simple inquiry (New York) · Go Syfert
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simple inquiry in New York

108 New York opinions name it 10 courts 1860–2026 6 in the last five years

The cases below were cited by New York courts in a sentence that names this issue. Sides come from how each citing opinion treated the case (Syfertize flag on that citation), so a case can appear on both: that is where the law is contested. A red or yellow chip is the case's own overall treatment.

Followed or applied (23)

CaseFollowedCited
Wien & Malkin LLP v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc.green
ny · 2006 · cited in 5 New York opinions naming this issue, 2007–2026
2 sentences

2026The doctrine gives extreme deference to arbitrators and "requires 'more than a simple error in law or a failure by the arbitrators to understand or apply it; and, it is more than an erroneous interpretation of the law'" ( Wien & Malkin LLP v Helmsley-Spear, Inc. , 6 NY3d at 481 , quoting Duferco Intl.

2024We agree with respondent that the court erred in vacating the award on the ground that the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the substantive law applicable to the parties' dispute. "[M]anifest disregard of law is a severely limited doctrine" inasmuch as "[i]t is a doctrine of last resort limited to the rare occurrences of apparent egregious impropriety on the part of the arbitrator[ ]" that "requires more than a simple error in law or a failure by the arbitrator[ ] to understand or apply it; and, it is more than an erroneous interpretation of the law" ( Wien & Malkin LLP , 6 NY3d at 480-481 [i

25
People v. Lucaranogreen
ny · 1984 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 1985–2013
2 sentences

2013Indeed, while noting that it is most logical for police to begin their inquiry regarding representation with the defendant himself or herself, the Court of Appeals stated that “a simple inquiry of the defendant is not an unrealistic burden to place on the authorities” (People v Rosa, 65 NY2d at 385-386; see People v Lucarano, 61 NY2d at 147 ; see also People v Calcaterra, 127 AD2d at 779 [stating that police are entitled to end their inquiry in reliance on a defendant’s statement that he or she is not represented]; compare People v Booker, 53 AD3d at 701 ).

2013Indeed, while noting that it is most logical for police to begin their inquiry regarding representation with the defendant himself or herself, the Court of Appeals stated that “a simple inquiry of the defendant is not an unrealistic burden to place on the authorities” (People v Rosa, 65 NY2d at 385-386; see People v Lucarano, 61 NY2d at 147 ; see also People v Calcaterra, 127 AD2d at 779 [stating that police are entitled to end their inquiry in reliance on a defendant’s statement that he or she is not represented]; compare People v Booker, 53 AD3d at 701 ).

23
People v. Bookergreen
nyappdiv · 2008 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Indeed, while noting that it is most logical for police to begin their inquiry regarding representation with the defendant himself or herself, the Court of Appeals stated that “a simple inquiry of the defendant is not an unrealistic burden to place on the authorities” (People v Rosa, 65 NY2d at 385-386; see People v Lucarano, 61 NY2d at 147 ; see also People v Calcaterra, 127 AD2d at 779 [stating that police are entitled to end their inquiry in reliance on a defendant’s statement that he or she is not represented]; compare People v Booker, 53 AD3d at 701 ).

2013Indeed, while noting that it is most logical for police to begin their inquiry regarding representation with the defendant himself or herself, the Court of Appeals stated that “a simple inquiry of the defendant is not an unrealistic burden to place on the authorities” (People v Rosa, 65 NY2d at 385-386; see People v Lucarano, 61 NY2d at 147 ; see also People v Calcaterra, 127 AD2d at 779 [stating that police are entitled to end their inquiry in reliance on a defendant’s statement that he or she is not represented]; compare People v Booker, 53 AD3d at 701 ).

22
People v. Cabangreen
nyappdiv · 1987 · cited in 2 New York opinions naming this issue, 2013–2013
2 sentences

2013Indeed, while noting that it is most logical for police to begin their inquiry regarding representation with the defendant himself or herself, the Court of Appeals stated that “a simple inquiry of the defendant is not an unrealistic burden to place on the authorities” (People v Rosa, 65 NY2d at 385-386; see People v Lucarano, 61 NY2d at 147 ; see also People v Calcaterra, 127 AD2d at 779 [stating that police are entitled to end their inquiry in reliance on a defendant’s statement that he or she is not represented]; compare People v Booker, 53 AD3d at 701 ).

2013Indeed, while noting that it is most logical for police to begin their inquiry regarding representation with the defendant himself or herself, the Court of Appeals stated that “a simple inquiry of the defendant is not an unrealistic burden to place on the authorities” (People v Rosa, 65 NY2d at 385-386; see People v Lucarano, 61 NY2d at 147 ; see also People v Calcaterra, 127 AD2d at 779 [stating that police are entitled to end their inquiry in reliance on a defendant’s statement that he or she is not represented]; compare People v Booker, 53 AD3d at 701 ).

22
Magee v. . Badgergreen
ca5 · 1866 · cited in 9 New York opinions naming this issue, 1883–1961
2 sentences

1961Perhaps the doctrine is in accord with the general rule in New York, that “ The rights of the holder [of a negotiable instrument] are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculations in regard to the purchaser’s diligence or negligence ” (Manufacturers & Traders Trust Co. v. Sapowitch, 296 N. Y. 226, 230 ; Magee v. Badger, 34 N. Y. 247, 249 ). “ The requirement of the statute is good faith, and bad faith is not mere carelessness.

1959The rights of the holder are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculations in regard to the purchaser’s diligence or negligence (Magee v. Badger, 34 N. Y. 247, 249 ).

19
Manufacturers & Traders Trust Co. v. Sapowitchgreen
ny · 1947 · cited in 6 New York opinions naming this issue, 1954–1964
2 sentences

1961Perhaps the doctrine is in accord with the general rule in New York, that “ The rights of the holder [of a negotiable instrument] are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculations in regard to the purchaser’s diligence or negligence ” (Manufacturers & Traders Trust Co. v. Sapowitch, 296 N. Y. 226, 230 ; Magee v. Badger, 34 N. Y. 247, 249 ). “ The requirement of the statute is good faith, and bad faith is not mere carelessness.

1959As held in Manufacturers & Traders Trust Co. v. Sapowitch ( 296 N. Y. 226, 230 ), the bank’s rights as a holder “ are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith ’ ’.

16
Dutton v. . Willnergreen
ny · 1873 · cited in 3 New York opinions naming this issue, 1920–1940
2 sentences

1940Different courts have defined this rule in different words, but in unanimity of substance (Dutton v. Willner, 52 N. Y. 312, 318, 319 ): “ It is a well settled and salutary rule that ' a person who undertakes to act for another in any matter shall not, in the same manner, act for himself.’ It is only by a rigid adherence to this simple rule that all temptation can be removed from one acting in a fiduciary capacity to abuse his trust, or seek his own advantage in the position which it affords him.

1932The opinion in Dutton v. Willner ( 52 N. Y. 312 ) reads (at p. 318): “ It is a well settled and salutary rule that ‘ a person who undertakes to act for another in any matter shall not, in the same matter, act for himself.’ It is only by a rigid adherence to this simple rule that all temptation can be removed from one acting in a fiduciary capacity to abuse his trust, or seek his own advantage in the position which it affords him.” Sage v. Culver ( 147 N. Y. 241 ) contributes the following (at p. 247): “ When it appears that the trustee or officer has violated the moral obligation to refrain fr

13
People v. Beltongreen
ny · 1982 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2026–2026
1 sentence

2026Not only does today's holding undercut the due process protections embedded into our requirements for jurisdictionally sufficient accusatory instruments, it undermines the Legislature's longstanding allowance of driving while having consumed a small amount of a potentially impairing substance as well as the public policy against unfettered police discretion ( People v Belton , 55 NY2d 49, 52 [1982] ["the State Constitution protects the privacy interests of the people of our State . . . against the unfettered discretion of government officials to search or seize").

11
People v. Rossgreen
nyappdiv · 2020 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Finally, in People v Nichols ( 250 AD2d 370, 370-371 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied 92 NY2d 881 [1998]), the defendant was "uncooperative," "his conduct was extremely suspicious," and he exhibited "severe" "agitation and nervousness . . . involving uncontrollable shaking and trembling" after "merely being detained for a simple violation" such that, "when combined with his failure to answer the officer's inquiry," there was "reasonable basis for believing that the defendant might be armed." Again, although Mr. Torres failed to answer Officer Galarza's inquiry regarding his license and registration,

11
Schiferle v. Capital Fence Co., Inc.green
nyappdiv · 2017 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024"To modify or vacate an award on the ground of manifest disregard of the law, a court must find both that (1) the arbitrator[ ] knew of a governing legal principle yet refused to apply it or ignored it altogether, and (2) the law ignored by the arbitrator[ ] was well defined, explicit, and clearly applicable to the case" ( Schiferle , 155 AD3d at 127 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Wien & Malkin LLP , 6 NY3d at 481 ; Barone v Haskins , 193 AD3d 1388, 1391 [4th Dept 2021], appeal dismissed 37 NY3d 1032 [2021], lv denied 37 NY3d 919 [2022]).

11
Barone v. Haskinsgreen
nyappdiv · 2021 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024"To modify or vacate an award on the ground of manifest disregard of the law, a court must find both that (1) the arbitrator[ ] knew of a governing legal principle yet refused to apply it or ignored it altogether, and (2) the law ignored by the arbitrator[ ] was well defined, explicit, and clearly applicable to the case" ( Schiferle , 155 AD3d at 127 [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Wien & Malkin LLP , 6 NY3d at 481 ; Barone v Haskins , 193 AD3d 1388, 1391 [4th Dept 2021], appeal dismissed 37 NY3d 1032 [2021], lv denied 37 NY3d 919 [2022]).

11
People v. Nicholsgreen
nyappdiv · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2024–2024
1 sentence

2024Finally, in People v Nichols ( 250 AD2d 370, 370-371 [1st Dept 1998], lv denied 92 NY2d 881 [1998]), the defendant was "uncooperative," "his conduct was extremely suspicious," and he exhibited "severe" "agitation and nervousness . . . involving uncontrollable shaking and trembling" after "merely being detained for a simple violation" such that, "when combined with his failure to answer the officer's inquiry," there was "reasonable basis for believing that the defendant might be armed." Again, although Mr. Torres failed to answer Officer Galarza's inquiry regarding his license and registration,

11
Matter of Wilkinsgreen
ny · 1902 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018"The potential for . . . mistakes [by the arbitrators] is the price for agreeing to arbitration" ( Oxford Health Plans LLC v Sutter , 569 US 564 , 572-573 [2013]), and, "however disappointing [an award] may be," parties that have bargained for arbitration "must abide by it" ( Wilkins v Allen , 169 NY 494, 497 [1902]; see also Matter of Pine St.

11
People v. Beneventogreen
ny · 1998 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2018–2018
1 sentence

2018To the extent the existing record permits review, we find that defendant received effective assistance under the state and federal standards ( see People v Benevento , 91 NY2d 708, 713-714 [1998]; Strickland v Washington , 466 US 668 [1984]).

11
Blake Electric Contracting Co. v. Paschallgreen
nyappdiv · 1995 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 2001–2001
11
Danann Realty Corp. v. Harrisgreen
ny · 1959 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1994–1994
11
People v. Faygreen
nyappdiv · 1981 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
People v. Castrogreen
nyappdiv · 1984 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
People v. Castrogreen
ny · 1985 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
People v. Ginesgreen
ny · 1975 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1990–1990
11
Becker v. Schwartzgreen
ny · 1978 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Joseph v. Ruffogreen
ny · 1984 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1985–1985
11
Mounsey v. Ellardgreen
mass · 1973 · cited in 1 New York opinions naming this issue, 1976–1976
11

Distinguished, questioned or overruled (0)

CaseNegativeCited
No negative-treatment citations attached to this issue in New York. Read the followed side critically anyway.

Also cited on this issue (57)

CaseCitedYears
First National Bank v. Fazzari green
ny · 1961
2 sentences

1994Bank v Fazzari, 10 NY2d 394, 399 ).” Defendant had asserted in opposition to the plaintiffs cross motion that summary judgment should not be granted in plaintiffs favor without further discovery on the issue of when Rabobank learned of the default or defenses to the note.

1979Bank of Odessa v Fazzari ( 10 NY2d 394, 399-400 ) stated the rule in New York: " 'The rights of the holder [of a negotiable instrument] are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculations in regard to the purchaser’s diligence or negligence’ [citations omitted]. 'The requirement of the statute is good faith, and bad faith is not mere carelessness.

31979–1994
Duferco International Steel Trading v. T. Klaveness Shipping A/s green
ca2 · 2003
2 sentences

2018The Second Circuit has also indicated that the doctrine requires more than a simple error in law or a failure by the arbitrators to understand or apply it; and, it is more than an erroneous interpretation of the law" ( Duferco , 333 F3d at 389 ).

2006The doctrine of manifest disregard, therefore, “gives extreme deference to arbitrators” (DiRussa, 121 F3d at 821 ). 11 The Second Circuit has also indicated that the doctrine requires “more than a simple error in law or a failure by the arbitrators to understand or apply it; and, it is more than an erroneous interpretation of the law” (Duferco, 333 F3d at 389 ).

22006–2018
People v. Johnson green
ny · 1983
2 sentences

2008Finally, there was no interrogation requiring warnings because the officer’s simple inquiry was made to clarify the situation (see People v Johnson, 59 NY2d 1014 [1983]).

1991Rather, the question was justified in order to permit the officers to clarify the nature of the situation and, if warranted, to permit the two men to proceed on their way (see, People v Johnson, 59 NY2d 1014 ; People v Huffman, 41 NY2d 29 , 34; People v Schipski, 130 AD2d 781 ).

21991–2008
Basso v. Miller green
ny · 1976
2 sentences

2006Finding these distinctions unduly complicated and difficult to apply, we discarded them in Basso in favor of what we called “the simple rule of reasonable care under the circumstances” ( 40 NY2d at 240-241 ).

2002More than a quarter century ago, property owner duties were reformulated to eliminate arcane distinctions between licensees and invitees and to adopt “the simple rule of reasonable care under the circumstances” (Basso v Miller, 40 NY2d 233, 240-241 ).

22002–2006
Hartford Accident & Indemnity Co. v. American Express Co. green
ny · 1989
2 sentences

1995Co. v American Express Co., 74 NY2d 153, 162-163 ).

1992Co. v American Express Co. ( 74 NY2d 153, 163 ), the court herein noted that " ’[hjolders in due course are to be determined by the simple test of what they actually knew, not by speculation as to what they had reason to know or what would have aroused the suspicion of a reasonable person in their circumstances’ ”.

21992–1995
Oceanic Steam Navigation Co. v. Compania Transatlantica Espanola green
· 1892
2 sentences

1981Co. v. Compania T.E., 134 N. Y. 461 .)’ “The thrust of the above statements is the simple principle that ‘everyone is responsible for the consequences of his own acts and this responsibility extends not only to the person directly injured, but also to one indirectly harmed by being cast in damages by operation of law for the negligent act’ (IB Warren’s NY Negligence, ch 10, § 2.01, p 641).

1979Co. v. Compania T.E., 134 N. Y. 461 .)” The thrust of the above statements is the simple principle that "everyone is responsible for the consequences of his own acts and this responsibility extends not only to the person directly injured, but also to one indirectly harmed by being cast in damages by operation of law for the negligent act” (IB Warren’s NY Negligence, ch 10, § 2.01, p 641).

21979–1981
People v. . Fielding green
ny · 1899
2 sentences

1965(People v. Lombard, 4 A D 2d 666, 671.) “The primary duty of lawyers engaged in public prosecution is not to convict, but to see that justice is done,” (.Canons of Professional Ethics, canon 5.) “‘Language which might be permitted to counsel in summing up a civil action cannot with propriety be used by a public prosecutor, who is a quasi-judicial officer, representing the People of the State, and presumed to act impartially in the interest only of justice.’ (People v. Fielding, 158 N. Y. 542, 547 .) That pronouncement by this court is declaratory of the simple principle of fairness which was d

1950Lewis, J. 1 ‘ Language which might be permitted to counsel in summing up a civil action cannot with propriety be used by a public prosecutor, who is a quasi-judicial officer, representing the People of the state, and presumed to act impartially in the interest only of justice.” (People v. Fielding, 158 N. Y. 542, 547 .) That pronouncement by this court is declaratory of the simple principle of fairness which was decisive in the cited case and pervades those rules which govern the administration of criminal law.

21950–1965
Hall v. Bank of Blasdell green
ny · 1954
2 sentences

1962The rights of the holder are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculations in regard to the purchaser’s diligence or negligence (Hall v. Bank of Bias- dell, 306 N. Y. 336, 341 ; italics supplied.) Moreover, as a holder in due course, the plaintiff holds the instrument free from any defenses available to prior parties among themselves (Negotiable Instruments Law, § 96; North Amer.

1962The rights of the holder are to be determined by the simple test of honesty and good faith, and not by speculation in regard to the purchaser’s diligence or negligence ’.” (Italics supplied.) (Hall v. Bank of Blasdell, 306 N. Y. 336, 341 .) Moreover, as a holder in due course, the plaintiff holds the instrument free from any defenses available to prior parties among themselves (Negotiable Instruments Law, § 96; North Amer.

21962–1962
Kittredge v. Grannis green
ny · 1926
2 sentences

1961It is nothing less than guilty knowledge or willful ignorance ” (Manufacturers & Traders Trust Co. v. Sapowitch, supra, p. 229 ; Kittredge v. Grannis, 244 N. Y. 168,178-179 ; Chapman v. Rose, 56 N. Y. 137, 140 , supra).

1947These principles have often been restated in varying forms and have never been questioned in the decisions of this court (Soma v. Handrulis, 277 N. Y. 223, 233 ; New York Bankers, Inc., v. Duncan, 257 N. Y. 160, 165 ; Kittredge v. Grannis, supra; Kittredge v. Grannis, 236 N. Y. 375, 388-389 ; Second Nat.

21947–1961
Alling v. Boston & Albany Railroad neutral
mass · 1879
2 sentences

1900Co., 126 Mass. 121 .) The case, therefore, is solved by a very simple inquiry, and that is, whether there is in the record anything showing, or tending to show, that the defendant had knowledge of the contents of the trunk in question when it received and checked it upon the train on the 23rd of October, 1897, other than the appearance of the same, which, it is held, is no evidence of knowledge at all.

1900Co., 126 Mass. 121 .) The case, therefore, is solved by a very simple inquiry, and that is, whether there is in the record anything showing, or tending to show, that the defendant had knowledge of the contents of the trunk in question when it received and checked it upon the train on the 23rd of October, 1897, other than the appearance of the same, which, it is held, is no evidence of knowledge at all.

21900–1900
BDO Seidman v. Hirshberg green
ny · 1999
1 sentence

2024Although this simple rule of reason analysis is similar to the factors examined in the context of employment contracts ( see BDO Seidman v Hirshberg , 93 NY2d at 388 ), in cases involving restrictive covenants in ordinary commercial contacts, courts should accord more deference to parties' freedom to contract ( see Express Frgt.

12024–2024
DAR & Associates, Inc. v. Uniforce Services, Inc. green
nyed · 1999
1 sentence

2024However, we agree with those courts that have analyzed "these types of covenants under a simple rule of reason, balancing the competing public policies in favor of robust competition and freedom to contract" ( DAR & Assoc., Inc. v Uniforce Servs., Inc. , 37 F Supp 2d at 197 ; see Express Frgt.

12024–2024
Rinehart v. Pirkey green
va · 1919
2 sentences

2023It arises from the simple principle that one person may not "enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another." Rinehart v. Pirkey , 126 Va. 346, 351 , 101 S.E. 353 (1919).") Footnote 10: See also Power Up Lending Grp., Ltd. v. All.

2023It arises from the simple principle that one person may not "enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another." Rinehart v. Pirkey , 126 Va. 346, 351 , 101 S.E. 353 (1919).") Footnote 10: See also Power Up Lending Grp., Ltd. v. All.

12023–2023
Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter green
scotus · 2013
1 sentence

2018"The potential for . . . mistakes [by the arbitrators] is the price for agreeing to arbitration" ( Oxford Health Plans LLC v Sutter , 569 US 564 , 572-573 [2013]), and, "however disappointing [an award] may be," parties that have bargained for arbitration "must abide by it" ( Wilkins v Allen , 169 NY 494, 497 [1902]; see also Matter of Pine St.

12018–2018
Strickland v. Washington green
scotus · 1984
1 sentence

2018To the extent the existing record permits review, we find that defendant received effective assistance under the state and federal standards ( see People v Benevento , 91 NY2d 708, 713-714 [1998]; Strickland v Washington , 466 US 668 [1984]).

12018–2018
Boreali v. Axelrod green
ny · 1987
2 sentences

2017In Boreali v Axelrod ( 71 NY2d 1 [1987]), the Court of Appeals identified four “coalescing circumstances” present in that case, which persuaded it “that the difficult-to-define line between administrative rule-making and legislative policy-making ha[d] been transgressed” ( 71 NY2d at 11 ).

2017In Boreali v Axelrod ( 71 NY2d 1 [1987]), the Court of Appeals identified four “coalescing circumstances” present in that case, which persuaded it “that the difficult-to-define line between administrative rule-making and legislative policy-making ha[d] been transgressed” ( 71 NY2d at 11 ).

12017–2017
Jana L. v. West 129th Street Realty Corp. green
nyappdiv · 2005
12014–2014
DiRussa v. Dean Witter Reynolds Inc. green
ca2 · 1997
12006–2006
Miranda v. Arizona green
scotus · 1966
12003–2003
People v. Clark green
nyappdiv · 1991
12003–2003
People v. Sostre green
nyappdiv · 1979
12000–2000
People v. Thompson green
nyappdiv · 1992
12000–2000
People v. Sostre green
ny · 1980
12000–2000
People v. Galpern green
ny · 1932
11998–1998
People v. Boyd neutral
nyappdiv · 1993
11998–1998
People v. Owens neutral
nyappdiv · 1994
11998–1998
State v. Drowne green
ri · 1992
11995–1995
Most v. Monti green
nyappdiv · 1982
11994–1994
Schumaker v. . Mather green
ny · 1892
11994–1994
In re of Brendan KK. green
nyappdiv · 1990
11994–1994
Oneida City School District v. Seiden & Sons, Inc. green
nyappdiv · 1991
11994–1994
People v. Cornelius green
nyappdiv · 1986
11993–1993
People v. Howard green
ny · 1989
11993–1993
People v. Howard green
nyappdiv · 1989
11993–1993
Drew v. Thaw green
scotus · 1914
11991–1991
People v. Schipski neutral
nyappdiv · 1987
11991–1991
People v. Hinton green
ny · 1976
11991–1991
People v. Brockington green
nyappdiv · 1987
11990–1990
Ryan Ready Mixed Concrete Corp. v. Coons green
nyappdiv · 1966
11989–1989
City of White Plains v. City of New York green
nyappdiv · 1978
11989–1989

Where else courts name it

NY 108 (1860–2026) CA 104 (1944–2026) TX 76 (1891–2025) IL 57 (1875–2026) LA 54 (1923–2020) MA 37 (1900–2026) OH 37 (1875–2025) WA 33 (1907–2024) PA 29 (1853–2026) MD 28 (1959–2021) OR 27 (1961–2025) FL 27 (1952–2023) NJ 26 (1949–2023) KY 17 (1955–2026) MO 16 (1880–2022) NC 15 (1891–2005) MI 15 (1884–2024) MN 14 (1964–2017) AL 13 (1887–2003) UT 13 (1987–2026) GA 13 (1947–1999) WI 13 (1887–2024) KS 13 (1884–2015) VA 12 (1925–2024) IN 11 (1869–2016) OK 10 (1912–2019) CT 10 (1953–2022) NM 10 (1959–2018) AK 9 (1979–2017) SD 8 (1916–2012) RI 8 (1889–2014) AR 8 (1886–2016) WV 8 (1908–2007) IA 7 (1887–2022) TN 7 (1896–2014) DE 7 (1934–2025) CO 7 (1925–2026) ND 6 (1893–2015) WY 6 (1982–2017) HI 6 (1974–2021) MS 5 (1872–2016) SC 5 (1952–1990) VT 5 (1915–2017) AZ 4 (1922–2011) NH 4 (1976–2020) MT 3 (1966–2007) DC 3 (1980–2010) NV 3 (1950–1959) ID 2 (1991–1994)

Opinions by the citing court's state. A doctrine retained in one state and abandoned in another shows up here as a year span that stalls.

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