2023“We apply differing standards of review to findings of fact, conclusions of law, and determinations of mixed questions of law and fact.” In re E.R., 2021 UT 36, ¶ 14 , 496 P.3d 58 .

12023–2023
Fritsche v. Deer Valley Ridge green
utahctapp · 2022
1 sentence

2022New Counsel also argued that Trust Counsel did not act “in good faith” and “was actually self-dealing” because settling the matter would have allowed Trust Counsel to avoid a ruling on the rule 11 motion. 20200411-CA 5 2022 UT App 11 Fritsche v. Deer Valley Ridge ¶17 When arguments concluded, the district court ruled “that the emails between the parties in this case do constitute a binding settlement agreement between the parties.” The court further held that it was “of no legal consequence” that the parties failed to sign the Draft Agreement because “[i]f a written agreement is intended to me

12022–2022
Bear v. Lifemap Assurance green
utahctapp · 2021
1 sentence

2021Bear asserts that by not immediately 20200183-CA 14 2021 UT App 129 Bear v. LifeMap Assurance Co. acting to remedy the problems, LifeMap effectively “put its head in the sand.” But even when viewing this fact in the light most favorable to Bear, namely by assuming that LifeMap would have discovered the District was erroneously deducting increased premiums from Bear’s payroll if it had acted prudently, this does not amount to waiver. ¶26 “A waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right.” McCleve Props., LLC v. D.

12021–2021
Trapnell v. Legacy Resorts green
utah · 2020
2 sentences

2020Nevertheless, in its brief, Pacific Coast identified its challenge to the court’s rule 60(b) ruling as one of the issues it wanted to bring to our attention on appeal, and Zion Village responded to that argument on its merits, without raising any concerns about appellate jurisdiction. ¶46 After oral argument, we realized that we may not have appellate jurisdiction to consider Pacific Coast’s challenge to the district court’s rule 60(b) ruling and, recognizing our “independent obligation to ensure that we have jurisdiction over all matters before us,” see Trapnell & Assocs., LLC v. Legacy Resor

2020Nevertheless, in its brief, Pacific Coast identified its challenge to the court’s rule 60(b) ruling as one of the issues it wanted to bring to our attention on appeal, and Zion Village responded to that argument on its merits, without raising any concerns about appellate jurisdiction. ¶46 After oral argument, we realized that we may not have appellate jurisdiction to consider Pacific Coast’s challenge to the district court’s rule 60(b) ruling and, recognizing our “independent obligation to ensure that we have jurisdiction over all matters before us,” see Trapnell & Assocs., LLC v. Legacy Resor

12020–2020
Wilson v. Sanders green
utahctapp · 2019
2 sentences

2020In order to invoke our appellate jurisdiction to review a court’s decision on a rule 60(b) motion, parties generally “must either file a separate notice of appeal regarding those orders or, if they 20190736-CA and 20190831-CA 24 2020 UT App 167 Zion Village v. Pro Curb U.S.A. are entered before the filing of the notice of appeal, at least specifically mention them in the notice of appeal being taken from the final judgment.” Wilson v. Sanders, 2019 UT App 126, ¶ 29 , 447 P.3d 1240 .

2020In order to invoke our appellate jurisdiction to review a court’s decision on a rule 60(b) motion, parties generally “must either file a separate notice of appeal regarding those orders or, if they 20190736-CA and 20190831-CA 24 2020 UT App 167 Zion Village v. Pro Curb U.S.A. are entered before the filing of the notice of appeal, at least specifically mention them in the notice of appeal being taken from the final judgment.” Wilson v. Sanders, 2019 UT App 126, ¶ 29 , 447 P.3d 1240 .

12020–2020
Zion Village Resort v. Pro Curb USA green
utahctapp · 2020
1 sentence

2020In order to invoke our appellate jurisdiction to review a court’s decision on a rule 60(b) motion, parties generally “must either file a separate notice of appeal regarding those orders or, if they 20190736-CA and 20190831-CA 24 2020 UT App 167 Zion Village v. Pro Curb U.S.A. are entered before the filing of the notice of appeal, at least specifically mention them in the notice of appeal being taken from the final judgment.” Wilson v. Sanders, 2019 UT App 126, ¶ 29 , 447 P.3d 1240 .

12020–2020
Jensen v. Intermountain Power Agency green
utah · 1999
2 sentences

2019Jensen v. Intermountain Power Agency , 1999 UT 10 , ¶ 7, 977 P.2d 474 ; see also Perea v. State , 2017 UT App 67 , ¶ 6, 397 P.3d 770 (stating that "a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order" that usually "may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion" (quotation simplified)). ¶14 Fifth, Defendants contend that the trial court erred "in permitting inadmissible and prejudicial testimony throughout the trial." "We grant a trial court broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence and w

2019Jensen v. Intermountain Power Agency , 1999 UT 10 , ¶ 7, 977 P.2d 474 ; see also Perea v. State , 2017 UT App 67 , ¶ 6, 397 P.3d 770 (stating that "a ruling on a rule 60(b) motion culminates in a separate, appealable order" that usually "may not be included in an existing appeal because the issues raised in the appeal predated the ruling on the rule 60(b) motion" (quotation simplified)). ¶14 Fifth, Defendants contend that the trial court erred "in permitting inadmissible and prejudicial testimony throughout the trial." "We grant a trial court broad discretion to admit or exclude evidence and w

12019–2019
Baumann v. Kroger Co. green
utah · 2017
2 sentences

2018In any event, Kirsling did not preserve his argument that the court erred in applying the substantial change of circumstances standard rather than "a less strict" standard "for a change in parent time." See Baumann v. Kroger Co. , 2017 UT 80 , ¶¶ 17-18, 416 P.3d 512 (deeming an argument unpreserved where the appellant did not argue for the more forgiving standard she advocated for on appeal and where she arguably invited the district court to apply the less forgiving standard).

2018In any event, Kirsling did not preserve his argument that the court erred in applying the substantial change of circumstances standard rather than "a less strict" standard "for a change in parent time." See Baumann v. Kroger Co. , 2017 UT 80 , ¶¶ 17-18, 416 P.3d 512 (deeming an argument unpreserved where the appellant did not argue for the more forgiving standard she advocated for on appeal and where she arguably invited the district court to apply the less forgiving standard).

12018–2018
Gillett v. Price green
utah · 2006
2 sentences

2018Motions to "reconsider or revise nonfinal judgments ... are sanctioned by our rules," Gillett v. Price , 2006 UT 24 , ¶ 10, 135 P.3d 861 , and have been recognized as "a proper vehicle" to ask the court to reconsider a summary judgment decision, including where "there has been a change in the governing law," Trembly v. Mrs. Fields Cookies , 884 P.2d 1306 , 1311 (Utah Ct. App. 1994) (identifying factors that may weigh in favor of reconsidering a prior ruling under rule 54(b) ).

2018Motions to "reconsider or revise nonfinal judgments ... are sanctioned by our rules," Gillett v. Price , 2006 UT 24 , ¶ 10, 135 P.3d 861 , and have been recognized as "a proper vehicle" to ask the court to reconsider a summary judgment decision, including where "there has been a change in the governing law," Trembly v. Mrs. Fields Cookies , 884 P.2d 1306 , 1311 (Utah Ct. App. 1994) (identifying factors that may weigh in favor of reconsidering a prior ruling under rule 54(b) ).

12018–2018
Sewell v. Xpress Lube green
utah · 2013
2 sentences

2016For instance, the demonstration of a "meritorious defense" requires no more than "a clear and specific proffer of a defense that, if proven, would preclude total or partial recovery," requiring only "that a party state the basis for its claims or defenses-in short and plain terms." Sewell v. Xpress Lube, 2013 UT 61 , 188, 321 P.3d 1080 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

2016For instance, the demonstration of a "meritorious defense" requires no more than "a clear and specific proffer of a defense that, if proven, would preclude total or partial recovery," requiring only "that a party state the basis for its claims or defenses-in short and plain terms." Sewell v. Xpress Lube, 2013 UT 61 , 188, 321 P.3d 1080 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

12016–2016
R.B. v. L.B. green
utahctapp · 2014
1 sentence

2014Father does not argue that the district court failed to give appropriate attention to the agreement’s ‚legal (continued...) 20130188-CA 6 2014 UT App 270 R.B. v. L.B. district court never ruled that the agreement was void as against public policy, Father’s argument that such a ruling was error necessarily fails.

12014–2014
State v. Larson green
utah · 1989
11989–1989

Statutes the citing opinions construe

UT § Utah Code § 78B-11-127 (4) UT § Utah Code § 78B-11-129 (4)

Counted by distinct opinions that both name this issue and are annotated to the section; sections every opinion cites regardless of issue are not filtered here, so read the counts against the total above.

Where else courts name it

TX 264 (1891–2026) CA 209 (1867–2026) GA 204 (1900–2026) LA 130 (1925–2025) NY 111 (1856–2022) IL 94 (1893–2026) AL 91 (1880–2025) FL 64 (1893–2023) IA 60 (1875–2026) PA 59 (1842–2026) MO 57 (1891–2024) MA 54 (1869–2026) OR 34 (1914–2024) OH 32 (1877–2026) IN 31 (1876–2026) UT 30 (1989–2026) NM 29 (1927–2024) CT 29 (1886–2021) CO 28 (1911–2026) NC 27 (1889–2024) TN 27 (1899–2025) MD 27 (1883–2025) MI 26 (1880–2025) WA 24 (1905–2025) AZ 24 (1935–2023) NJ 24 (1935–2021) VA 21 (1901–2024) DC 21 (1947–2022) KS 20 (1897–2026) SC 17 (1906–2026) AR 17 (1989–2026) WI 15 (1900–2017) ME 14 (1959–2019) MS 14 (1985–2017) OK 13 (1910–2021) AK 13 (1978–2018) KY 12 (1960–2020) WV 11 (1956–2022) ID 9 (1885–2019) MT 9 (1881–2022) SD 8 (1909–2025) VT 8 (1905–2000) NV 8 (1963–2020) WY 8 (1931–2015) NH 7 (1970–2020) MN 6 (1906–2009) NE 5 (1948–2024) RI 4 (2000–2016) HI 4 (1928–2014) ND 3 (1916–1935) DE 2 (1966–1966)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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